茶树咖啡碱合成代谢中N-甲基转移酶的研究进展

咖啡碱是茶叶中的主要品质成分之一,是一种黄嘌呤生物碱化合物,约占茶叶干重的2%-5%。在茶树中咖啡碱的核心合成途径为:黄嘌呤核苷甲基化反应生成7-甲基黄嘌呤核苷,再通过脱核糖反应生成7-甲基黄嘌呤,然后经过两次甲基化依次生成可可碱和咖啡碱。咖啡碱合成途径中转甲基化反应是通过N-甲基转移酶催化进行的,该酶是咖啡碱合成的关键酶。本文综述了茶树中N-甲基转移酶的基因克隆、结构、功能分析及表达调控等方面的研究进展。     

刺葡萄种质资源研究进展与展望

笔者从组织器官、加工利用、抗病抗逆性、活性物质提取、遗传多样性等方面综述了刺葡萄的研究进展，总结了前人对于刺葡萄形态多样性、扩繁培育、亲缘关系探讨等相关结论，并在此基础上提出刺葡萄有待完善的研究内容，包括生根机理、抗性形成机理、活性物质代谢过程、遗传背景探究、特异基因发掘与利用等方面，以期为刺葡萄种质资源的进一步研究开发提供参考。     

蔬菜钾素营养的研究现状与展望

概述了目前国内外钾素在蔬菜作物栽培上的研究概况,从钾的植物生理学研究、钾对蔬菜作物产量、品质、抗逆性以及氮钾元素相互作用等方面作了比较详细的总结。钾几乎影响植物体内所有的代谢过程,包括光合作用、同化产物运转和分配、能量代谢、水分代谢、氮素代谢等许多方面。由于钾素影响了植株的代谢过程,从而对作物生长和产量形成具有积极作用,同时钾作为品质元素,可以提高果实的品质,但也有相反的报道。在总结前人研究的基础上对今后蔬菜钾素营养的研究提出了一些建议。随着蔬菜保护地的日益发展,科学地施用钾肥,明确钾及氮钾互作在蔬菜生理上的作用以及根据土壤和植株指标对土壤钾素盈亏进行诊断应是今后研究的主要方向。     

稳定性同位素在植物次生代谢中的研究进展

植物次生代谢是植物在长期的进化过程中与环境相互作用的结果，其产物在植物生命活动的许多方面起着重要的生理作用，同时也是药物、香料和工业原料的重要来源。早期有关植物次生代谢路径的研究主要是通过放射性同位素示踪技术完成的。本文就稳定性同位素发现、理化特性、示踪原理和特点，及其在植物次生代谢路径研究中的应用进展进行了总结，分析了该技术对已知植物次生代谢路径的修正和未知代谢路径研究等方面的贡献、并提出了未来稳定性同位素示踪技术在植物次生代谢物合成路径领域的研究方向和前景。     

芒果采后及贮藏生理研究进展

芒果是跃变型水果。采收后果实品质和代谢生理等发生重大变化,笔者从芒果果实的采后品质变化、呼吸强度、乙烯代谢、活性氧代谢、Ca2+对果实后熟的影响、逆境生理及不同采后处理对芒果采后生理的影响等方面,阐述了芒果采后和贮藏过程中的主要生理变化的研究进展,并指出了今后芒果采后保鲜的研究方向和研究内容。     

生鲜农产品冷链流通的保鲜原理及发展意义

从低温对微生物的生长发育、生鲜农产品在流通过程中的呼吸代谢及高温与低温伤害的控制作用等方面,介绍了生鲜农产品冷链流通的保鲜原理。并从产品质量与安全及环境污染问题的改善、提高我国生鲜农产品的国内外市场竞争力等方面分析了我国发展生鲜农产品冷链流通的意义。     

苹果果实糖代谢过程及其调控研究进展

苹果果实的糖代谢对果实风味和色泽的形成以及其他营养成分的代谢具有重要的影响,是决定果实品质和商品价值的主要因素。本文综述了苹果果实生长和贮藏过程中糖的种类、数量和代谢途径的变化,以及激素、底物和蛋白磷酸化等对苹果果实糖代谢过程的调控等方面的研究,为苹果果实品质的改善提供一定的理论参考。     

高等植物亚硫酸盐氧化酶研究进展

亚硫酸盐氧化酶(sulfite oxidase,SO)作为钼酶家族的第4个成员,参与生物体内硫代谢等重要的生理和生化过程。笔者对高等植物亚硫酸盐氧化酶的结构特征、生化特性及生物学功能等方面的最新研究进展作一综述,并展望了SO在提高植物抗环境污染(SO2、酸雨等)方面的应用潜力。     

査尔酮合成酶基因及其分子进化研究进展

查尔酮合成酶基因在植物苯丙氨酸代谢途径中的作用至关重要,直接或间接影响着植物代谢产物合成、抗性调节、花色形成等生理生化过程。为了进一步加强对查尔酮合成酶基因功能的发掘与利用,本文综合归纳了査尔酮合成酶基因及其克隆、遗传多样性和分子进化等方面研究进展,得出查尔酮合成酶基因克隆采用的主要方法,进而指出査尔酮合成酶基因分异进化研究的未来方向,同时为特色基因资源开发方面研究提供技术资料检索帮助和研究方法参考。     

柑橘果实采后风味劣变机理的研究进展

柑橘果实风味物质的主要组成成分包括糖、酸及芳香物质等。贮藏过程中,柑橘果实的风味会发生一系列变化,从异味物质的生成、酶系统、呼吸代谢、膜质过氧化等方面,综合概述了柑橘果实在贮藏过程中发生风味劣变的机理及其研究进展,同时论述了果实采后风味劣变的控制措施。     

酶解油菜蜂花粉抑制超氧阴离子自由基的研究

【研究目的】探讨油菜蜂花粉中水溶性有效组分的抗氧化能力及其在黄嘌呤氧化酶体系中抑制O2-.的机理。【方法】采用酶解技术和膜分离技术提取分离油菜蜂花粉中水溶性抗氧化有效组分,用黄嘌呤氧化酶体系测定酶解物的不同相对分子质量级分淬灭超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)的能力。【结果】实验结果表明,经酶解和超滤后得到的相对分子质量大于1000的组分抑制O2-.的效果非常显著【结论】酶解和膜分离技术是提高花粉抗氧化功效成分含量的有效途径。     

设施土壤中微生物生物量碳和脱氢酶活性对镉与邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染的响应

为了揭示设施土壤中Cd与PAEs复合污染效应,通过盆栽试验验证了设施土壤中微生物生物量碳含量和脱氢酶活性对Cd-PAEs复合污染的响应。结果表明:移栽后20 d,施加低浓度Cd(≤2.0 mg/kg),可使土壤中微生物生物量碳含量增加,设施和大田土壤中分别增加了42.7%和96.5%。移栽后20 d时,施加PAEs(40,80 mg/kg)使设施土壤微生物生物量碳含量分别降低了56.2%和46.7%;移栽后30 d时,施加PAEs(40,80 mg/kg)使大田土壤微生物生物量碳含量分别降低了39.8%和提高了21.6%。Cd处理使大田土壤脱氢酶活性降低,但并未使设施土壤脱氢酶活性发生显著变化。施加高浓度PAEs(80 mg/kg)使大田土壤的脱氢酶活性提高了33.6%,但却使设施土壤脱氢酶活性降低了40.0%。Cd-PAEs复合效应对土壤微生物生物量碳表现为协同作用,但土壤脱氢酶活性则产生了拮抗作用。     

A genomic search for the gene conferring resistance to fusarium wilt in tomato

Fusarium wilt is an economically important disease of tomatoes, caused by the soil-born fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. There are three host-specific races of this pathogen. The dominant tomato gene I-2 confers resistance to race 2. The I-2 fusarium resistance gene was mapped genetically to chromosome 11 of tomato, between the RFLP markers TG105 and TG36, 0.4 centiMorgan (cM) from TG105. A mean value of 43 kb for each cM was assigned in the vicinity of I-2. We have generated new RFLP markers in the region by chromosome walking from TG105 towards I-2 on lambda clones, and by subcloning a 350 kb long YAC clone (YAC 8) that contains TG105. These RFLP markers were mapped physically on YAC 8 by PFGE. The location of I-2 relative to these markers was genetically estimated using a recombinant inbred (RI) segregating population. The order of the markers according to the RI population is inconsistent with their order on the physical map. A cDNA clone, D14, that was isolated by YAC 8, turned out to be 53% similar to xanthine dehydrogenase from mammals and flies. Antibodies raised against a part of the protein encoded by D14 recognize cross reacting material of MW 80 kD, that is highly enriched in nodules of legumes, and seems to be induced by various environmental and pathogenic stress conditions.     

不同产地人参中4种脱氢酶活力比较

为了给人参的培育和优选提供理论依据,采用中性缓冲液提取粗酶液,应用分光光度法对15个不同产地的人参中苹果酸脱氢酶(Malate Dehydrogenase MDH),乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate Dehydrogenase, LDH),乙醇脱氢酶(Alcohol Dehydrogenase, ADH),葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase, G6PDH）4种脱氢酶活力进行比较。结果表明不同产地人参脱氢酶活力差别明显,同一产地4种脱氢酶活力趋势基本相同。其中安图县万宝镇的人参样品的MDH、LDH、G6PDH 3种酶活力均是最高值,分别为124.58U/(g?Fw)、129.88 U/(g?Fw)、109.84U/(g?Fw);黑龙江2个产地的4种酶活力普遍比较低。运用SPSS13.0软件对15批样品进行系统聚类分析,将样品分为4类。MDH、LDH、ADH、G6PDH的活力可以作为人参培育和优选提供理论依据。     

Genetics of allozyme variants and linkage groups in lentil

Summary The genetics of 8 electrophoretically detectable enzymes in lentil was examined. The enzyme systems glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, malic enzyme, phosphoglucomutase, alcohol dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, shikimic dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were assayed. The allozymes at each of the studied loci behaved in a codominant manner and segregated in the expected Mendelian fashion. Linkage tests between these loci and an additional morphological trait revealed two linkage groups that involved 5 loci, the rest were independent of each other.     

播娘蒿甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的克隆和表达分析

采用RT-PCR技术克隆了播娘蒿的甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因全长cDNA序列(DsBADH)。DsBADHcD-NA序列全长1653bp,其中开放阅读框长1503bp,编码一个由501个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,推测的蛋白质相对分子质量为54kD,pI为5.5。序列比对结果表明DsBADH与其它物种的BADHs无论在核酸水平还是在蛋白质水平上都表现较高的同源性,表明BADH基因家族具有较高的保守性。DsBADH基因的氨基酸序列在进化上与同属十字花科植物BADH基因距离较近。蛋白质序列存在一个编码十肽的高度保守序列,该结构在醛脱氢酶中是高度保守的,这些残基可能包含NAD 结合位点及酶催化位点,而且含有与酶功能有关的醛脱氢酶高度保守的氨基酸残基Cys,表明DsBADH可编码活性蛋白。N端存在信号肽,初步将该酶定位于叶绿体。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,DsBADH在根、茎、叶以及角果中均表达,但在角果中的表达显著高于其它组织,而且表明DsBADH受盐诱导正调节表达。     

Characterization of isozyme variation in walnut(Juglans regia L.)

Summary Four leaf enzymes malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), peroxidase (PX) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) of 17 walnut cultivars and two pollen enzymes malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) of 15 walnut cultivars were analysed using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Walnut cultivars of different origin exhibited different numbers of electrophoretic bands and also different relative mobility. Different activity levels and phenotypic groups were detected in studied enzyme systems. Pollen enzymes revealed higher variability than enzymes extracted from the leaves. 15 walnut cultivars were classified into 10 malate dehydrogenase phenotypic groups and 14 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase phenotypic groups based on pollen analyses. 17 cultivars were classified into 9 peroxidase phenotypic groups and 7 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase phenotypic groups based on analyses of leaves. All of the 15 walnut cultivars could be identified and distinguished with electrophoretic analyses of MDH and 6PGD from the pollen while only 10 cultivars were distinguishable with analyses of 6PGD and PRX from the leaves. No variability useful for cultivar identification was observed in MDH and AAT from the leaves.     

Cytochemical investigation of long-term stored maize pollen

Summary Maize pollen quality was investigated after long-term storage both in a refrigerator and in liquid nitrogen by a combination of viability tests and cytochemical methods. Determination of the activities of a number of enzymes involved in important metabolic pathways was carried out. Quinone formation was also studied, as some products of secondary metabolism affect pollen grain viability. One year of pollen storage in liquid nitrogen had little effect on the activities of oxidoreductases and hydrolases and had no significant effect on pollen grain viability evaluated by acetocarmine, neutral red and acridine organe. Only the FCR test showed slightly decreased viability. After one and two years of storage in a refrigerator, pollen grain viability, tested using acetocarmine, neutral red and acridine orange, did not change substantially. Simultaneously the FCR test showed a considerable decrease in pollen grain viability. Long-term storage in a refrigerator resulted in the loss of cytochrome oxidase activity and rise of alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities as well as of quinone formation.Abbreviations ADH Alcohol dehydrogenase - DOPA L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine - FCR Fluorochromatic reaction - FDA Fluorescein diacetate - GDH Glutamate dehydrogenase - IDH Isocitrate dehydrogenase - LDH Lactate dehydrogenase - NADI reaction with -NAphthol and DImethyl-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride - 6-PGDH 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase     

Electrophoretic Analysis of Eleven Isozyme Systems and their Possible Use as Biochemical Markers in Breeding of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Polymorphism and ontogeny of 11 chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) enzymatic systems have been analyzed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, namely: leucine aminopeptidase, phosphoglucomutase, shikimate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, superoxide dismutase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, esterase, phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phos-phogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose phosphate isomerase. The use of these systems as biochemical markers is discussed.     

Isozymes as genetic markers in bananas and plantains

Summary Twenty-four clones of banana and plantain representing various levels of ploidy and diploid M. balbisiana, were analysed for enzyme variants of malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, shikimate dehydrogenase and peroxidase. Polymorphism was detected in all 5 enzyme systems. In addition, the four principal Cavendish clones, Robusta, Giant Cavendish, Dwarf Cavendish and Pisang masak hijau were found to be monomorphic for isozymes of 10 additional enzymes. Isozymes of glutamate oxaloacetate transminase were the most useful for discriminating among clones of a particular genomic group.Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 6858.