NaCl胁迫下玉米地方品种的种子萌发效应

采用室内培养和检测,以5个玉米地方品种为材料,设置高盐(NaCl)和自来水2种处理,研究不同玉米地方品种在盐胁迫下的种子萌发和生理特性变化.结果表明,盐胁迫对玉米地方品种的种子萌发和生理有不同程度的影响,不同玉米地方品种的耐盐性存在明显的基因型差异.总体而言,不同地方品种的同一形态性状和同一地方品种的不同形态性状的耐盐胁迫指数存在差异.综合评价盐胁迫下5个玉米地方品种的耐盐特性,"DP44"是耐盐性强的品种,可作为耐盐种质加以选择,而"DP21"的耐盐胁迫能力较差.此外,对玉米品种进行耐盐胁迫的遗传改良是可行的.     

大麦地方品种苗期耐低氮筛选和鉴定指标的研究

为了挖掘耐低氮大麦种质资源。采用水培试验,设正常供氮和低氮胁迫2个处理,通过根长、株高、分蘖数和干质量等指标对19份大麦地方品种的耐低氮特性进行筛选和鉴定。方差分析表明,各性状在不同供氮水平和品种间均有极显著差异,并且供氮水平和品种间的互作作用达到极显著水平,表明低氮胁迫水平设置合理,各品种也表现出对低氮胁迫反应不同。变异分析表明,2种供氮条件下大麦的分蘖数和干质量变异系数均较大,说明这些指标在品种间的差异明显,较适合作为耐低氮筛选指标,而株高性状受基因型差异的影响较小,不适合作为耐低氮品种筛选指标。相关性分析表明,正常供氮条件下,大麦干质量与其他指标均呈极显著正相关,低氮胁迫下,也表现出了相似的趋势,只是相关性程度有所下降,并且地上部干质量与根长、分蘖数仅呈显著正相关关系。鉴于生物量在耐低氮鉴定评价中的重要作用,对低氮胁迫和正常供氮条件下大麦的地上部干质量进一步进行比较,t测验表明,大麦品种B929、B942、B945、B968和B974在正常供氮和低氮胁迫间地上部干质量无明显差异,说明这5个大麦品种具有较强的耐低氮能力,同时该判断标准也弥补了仅利用相对值来判断耐低氮性的不足。另外,研究大麦地上部干质量指标和氮素吸收利用相关指标在耐低氮中的关系,发现同时考虑氮素吸收和利用相关性状才可能对大麦品种耐低氮性进行判断。     

37个玉米品种耐低氮能力潜势分析

为明确37个玉米品种耐低氮潜势,于2013年通过大田试验研究了施氮量对玉米品种植株性状、产量及其组成性状的影响。结果表明：施氮量对玉米的穗上叶叶面积、穗下叶叶面积、穗位叶叶面积、叶绿素含量、有效功能叶片数、散粉至吐丝间隔期（ ASI）、穗长、穗粗、秃尖长、行粒数、百粒质量和籽粒产量影响显著或极显著,对株高、穗位高和穗行数影响不显著;不同施氮水平下37个品种各性状的变异系数除穗下叶叶面积ASI和秃尖长外,其余性状均为45 kg／hm2施氮量的变异系数最大,该施氮量可能是玉米品种耐低氮鉴定的适宜施氮量。低氮胁迫对玉米各性状具有不利影响。低氮胁迫下玉米籽粒产量与穗位叶叶绿素含量、有效功能叶片数、穗长、穗粗、行粒数显著或极显著正相关,可作为耐低氮性筛选指标。不同玉米品种耐低氮能力存在基因型差异,采用模糊数学隶属函数分析方法筛选出三峡玉3号、三峡玉5号、三峡玉9号、忠玉9号、先玉508、M8（ XZ071-4×渝561）、M15（11 Y2×08 HC-7）、BH1421（281H ×S99）共8个高产耐低氮玉米品种。     

磷营养对粳稻根部性状的影响

黑龙江省三江平原已垦和未垦低磷土壤面积在300万hm2左右,筛选耐低磷水稻品种是提高这类土壤的水稻生产潜力的重要途径。研究选用生产上已广泛应用的5个水稻品种,采用不同磷水平砂培法,分不同时期调查水稻根部性状。结果表明,在不同磷营养水平下品种间根部性状有显著差异。品种根部性状值相对较大的材料为耐低磷种质,对磷不敏感的材料为筛选耐低磷种质的首选种质。根部性状中,总根长、根数对磷的最敏感期为分蘖盛期,根重对磷的最敏感期为抽穗期,因此,调查根部性状的适宜时期为水稻分蘖盛期和抽穗期前后;在低磷水平下,根数、根重是筛选耐低磷品种的两个重要指标。水稻植株磷含量在同一磷水平内,不同品种虽有差异,其与生物产量无关。植株吸磷量随磷水平的提高而增加的途径之一是通过根表面积的增大而致。筛选耐低磷种质的适宜磷水平为3mg/kg。研究为筛选大量品种初步筛选出耐低磷种质提供依据和可行的方法。     

耐低磷基因型甜玉米的苗期筛选研究

以18个甜玉米品种为材料,设置低磷和高磷处理,采用盆栽试验研究了甜玉米苗期的主要形态和生理指标,并分析了其相关关系。结果表明:低磷胁迫对不同甜玉米品种苗期干物重和植株磷积累量影响较大,不同甜玉米品种耐低磷能力存在明显的基因型差异,干物重和植株磷积累量可作为甜玉米耐低磷基因型筛选的指标。18个供试材料中,顶尖、台湾华珍和先甜5号对低磷土壤的忍耐能力较高,属于耐低磷品种;金茂3号、美玉3号和金圣王对低磷土壤的忍耐能力较差,属于低磷敏感品种;其余12个品种属于中等耐低磷品种。     

四川盆地及盆周山区玉米地方种质耐低磷胁迫研究

以来自四川盆地及盆周山区的22个玉米地方种质为材料,在低磷胁迫下对苗期缺磷症状,成株期株高、穗行数、百粒重、行粒数以及穗粒重等性状表现进行了研究。结果表明,低磷胁迫对玉米的主要农艺、经济性状均有不同程度的影响,其中对苗期缺磷症状及成株期穗粒重的影响最大,且不同玉米地方种质在苗期和成株期对低磷胁迫的反应不同,以苗期缺磷症状和成株期穗粒重的耐低磷胁迫系数的平均值作为耐低磷综合指数,能较好地反映玉米地方种质的耐低磷胁迫能力。将耐低磷综合指数按最短距离法进行聚类,可将22个玉米地方种质划分为三类。其中,第一类材料包括:汉源红包谷、汉源白包谷、汶川二白、江北大板牙,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.81以上,属于对低磷胁迫不敏感基因型;第二类材料包括南充秋子等4个玉米地方种质,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73~0.77之间,属于对低磷胁迫反应中间型;第三类材料包括小金金皇后等14个地方种质,占鉴定总数的63.6%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73以下,属于对低磷胁迫敏感基因型。     

寒地水稻抗氮胁迫能力的筛选研究

为了充分利用水稻自身遗传特性,减少寒地氮肥施用量,为抗低氮胁迫育种提供依据,采用土培盆栽法,对寒地粳稻110份不同基因型种质材料进行了抗低氮胁迫能力的研究。结果表明,不同基因型水稻种质材料对低氮胁迫的抗性差异显著,根据平均隶属函数值,筛选出了抗性强的材料6个,抗性弱的材料8个。分蘖期的单株绿叶数、单株分蘖数和收获期的稻草产量、有效分蘖数、穗长、单穗小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重及稻谷产量性状对低氮胁迫反应敏感,可作为筛选各基因型水稻抗低氮胁迫能力的性状指标。     

黄淮海玉米自交系氮利用效率相关性状分析

为了阐明不同玉米自交系间氮效率差异特征,筛选优异的氮高效种质,改良玉米的氮素利用效率,为玉米氮高效育种方面的研究奠定基础.以平均产量和氮效率为评价指标并结合抽雄期、散粉期、成熟期、株高、穗位等二级性状,对25份目前在黄淮海应用的核心种质和自育玉米自交系材料进行相关性分析及氮利用效率评价.相关性分析结果表明,氮效率在2种不同的氮处理条件下与散粉-吐丝间隔期、平均产量都呈极显著正相关,与株高分别呈显著和极显著正相关,即3个性状可作为评价玉米自交系材料氮效率高低的指标.方差分析结果显示,在低氮和高氮条件下,散粉-吐丝间隔期、平均产量及株高均存在极显著的差异.将高氮条件与低氮条件下的平均产量进行分析并结合株高和散粉-吐丝间隔期等二级性状,鉴定出郑58、WK858和9058这3个玉米自交系材料可在氮高效育种中作为供体亲本来改良玉米的氮素利用效率.丰富了氮高效种质资源,评价了不同玉米材料的氮素利用效率,揭示了不同材料对氮素的反应程度,为氮高效育种提供材料以及自交系的选育和合理的利用肥料提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

利用叶绿素仪SPAD值筛选耐低氮水稻种质

在低氮限制条件下,对低氮的反应存在明显的基因型差异,这种差异可以通过SPAD值来很好地反映。本文以农业部948项目全球水稻分子育种计划采用的151余份国内外代表性种质为供体亲本、云南省育成的优质品种滇粳优1号为轮回亲本、通过连续回交形成的5500个株行为材料,在田间自然缺氮条件下,以水稻植株叶绿素计SPAD值作为耐低氮能力评价指标,以不同试验地点SPAD值的相对值为参考评价指标。最终筛选出Madhukar、UPR191-66为耐低氮基因型种质。     

花生资源耐盐性的鉴定与评价

为筛选耐盐花生种质并为花生遗传基础研究提供材料,本研究选用相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对发芽指数和盐害率为指标,以0.5%的NaCl为胁迫浓度,对128份花生种质进行芽期耐盐性鉴定。结果表明,盐胁迫对花生种子萌发有显著的抑制作用,但盐胁迫的抑制效应因种质不同而存在明显差异;128份种质中,高耐盐种质仅占5%左右。在耐盐评价指标方面,除盐害率或相对发芽率以外,相对发芽指数可以作为评价指标之一。此外,盐胁迫条件下,地方品种的发芽速度高于育成品种。本研究筛选出JS011、JS024、JS125、JS491、JS523、JS524、JS525等7份高度耐盐种质可用于花生耐盐性基础研究的材料。     

Root Phenotyping For Drought Tolerance in Bean Landraces From Calabria (Italy)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is cultivated throughout Latin America and Africa, and for the European community, in Italy and Spain, areas are mainly subjected to drought stress which is predict to worsen by regional climatic models. The aims of this work were to identify the drought‐tolerant and drought‐sensitive bean landraces using drought tolerance and phenotypic plasticity indexes and to dissect the root morphological and 2D‐architecture traits related to drought tolerance. Thirty‐one landraces from diverse gene pools and areas of the Calabria region (South Italy), with different habits and morphological traits, were screened for drought tolerance in a hydroponic system. Root phenotyping was conducted by image analysis. Drought tolerance screening identified two landraces as drought tolerant and sensitive, respectively. Under drought stress, the drought‐tolerant landrace exhibited several interesting root traits such as a higher root length, surface area and, above all, the fineness of the whole root systems and, with emphasis, of the higher order roots. Drought stress induced plastic root responses in both bean landraces but with contrasting patterns. The drought‐tolerant landrace exhibited a dimorphic‐rooted strategy, which could be included in future utility for bean breeding programmes in drought‐prone environments.     

Differentiation among barley landrace populations from the Near East

Summary The structure of variation in 67 barley landraces from Syria and Jordan was investigated by using various morphological and developmental traits measured on spike progenies from the landraces grown in a favorable environment in Syria. Factor analysis was used to identify trait complexes that accounted for major proportions of the total variation among landrace populations.Subsequently, the landraces were clustered into nine distinct groups based on their similarity for all traits. Each group showed a close association to specific geographic or environmental factors, indicating that adaptive processes also are operating in current agricultural systems. These results show the usefulness of thoroughly describing the locations where germplasm accessions originate.Finally, I investigated what proportion of the quantitative variation among landraces was due to differences in plant type. Populations were grouped according to their similarity for qualitatively inherited morphological traits. Subsequent analyses of variance on quantitatively inherited traits showed that this type of classification was as effective as geographic grouping in distributing the variance among and within groups. This result suggests that germplasm collections can be arranged according to either geographic information or morphologic similarity. Practical implications for agronomic evaluation and utilization of germplasm collections are discussed.Journal Paper No. J-12830 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, USA; Project No. 2447.     

Genetic analysis of drought-adaptive traits at seedling stage in early-maturing maize inbred lines and field performance under stress conditions

Maize hybrids that are tolerant to drought at the seedling stage are needed to boost productivity in the rainforest agro-ecology of West Africa. Genetics of tolerance of maize seedling to drought stress is not well understood and is poorly documented. The objectives of this study were to screen early-maturing maize lines for seedling drought tolerance, determine the inheritance and the combining ability of selected inbred lines, and evaluate the performance of seedling drought-tolerant hybrids under field conditions. Forty-nine early maize lines were screened for drought tolerance at the seedling stage. Ten drought-tolerant and two susceptible inbred lines were selected and used in diallel crosses to generate 66 hybrids. The twelve inbred lines and their hybrids were evaluated under induced drought at seedling stage in the screen house and under marginal growing conditions on the field for two seasons. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using the DIALLEL-SAS program. Mean squares for both GCA and SCA were significant for most traits in all research environments, indicating that additive and non-additive gene actions are controlling seedling traits under stress conditions. However, for most traits, SCA was preponderant over GCA in all environments, indicating overdominating effect of non-additive gene action. Which in turn implied that the best improvement method for the traits is hybridization. Inbred TZEI 7 had the best GCA effect for seedling traits under screenhouse conditions and for grain yield and other agronomic traits under drought conditions in the field. Hybrids TZEI 357?×?TZEI 411 and TZEI 380?×?TZEI 410 showed superior SCA effects under screen house conditions. In conclusion, the study established wide genetic variability for drought tolerance at seedling stage among tropical early-maturing maize germplasm however, the non-additive gene action was more important for most seedling traits.     

Large-scale screening maize germplasm for low-phosphorus tolerance using multiple selection criteria

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in maize production in many developing countries. This experiment was conducted to evaluate multiple low-P tolerance criteria and identify the suitable maize germplasm for our future low-P tolerance breeding. A total of 456 diverse maize inbreds were evaluated for low-P tolerance at seedling stage using four shoot-related traits and six root-related traits measured under applied phosphorus (AP) and non-applied phosphorus (NAP) conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variation among genotypes for all tested traits. Medium-to-high heritability estimates were obtained for most traits. Total dry weight (DW) was highly inheritable while the widely used root/shoot ratio had only an intermediate level of heritability. Based on the synthetic index (SI), the tested inbreds were classified into three groups representing low, moderate and high tolerance to low-P stress. Regression model built based on selection criteria for low-P tolerance explained 67.8 and 76.8 % of variation for DW under NAP and AP conditions, respectively. Using low-P tolerance index for DW and SI as selection criteria, 23 and 109 maize inbreds were identified as germplasm resources that were extremely tolerant and sensitive to low-P stress, respectively, which could be further used for genetic improvement of low-P tolerance.     

淹水胁迫下玉米自交系苗期的形态生理差异

以35份适应长江中下游种植的玉米自交系为材料,研究了淹水胁迫对玉米苗期生长的影响,评价了玉米自交系苗期耐涝性差异。结果表明：淹水胁迫对玉米形态和生理指标有显著影响。主成分分析表明：叶绿素含量（SPAD）、叶面积、株高、根干物重、茎干物重、叶干物重和总干物重的耐涝指数在4个主成分中占比重较大;总干物重、叶干物重、茎干物重、根干物重和叶面积的耐涝指数可以作为耐涝基因型筛选的指标。采用聚类分析将35份玉米自交系分为3类,其中敏感型17个、中间型6个和耐涝型12个。     

Varietal Differences in Development of Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings on Compacted Soils

Differences among open-pollinated tropical maize ( Zea mays L.) varieties in seedling development and establishment on compacted soils were studied. Soil dry density was used as an index of compaction. Three soil compaction levels and 12 traits associated with development and establishment of maize seedlings were investigated. A control (without compaction) was also included. Varietal differences were observed for most traits measured. Genetic differences for seedling development on compacted soil were detected. Varietal differences contributed about three times the contribution of compaction to total variability in the traits. Better seedling development and performance were obtained in moderately compacted soil than in the control. Shoot length, shoot dry weight and per cent dry matter in roots were good indicators of the tolerance of maize seedlings to compaction. A physiological strategy for maize seedling establishment on compacted soil was proposed. The implications of the results for seed testing were also highlighted. It was concluded that consideration should be given to the genotype of maize destined for use in ecologies prone to high soil densities. All varieties of maize grown in an agroecological zone could be screened to identify genotypes tolerant of higher soil densities. The seeds could then be multiplied and distributed to farmers.     

烟草耐冷性的苗期鉴定新方法

针对中国早春季节烟草移栽后低温逆境频繁发生,易致幼苗前期生长缓慢、出现早花,并严重引起烟叶产量和品质的波动等问题,笔者提出了一种新的烟草耐冷性的苗期鉴定方法,用于烟草低温敏感性的评价及耐冷烟草资源材料的筛选与鉴定。通过漂浮育苗3~4叶期幼苗假植至花盆、6~8叶期常温驯化2~3天、6℃~8℃持续低温胁迫7天及随后常温恢复生长10天的处理程序,根据幼苗在低温胁迫处理下的形态反应特征和常温恢复生长情况进行综合评价,将耐冷程度分为低温敏感、较耐冷和耐冷3种类型。对包括烤烟、晒烟和野生种的36份烟草资源材料进行苗期耐冷性鉴定,持续低温处理6天对植株幼叶形态的危害程度可以直观地分为4种类型,随后的常温恢复生长过程也能将不同材料的表现简单地分成3种类型,依据这些材料在低温胁迫及随后的常温恢复过程中的形态表现类型,共筛选出5份耐冷、7份较耐冷的资源材料。