新疆赛买提杏干发酵杏酒工艺优化

以新疆赛买提杏干为原料,酒精度和感官评分为评价指标,在酵母接种量、初始pH值、初始糖度和发酵温度4个单因素试验结果的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计试验,优化杏酒发酵工艺条件。结果表明：在杏水比1∶3(m/m),果胶酶添加量0.04%和纤维素酶添加量0.3%,25℃酶解24 h下,杏汁可溶性固形物含量可达15.2%,果肉与汁比例适宜发酵杏酒。通过建立响应面回归模型并对试验结果进行统计分析,得出杏酒发酵最佳工艺为：发酵初始p H值为3.5,发酵温度22.4℃,初始糖度22.35%,酵母接种量0.25 g/kg。在此条件下制得的杏酒酒精度为12.4%vol,感官评分94分。该研究结果为杏酒发酵生产提供了参考。     

南果梨酒发酵工艺优化及其主要香气成分变化分析

以南果梨为试材,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化南果梨酒发酵工艺,并研究其发酵前、发酵结束后以及陈酿后香气成分的变化。结果表明,南果梨酒最佳发酵工艺为：酵母菌接种量5%,发酵pH 4.0,调整初始糖度18%,发酵温度24 ℃,按此工艺发酵制得的南果梨酒感官品质评分为88分,酒精度为12.14%,其香气浓郁,口感圆润,色泽较佳。对南果梨酒发酵及陈酿过程中的香气成分进行测定发现,南果梨酒香气成分的种类和相对含量在发酵过程中变化明显,发酵初始检出香气成分14种,占检出挥发性成分的56.67%;发酵结束检出香气成分23种,占检出挥发成分的91.79%;陈酿后检出香气成分23种,占检出挥发成分的79.37%。     

绿茶酒生产工艺的研究

对绿茶酒生产工艺进行了研究,确定了绿茶酒最佳工艺参数。采用热水浸提法提取,酒精发酵采用活性干酵母添加量6%,初始糖度为20%,发酵温度为28℃,酒精发酵时间为7d,体积分数为9.0%。成品酒呈亮黄色,具有茶和酒的香气,茶酒味适中。     

南果梨酒发酵工艺优化及其主要香气成分变化分析

以南果梨为试材,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化南果梨酒发酵工艺,并研究其发酵前、发酵结束后以及陈酿后香气成分的变化。结果表明,南果梨酒最佳发酵工艺为:酵母菌接种量5%,发酵pH 4.0,调整初始糖度18%,发酵温度24℃,按此工艺发酵制得的南果梨酒感官品质评分为88分,酒精度为12.14%,其香气浓郁,口感圆润,色泽较佳。对南果梨酒发酵及陈酿过程中的香气成分进行测定发现,南果梨酒香气成分的种类和相对含量在发酵过程中变化明显,发酵初始检出香气成分14种,占检出挥发性成分的56.67%;发酵结束检出香气成分23种,占检出挥发成分的91.79%;陈酿后检出香气成分23种,占检出挥发成分的79.37%。     

蜂蜜菊芋酒发酵工艺的研究

以菊芋为主要原料,蜂蜜补充糖源,对蜂蜜菊芋酒发酵条件进行研究。结果表明,三种不同加糖方式中,采用初始糖度20%(还原糖含量184.2 g·L~(-1)),糖度降为10%(还原糖含量92.90 g·L~(-1))后蜂蜜补糖至15%(还原糖含量146.3 g·L~(-1))的加糖方式进行酒精发酵,可明显提高酒体酒精度,降低残糖量;主发酵结束后酒精度为14.4%(V/V),还原糖含量降至8.00 g·L~(-1)。筛选出蜂蜜菊芋酒的发酵条件为:酵母菌接种量0.8 g·L~(-1),发酵温度26℃,初始p H 4,装液量70%,在此发酵条件下,酒体酒精度为14.0%(V/V),还原糖含量10.4 g·L~(-1),总酸含量6.90 g·L~(-1),按此工艺得到蜂蜜菊芋酒色泽金黄,香气浓郁,口感柔和。     

毛酸浆果酒的发酵工艺研究

以新鲜毛酸浆为原料,采用液态发酵法,研究酵母接种量、初始糖度、初始pH值和发酵温度对毛酸浆酒理化指标和感官评价的影响,采用正交试验方法优化并得到最佳发酵工艺条件,最终获得具有毛酸浆独特风味的毛酸浆果酒。结果表明,毛酸浆酒最佳发酵工艺条件为:发酵温度28℃,酵母接种量0.1%,初始pH值3.5,初始糖度18 Brix。     

蜜奶酒发酵工艺初探

对蜜奶酒发酵成分配比与发酵条件进行了试验,从而确定了最佳蜜奶酒发酵工艺为米曲汁含量12%,奶含量88%,接入乳酸菌与酵母茵比例1:1,接种酵母茵时间为接入乳酸菌后36 h,发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为6～9天.在此条件下还可用乙酸乙酯、酸味剂等各种香料物质勾兑出不同口味的蜜奶酒.     

枳椇果醋发酵工艺优化研究

以野生枳椇为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,对枳椇保健醋发酵工艺条件进行研究与优化,考查了醋酸菌接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间3个因素对醋酸含量的影响,得到了枳椇保健醋加工的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,枳椇保健醋醋酸发酵的最优工艺条件为枳椇果浆糖度调整至14%,初始pH值为4.0,接入0.12%酒用活化酵母,酒精发酵温度32℃,酒精发酵时间7 d,枳椇酒醪酒精度为6.2%;接入9%醋酸菌,醋酸发酵温度36℃,醋酸发酵时间10 d,酿制的枳椇醋具有食醋清香和枳椇果香,酸味柔和、风味独特、酸甜爽口。     

不同酵母发酵对柿子酒、柿子醋风味的影响

以盘山磨盘柿为试验材料,分别接种两种不同酵母菌发酵酿造柿子酒和柿子醋,通过顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术研究不同酵母菌发酵对柿子酒、柿子醋香气成分的影响.结果表明:马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵的柿子酒与酿酒酵母发酵的柿子酒相比,香气物质的总含量增加了56.42％.其中,月桂酸乙酯、正癸酸、辛酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、癸酸乙酯的含量提高明显,分别提高了177.91％、163.16％、137.36％、147.13％、110.37％.与酿酒酵母相比,马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵的柿子酒和柿子醋中均新增了一些高级醇、酯及酮类物质,由此可见,马克斯克鲁维酵母发酵可有效提高柿子酒、柿子醋中挥发性香气物质的种类和含量,起到提高柿子酒和柿子醋香气品质的作用.     

黑木耳红枣果醋的醋酸发酵工艺优化

以黑木耳和红枣为主要原料酿造复合果醋,选取醋酸菌接种量、发酵温度、初始酒精度为影响因子,以果醋的总酸含量为响应值,在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计建立数学模型,优化果醋的醋酸发酵工艺条件。结果表明,黑木耳红枣果醋的醋酸发酵工艺的最佳参数为:醋酸菌接种量8%,发酵温度33℃,初始酒精度6.5%,在此优化条件下,果醋的总酸含量为6.14 g/100 m L,与模型预测值基本一致。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.