绞股蓝流心奶黄月饼制作工艺优化

为研究一款以绞股蓝为风味原料的新型流心奶黄月饼，添加绞股蓝粉至流心奶黄月饼饼皮中，以感官评分为指标，通过单因素试验及正交试验确定绞股蓝流心奶黄月饼的最佳工艺配方。结果表明，最优工艺配方为：饼皮中绞股蓝粉添加量5 g，流心馅中咸鸭蛋黄添加量40 g，奶黄馅中咸鸭蛋黄添加量40 g，绞股蓝流心奶黄月饼经上下火220 ℃烘烤13 min。其他原料添加量为：低筋面粉210 g，淡奶油213 g，黄油115 g，细砂糖120 g，奶粉52 g，鸡蛋液130 g，芝士35 g。按照此工艺配方制备的新型绞股蓝流心奶黄月饼口味独特，外观呈浅绿色，口感绵软。     

一种新型富硒面包的研制及顾客满意度调查

以猴头菇粉与高筋小麦粉为主要原料，加入富硒酵母进行发酵烘焙制作猴头菇富硒面包。通过单因素试验探究猴头菇粉添加量、富硒酵母添加量、白砂糖添加量和食盐添加量对面包感官品质的影响，并基于单因素试验结果设计正交试验，得出猴头菇富硒面包最佳配方为：高筋小麦粉100 g，猴头菇粉7 g，富硒酵母1.4 g，白砂糖24 g，食盐0.7 g，黄油8 g，水60 g，改良剂1.2 g；烘烤温度设置为上火200℃，下火160℃，烘烤时间15 min。此工艺配方下制得的猴头菇富硒面包具有猴头菇特有的香气和滋味，与市面上普通的猴头菇面包相比，有机硒含量提高了96.2%，粗纤维含量提高了54.4%。通过建立模糊数学模型分析得出，顾客感官评分为80.02分，为非常满意。     

大枣荞麦饼干的研制

为研究大枣荞麦饼干的制备工艺,以小麦面粉、荞麦粉、大枣浸膏为主要原料,以绵白糖、鸡蛋、玉米油为辅料,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验对大枣荞麦饼干的配方进行优化。结果表明,大枣荞麦饼干的最佳配方为：小麦面粉50 g,荞麦粉5 g,大枣浸膏5 g,绵白糖4 g,全蛋液6 g,玉米油10 g,牛奶15 g,小苏打0.5 g,酵母0.5 g;焙烤温度为：面火180 ℃,底火160 ℃,烘焙5 min后翻面,继续烘焙5 min。利用该配方工艺制得的饼干呈棕黄色,酥脆适口,有浓郁的大枣香味。该研究结果可为保健饼干的制备提供参考。     

D-最优混料法优化木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕配方

为探究木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕的最优配方，以感官评分为评价指标，通过单因素试验，筛选牛肝菌粉、木糖醇、牛奶及蛋糕表面核桃颗粒的最适添加量；使用D-最优混料法优化牛肝菌粉、木糖醇、牛奶的最佳配比。结果表明，蛋糕最优配方为：牛肝菌粉3.94 g，木糖醇15.55 g，牛奶16.01 g，蛋清70 g，蛋黄35 g，低筋面粉12 g，玉米淀粉6 g，食用油13 g，蛋糕表面添加核桃颗粒0.3 g。蛋糕烘烤条件为：上下火均为130 ℃，时间30 min。使用该配方和工艺制作的木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕菌香浓郁、松软可口，为适合各年龄段人群食用的休闲食品。     

山药曲奇的工艺研制

以山药粉、低筋小麦粉为主要原料生产山药曲奇饼干,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最优配方。结果表明,以12%的山药粉添加量添加到面粉中,再以山药低筋粉用量200 g,鸡蛋液用量45 g,黄油用量140 g,绵白糖用量60 g,奶粉用量25 g,于180℃/160℃下烘烤15 min,得到的山药曲奇饼干口感酥脆、品质优良。     

奶香葡萄干风味品质的改善及休闲食品的研制

以葡萄干为原料，通过单因素试验和正交试验，参照感官评分确定满足人群口味的奶香葡萄干的最佳调味液配方。结果表明，奶香葡萄干的最佳调味液配方为：牛奶香精添加量0.2%，白砂糖添加量30%，柠檬酸添加量1.9%，VC添加量30 mg/1 000 mL；加工工艺为：原料处理后用上述调味液进行煮制沸腾并维持30 min，然后在70 ℃下进行烘干处理50 min，烘干冷却后用葡萄糖粉包衣，振动筛抛光，再进行包装，即得奶香葡萄干。所得奶香葡萄干香味浓郁，酸甜可口，营养丰富，是一种具有广阔市场前景的休闲食品。     

酸枣叶保健饼干的研制

以低筋面粉为主要原料，添加不同量的酸枣叶粉、绵白糖、鸡蛋，设置不同的烘烤温度及烘烤时间，以感官品质评价为指标，采用单因素试验和正交试验相结合的方法确定酸枣叶保健饼干最佳工艺条件。结果表明，酸枣叶饼干最优工艺为：低筋面粉100 g，酸枣叶粉3 g，绵白糖35 g，鸡蛋50 g，碳酸氢钠0.8 g，泡打粉2 g，淀粉3 g，烘烤温度为145 ℃，烘烤时间为17 min，所烘烤的饼干具有良好的感官品质，色泽均匀，有酸枣叶独特的风味，甜度适中，质地细腻。     

柿子面包制作工艺研究

以富强粉、柿子为主要原料,以酵母、蜂蜜、牛奶、鸡蛋、橄榄油等为辅助原料,经过发酵、烘焙制成具有独特柿子香味,同时含有大量植物功能性成分,具有抗氧化、抗衰老等功效的柿子面包。通过单因素试验及正交试验确定面包的最佳配方。结果表明,面包制作最佳配方为柿子酱100 g,富强粉1 500 g,酵母35 g,蜂蜜100 g,牛奶600 g,鸡蛋200 g,橄榄油65 g,试验用烘烤温度200℃与烘烤时间15 min。     

土豆牛奶营养面包的研制

以小麦粉、土豆和牛奶为原料,采用正交试验优化土豆牛奶面包制作工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,以感官品质为考查指标,以土豆、鲜牛奶、白砂糖和酵母粉为正交试验的4个因素,筛选土豆牛奶面包的优良工艺参数。结果表明,土豆牛奶营养面包的优良配方为每100 g面粉用土豆泥30 g,牛奶25 g,白砂糖12 g,酵母粉1 g,鸡蛋10 g,饮用水9 g,面团发酵时间120 min。以此配方生产出的面包营养丰富、感官评分较高,可满足消费者需求。     

即食猴头菇猪排骨罐头的研制

以猴头菇和猪排骨为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化即食猴头菇猪排骨罐头的配方,并对其杀菌工艺进行筛选。结果表明,即食猴头菇猪排骨罐头的最佳配方为:猴头菇与猪排骨质量比为1∶5,老汤添加量70%,豆油添加量1.5%,酱油添加量1.5%,料酒添加量1.5%~2.0%,生抽添加量2.0%~2.5%,采用115℃/20 min二次灭菌效果最好,研制出的猴头菇猪排骨罐头产品既具有猴头菇特有的香气又具有肉的鲜美,兼具猴头菇和猪排骨的营养价值。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.