花铃期不同钾效率基因型棉花对干旱和低钾胁迫的响应差异

以钾高效和钾低效基因型棉花(HEG和LEG)为试验材料,研究了最优水肥(W1K1),干旱胁迫(W2K1),低钾胁迫(W1K2),干旱、低钾胁迫(W2K2)对其光合作用及水分、钾素利用率的影响。结果表明:干旱显著降低花铃期2种基因型棉花叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),导致蕾铃脱落,钾素利用率(KUE)降低,造成棉花减产。施钾促进叶片Pn及水分利用率(WUE)的提高,但基因型间存在差异,LEG叶片WUE与施钾量成正比,HEG相反。低钾胁迫下HEG的Pn、Tr下降,但Pn下降幅度小于Tr,WUE增大。较高的WUE有利于提高棉花Pn,降低蕾铃脱落率,促进钾素的高效吸收和运输。     

棉花花铃期土壤持续干旱胁迫对产量形成的调节效应

 通过花铃期不同持续时间土壤干旱处理,研究干旱胁迫对棉花产量形成的影响。表明持续干旱对子棉产量影响以单株成铃数＞成铃率＞单铃重。短期干旱胁迫W1处理增加成铃数显示子棉增产,同步抑制下部内围铃棉纤维和棉子的物质积累量,解除胁迫后形成盛花结铃阶段产量潜载优势,极显著提高下、中部外围和上部内围铃子棉产量,实现增产;花后持续20 d以上干旱胁迫效应会延续至花后50 d,整体降低各部位棉铃的积累物质供应量,产量器官虽具干物质积累相对优势,但子棉产量潜载势降低,单株成铃数、单铃重趋降显示子棉减产;干旱胁迫对子棉产量的调控显示区位效应,降产效应随干旱延长显示由下而上、由内而外区位拓展态势,解除胁迫可获得一定产量补偿。     

干旱对不同铃重棉花不同区位果枝叶可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量的影响

利用防雨旱棚,研究了水分胁迫下3个不同铃重基因型棉花不同部位内围果枝叶片中可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的变化.结果表明:在两处理下,各品种不同部位棉叶中可溶性蛋白含量呈现出了不同的变化趋势,反映了棉花不同部位对水分胁迫适应能力的差异.干旱使各部位3个品种各铃期内围果枝叶可溶性蛋白含量降低,其中,下部果枝叶中大铃品种和小铃品种可溶性蛋白含量降低的幅度大于中铃品种,各品种的中部果枝叶中的可溶性蛋白含量变化比下部平缓,表明此部位果枝叶生理状态在棉铃发育过程中相对稳定.在水分胁迫下,各时期不同品种各部位果枝叶中脯氨酸含量均比对照增加;大铃品种各部位果枝叶在干旱胁迫下脯氨酸含量增加幅度小于中、小铃品种.不同部位果枝叶相比,干旱时脯氨酸含量增加幅度总体表现为:下部果枝叶＞中部果枝叶＞上部果枝叶.棉花品种存在着对干旱胁迫反应敏感程度不同的脯氨酸代谢调节机制,脯氨酸可以作为棉花抗旱性的参考性生理指标.     

全生育期干旱胁迫对棉花形态、生理、光合作用和产量的影响

为研究全生育期持续干旱处理对棉花生长发育和最终产量的影响,采用盆栽法,对新陆早19号、新陆早27号和新陆早54号进行轻度和中度干旱胁迫处理,在苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期测定形态学指标、生理指标和光合作用参数,收获时调查产量构成因素。结果表明:棉花的株高和茎粗随干旱胁迫的加强而下降;活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性在不同生育期存在较大差异,相关性分析显示,活性氧含量与抗氧化酶活性间存在显著或极显著相关性,说明抗氧化酶活性随活性氧含量有规律变化,以清除体内过多活性氧,防止活性氧伤害;棉花蕾期光合作用随干旱胁迫的加强而降低,吐絮期(除新陆早27号)则随干旱胁迫加强而升高,可能由持续干旱处理使棉花生育后期所处发育阶段不同造成;干旱胁迫降低新陆早27号和新陆早54号的单株产量和纤维长度,轻度干旱胁迫对单铃重的影响较小,甚至起促进作用;棉花花铃期有4项指标与单株产量存在显著相关性,说明花铃期可能是受环境影响最大且决定最终产量的关键时期。     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

脱叶剂对棉花叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,对脱叶剂的不同喷施时间条件下棉花叶片光能吸收、传递、转换特性及棉花产量进行了研究。结果表明喷施脱叶剂降低了棉花叶片的光合功能,降低了最大光化学效率(Maximum photochemical efficiency,Fv/Fm)及PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,使初始荧光(Minimal fluorescence,Fo)上升、光合电子传递速率(Electron transport rate,ETR)和PSⅡ总的光化学量子产量(Photosynthetic quantum yield,Yield)降低,提高了非光化学猝灭系数(Non-radiant energy,NPQ),说明脱叶剂胁迫下棉花叶片发生了光抑制,PSⅡ复合体受到损伤伴随着光合电子传递受阻。吐絮率10%时喷施脱叶剂使棉花铃重、衣分、皮棉产量显著低于对照。吐絮率50%时喷施脱吐隆300 g·hm~(-2)+40%乙烯利1200 m L·hm~(-2),第25天棉花脱叶率为90.1%,吐絮率为99.87%,对棉花铃重、衣分及皮棉产量影响最小且更有利于促进叶片脱落和棉铃成熟。     

不同生育时期水分胁迫对花生生长发育和产量的影响

旨在明确花生水分敏感时期,为花生进行科学合理灌溉、提高产量提供理论依据和技术指导。以中早熟大果型‘豫花9326’和早熟小果型‘豫花9936’为材料,在全自动防雨干旱棚条件下,通过人工控水的方法研究了苗期、花针期、结荚期和成熟期干旱胁迫对花生营养生长、生殖生长、产量、水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明：不同生长发育时期干旱胁迫均导致花生生长发育受抑制、产量降低。其中花针期干旱,影响最大,花针期干旱主茎高、侧枝长分别降低了42.1%、37.5%,产量降低了22.2%。其次是结荚期干旱和苗期干旱,成熟期干旱影响最小。通过对各指标的分析,苗期干旱、花针期干旱主要是影响了单株结果数,从而降低了产量;结荚期干旱、成熟期干旱则是降低了饱果率、百仁重、出仁率,进而影响了产量。本研究明确了花针期是花生对水分胁迫最为敏感的时期,对提高花生水分利用效率和我国干旱半干旱地区花生单产具有重要意义。     

干旱对不同铃重基因型棉花叶片细胞膜伤害、保护酶活性及产量的影响

 研究水分胁迫对棉花叶片细胞膜伤害、保护酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,在水分胁迫下,各棉花品种各部位果枝叶片中MDA含量明显增加,增加幅度因品种、时期和植株部位不同差异较大,其中,以中铃品种果枝叶片中MDA含量增加幅度最小。水分胁迫下各品种、各部位果枝叶片SOD、POD酶活性在棉铃发育的多数时期都明显升高,其中上、中部果枝叶SOD酶活性在棉铃30 d日龄时最低,并且这一规律不因品种类型和果枝区位而改变;中铃品种上部和下部果枝叶SOD酶活性在干旱胁迫下增加的幅度大于大铃和小铃品种;就不同区位果枝叶各时期总体情况而言,以中部POD酶活性最高,下部次之,上部最低。干旱胁迫下中铃品种的铃重和产量变化幅度最小,表现出较强的耐旱性。     

棉花上部叶片叶绿素SPAD值动态变化研究

为了探索利用叶绿素SPAD值在不同生育阶段进行棉花营养诊断的方法,以2个早熟品种（‘中棉所36’、‘中棉所50’）和2个中熟品种（‘中棉所41’、‘鲁棉28’）为对象,研究了棉花主茎倒1至倒4叶在全生育期的叶绿素SPAD值动态变化,并研究了氮、磷施用量对鲁棉28蕾期、花期和吐絮期主茎功能叶的SPAD值影响。结果表明：2个早熟品种的棉花主茎叶全生育期SPAD值呈现倒一叶<倒二叶<倒三叶<倒四叶的规律,2个中熟品种在盛铃期以前主茎4片叶SPAD值也呈现和早熟品种一样的规律,但盛铃期以后SPAD值叶序变化不规则。在吐絮前,棉花主茎倒四叶SPAD值可以作为棉株营养诊断的参考,早熟品种棉花主茎倒一叶或倒二叶吐絮前10天和吐絮后10天左右的SPAD差值大小可以作为棉株衰老程度的参考值,中熟品种棉花主茎倒三叶吐絮前15天和吐絮后15天左右的SPAD差值大小可以作为棉株衰老程度的参考值。本试验条件下,纯氮用量高于270 kg/hm2,吐絮期主茎功能叶SPAD值与不施氮处理差异极显著,高氮处理利于主茎功能叶在吐絮期维持较高的SPAD值;纯P2O5用量在120 kg/hm2即能使吐絮期主茎功能叶维持较高的SPAD值,增加磷肥用量SPAD值反而下降。     

脱叶催熟剂喷施时间对不同部位棉铃发育和纤维品质的影响

【目的】研究不同时间喷施脱叶催熟剂对棉花不同部位棉铃的干物质质量、产量性状以及纤维品质等的影响,明确河北省喷施棉花脱叶催熟剂的最佳时期。【方法】以机采棉品种冀丰1458为供试材料,分别于2020年和2021年的9月下旬到10月上旬,设置4个时间喷施50%（质量分数）噻苯·乙烯利悬浮剂,以9月20日喷施等量清水作为对照,分析棉花的脱叶率和吐絮率、不同部位棉铃的干物质质量、铃重、籽指与衣分、籽棉产量、皮棉产量和纤维品质等指标的变化。【结果】各处理喷施脱叶催熟剂当天的吐絮率为40%～65%,处理后20 d的吐絮率和脱叶率均大于90%。与对照相比,9月20日处理的上部棉铃的铃重、籽指、衣分、纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度、马克隆值均显著降低;9月20日或9月25日左右喷施,上部、中部棉铃的干物质质量和单株棉铃总干物质质量均显著降低;9月20日至10月5日左右喷施脱叶催熟剂导致上部棉铃籽指显著降低,籽棉产量和皮棉产量显著提高,其中9月30日左右处理的籽棉和皮棉产量最高,并且其纤维品质综合表现也较好。【结论】初步认为,河北省植棉区露地直播棉田脱叶催熟剂的最佳喷施时间为9月30日、吐絮率为56%左右...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.