黑龙江省2025年粮食产能优化分析

分析2011—2020年黑龙江省粮食产能变化,探究2025年粮食产能约束条件下各作物单产和种植面积优化的可能性,有助于黑龙江省粮食生产“压舱石”的生产规划布局。采用浮点数编码遗传算法(FGA)与熵权综合评价相结合的方法,使用统计年鉴及网络公开的历史数据,探寻2025年黑龙江省粮食产能极值条件下玉米、水稻、大豆作物品种种植优化方案。结果表明：仅调整单产的最佳优化方案,需要较2020年增产幅度依次是大豆5.01%、水稻5.00%、玉米3.69%;仅调整面积的最佳优化方案,需要较2020年增加幅度依次是玉米8.34%、水稻3.31%、大豆-0.04%;面积与单产协同调整的最佳优化方案,需要较2020年增加幅度依次是玉米面积7.97%、大豆单产5.01%、水稻面积3.31%、玉米单产2.29%、大豆面积-0.04%、水稻单产-3.67%。通过调整作物种植面积或单产或面积与单产协同的3种假设,均可获取实现粮食产能目标的动态优化方案。本研究可为黑龙江省粮食作物种植布局和安全生产提供科学支撑。     

河南省主要气象因子变化及其对主要粮食作物单产的影响特征

基于统计数据,分析河南省主要气象因子对主要粮食作物单产变化的影响,为气候变化条件下作物适应性措施的选择提供依据。研究基于中国气象局数据（1960-2018年）和河南省统计年鉴数据（1985-2018年）,分析了年均气温、年日照时数、年降雨量和年均相对湿度4种气象因子,及小麦、玉米和水稻3种典型粮食作物单产的变化趋势及其相关性特征。结果显示,1960年以来河南省年均气温平均每10年升高0.20℃,豫西和豫中地区年均气温升高幅度略小于其他地区,豫东地区年均气温升高幅度最高。年降雨量整体随时间变化趋势不明显,但年际间变化幅度较大,以豫南地区变幅最高。年日照时数随时间显著下降,平均每10年减少122.8h。除豫西地区外,其他地区年均相对湿度呈下降趋势。全省小麦和水稻单产均随时间呈显著上升趋势,平均每10年分别增加1 158kg/hm²和1 050kg/hm²;而玉米单产随时间上升趋势较平缓,平均每10年增加670kg/hm²。年均气温对3种作物单产影响最大,而年日照时数和年均相对湿度次之,年降雨量因不同区域灌溉条件不同,对作物单产影响较小。总的来说,河南省各区域年均气温明显上升,而年日照时数和年均相对湿度呈下降趋势,年降雨量随时间变化不明显,但年际间浮动较大。小麦和水稻单产呈明显上升趋势,但玉米单产趋于稳定。年均气温和年日照时数对3种作物影响显著,年降雨量和年均相对湿度在豫北、豫中和豫东地区影响较小。     

从农业生态系统承载力看全球生态经济系统前景

本研究运用3种方法预测作物产量潜力,结果表明：（1）利用作物历年单产回归拟合后进行趋势外推,得出多数作物的未来产量潜力极限大约是现在单产的2~3倍;（2）运用“国际应用系统研究所”（IIASA）与“联合国粮农组织”（FAO）共同开发的“农业生态区划”（AEZ）模型计算中国主要粮油作物的区域单产最高潜力,得出水稻、小麦、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和大豆的单产潜力分别是它们2005年全国平均单产的1.2倍、2.2倍、2.2倍、2.9倍、2.0倍、1.9倍;（3）运用自然界中植物的最大光能利用率计算世界主要粮油作物单产的光合潜力,得出水稻、小麦、玉米、马铃薯、油菜、大豆产量的最大光合生产潜力大约分别是目前高产地区单产的1.4倍、2.5倍、1.2倍、1.8倍、1.9倍、2.2倍。据此：从作物产量潜力极限出发,阐述了农业生态系统的承载力;再从“封闭”系统特性出发,论述了全球生态经济系统的不可持续性。     

内蒙古河套灌区主要作物气象产量的风险分析

为弄清作物产量面临的风险水平,通过分析内蒙古河套灌区1953—2011年间12个旗县（市、区）的粮食、小麦、玉米和向日葵的产量资料,利用5年直线滑动平均模型分离实际产量,计算了气象产量的变异系数、年平均减产率、风险概率和综合风险指数等指标,对该区域作物产量灾害风险进行研究。结果表明：河套灌区粮食单产的4种风险指数总体小于小麦、玉米和向日葵的,以向日葵的最大,小麦和玉米的风险指数介于粮食和向日葵的风险指数;地区间以准格尔旗的几种单产的风险要高于其他地区;4种风险指数的最小值,在不同作物上没有明显区域特点。从减产风险概率看,河套灌区作物增产的地区多于减产地区的概率略高一些。     

杂交玉米中单2号不同育苗移栽方式试验总结

玉米是我县的主要粮食作物,产量和播种面积仅次于水稻。历来都是以传统的种植习惯直播为主,用种量大,出苗不整齐,缺窝断行严重,在玉米抽雄吐丝期常遇高温伏旱而严重影响了产量。推广玉米育苗移栽能提早播种躲过伏旱,同时又能调节作物茬口,提高复种指数,是提高我县玉米单产的一项行之有效的技术措施。为了探讨玉米育苗移栽的最佳方式,进一步提高玉米单产,为生产上提供理论依据。今年在地区农业局农技站的组织和安排下,我站进行了玉米不同育苗移栽方式试验,现将试验结果总结于后。     

基于AEZ模型的我国农区主要作物单产潜力分析

根据联合国粮农组织（FAO）和国际应用系统分析研究所（ⅡASA）基于中国1961年以来的统计资料共同开发的AEZ模型,运用GIS平台计算了中国41个农作制亚区6大主要作物（水稻、小麦、玉米、马铃薯、油菜、大豆）的单产潜力。指出以上作物单产最高潜力分布为：水稻在江淮江汉平原,小麦在秦巴山区,玉米在黄淮平原南阳盆地,马铃薯在秦巴山区,油菜在秦巴山区,大豆在鲁西平原鲁中丘陵。研究结果表明：我国以上主要作物的最高单产潜力是目前全国平均单产的1.2～2.9倍。这对指导我国农作物高产育种及栽培具有重要参考意义。     

余欣荣:要求推进良种重大科研联合攻关加快新一轮粮食品种更新换代

正2016年10月10日,农业部在吉林省召开玉米、大豆、水稻、小麦等四大作物良种重大科研联合攻关进展情况调度会,农业部副部长余欣荣在会上强调,开展良种重大科研联合攻关是党中央国务院的重大决策,要密切配合,攻坚克难,加快主要粮食作物新一轮品种更新换代,为推进农业供给侧结构性改革做出新的贡献。据悉,农业部会同科技部继2014年启动玉米、大豆良种重大科研联合攻关以来,2016年又在水稻、小麦上启动了联合     

要闻

正农业部加快推进良种重大科研联合攻关近日,农业部在吉林省召开玉米、大豆、水稻、小麦等四大作物良种重大科研联合攻关进展情况调度会,农业部副部长余欣荣在会上强调,开展良种重大科研联合攻关是党中央国务院的重大决策,要密切配合,攻坚克难,加快主要粮食作物新一轮品种更新换代,为推进农业供给侧结构性改革作出新的贡献。据悉,农业部会同科技部继2014年启动玉米、大豆良种重大科研联合攻关以来,2016年又在水稻、小     

两熟制模式地区夏播大豆高产栽培技术

一年两熟制地区向来有种植夏大豆的习惯．但是其种植意义及高产栽培技术远不像小麦、玉米、水稻等粮食作物那样为人们所重视,而是作为杂粮作物自由发展,处于无足轻重的地位。近年来随着科技的发展和人们生活水平的不断提高。大豆生产重新被人们所重视。     

杂交水稻、玉米和大豆种子贮藏管理技术浅析

甘南县经济发展主要依赖于农业生产,其中杂交水稻、玉米和大豆是种植最多的作物,这些作物的种子在实际存储时由于自身特性的影响,容易出现各种问题,需要根据作物的不同特点,选择合适的贮藏方式。基于此,对杂交水稻、玉米和大豆种子的贮藏管理技术进行了重点探讨。     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.