干旱对不同铃重棉花不同区位果枝叶可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量的影响

利用防雨旱棚,研究了水分胁迫下3个不同铃重基因型棉花不同部位内围果枝叶片中可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的变化.结果表明:在两处理下,各品种不同部位棉叶中可溶性蛋白含量呈现出了不同的变化趋势,反映了棉花不同部位对水分胁迫适应能力的差异.干旱使各部位3个品种各铃期内围果枝叶可溶性蛋白含量降低,其中,下部果枝叶中大铃品种和小铃品种可溶性蛋白含量降低的幅度大于中铃品种,各品种的中部果枝叶中的可溶性蛋白含量变化比下部平缓,表明此部位果枝叶生理状态在棉铃发育过程中相对稳定.在水分胁迫下,各时期不同品种各部位果枝叶中脯氨酸含量均比对照增加;大铃品种各部位果枝叶在干旱胁迫下脯氨酸含量增加幅度小于中、小铃品种.不同部位果枝叶相比,干旱时脯氨酸含量增加幅度总体表现为:下部果枝叶＞中部果枝叶＞上部果枝叶.棉花品种存在着对干旱胁迫反应敏感程度不同的脯氨酸代谢调节机制,脯氨酸可以作为棉花抗旱性的参考性生理指标.     

花铃期干旱对不同部位棉铃对位叶糖代谢及铃重的影响

以美棉33B为材料,于棉花中部果枝开花时进行干旱处理(土壤相对含水量由(75±5)%自然减少直至吐絮),研究花铃期干旱对棉铃对位叶糖代谢及铃重的影响。结果表明,花铃期干旱处理,棉铃对位叶净光合速率降低,且中部降幅上部下部;棉铃对位叶可溶性糖含量下部和上部果枝增加而中部降低,蔗糖含量增加而淀粉降低,表明干旱促进叶片光合产物向蔗糖分配;棉铃对位叶蔗糖磷酸合酶、蔗糖合酶活性降低、酸性转化酶活性先降低后增加,且对中部和上部的影响大于下部,表明蔗糖合成受抑制,而其降解先抑制后促进,降低可供外运的蔗糖水平。干旱条件下铃重降低,中部降幅上部下部。因此,棉铃对位叶蔗糖合成减少和外运受抑制是花铃期干旱条件下铃重降低的蔗糖代谢基础。     

干旱对棉花叶片碳水化合物代谢的影响

以3个不同铃重的棉花基因型为材料,研究了土壤干旱对棉叶碳水化合物代谢的影响.结果表明,干旱胁迫使主茎叶片与不同部位内围果枝叶片可溶性糖含量均有不同程度的增加,而淀粉的积累受到明显抑制.虽然干旱条件下不同基因型棉叶的可溶性糖与淀粉含量的变化趋势一致, 但小铃基因型开花 (7月5日)后的主茎叶可溶性糖含量较中、大铃基因型变化小,淀粉含量则低于大铃基因型.上部内围果枝叶淀粉含量在棉铃发育过程中波动明显大于中、下部果枝,而小铃品种相对稳定.研究结果加深了对干旱胁迫下棉叶碳水化合物时空变化特征的认识.     

不同烤烟品种在干旱胁迫下对体内生化指标的影响

为了解贵州当前主栽烤烟品种抗旱性水平,通过盆栽控水处理在烤烟对水分最敏感的旺长期,模拟自然状态下的干旱胁迫环境对不同烤烟品种生化指标的影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下不同烤烟品种体内POD、SOD、CAT等保护酶的活性发生了相应变化,一定程度上反映了烤烟的抗旱性能;干旱胁迫影响烤烟体内一些抗氧化酶活性,表现在叶片POD活性大幅度上升,较正常植株上升1.5~11个活力单位,增加幅度为10%~207%,SOD活性的变化与POD活性变化趋势相同,增加率为13.7%~80%,CAT活性也增加了2%~168%;干旱胁迫下不同烤烟品种叶片的脯氨酸含量都不同程度的增加,增幅为98%到383%;干旱胁迫下不同烤烟品种叶片MDA生成量较对照高,增加幅度20%~478%。干旱胁迫导致烤烟叶片电解质外渗值的增加,因而相对电导度增加,说明干旱胁迫破坏了生物膜的稳定性和完整性,各品种伤害度在35%~68%之间。不同烤烟品种在干旱干旱胁迫下烟株生化指标抗旱能力表现有差异,各指标之间表现不尽一致。     

棉花不同耐高温品系的SOD、POD、CAT活性和MDA含量差异及其对盛花期高温胁迫的响应

分别以耐高温、中度敏感与敏感型3个棉花品系为材料,分析了它们在不同发育时期叶片和花药中SOD、POD、CAT保护酶活性和MDA含量的差异及在盛花期高温胁迫下的变化。3个品系间叶片保护酶活性在苗期和盛蕾期几乎相同,在盛花期和结铃盛期耐高温显著高于敏感类型,而耐高温棉花叶片MDA含量自盛蕾期起显著低于敏感类型。花药保护酶活性随生育进程而逐渐增加,耐高温棉花花药SOD和POD活性在花粉粒成熟期才显著高于敏感类型,而CAT活性和MDA含量在整个发育时期均分别显著高于和低于敏感类型材料。盛花期高温胁迫显著地抑制叶片和花药的保护酶活性,导致MDA含量极显著地增加,但耐高温棉花叶片和花药保护酶活性的降低和MDA含量的增加幅度明显少于敏感类型。     

水分胁迫对春大豆叶片保护酶活性及相对电导率的影响

为了研究了水分胁迫对大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对含水率的影响，以3 个大豆品种‘黑农57’、‘改良168’、‘绥农26’为材料，采用盆栽控水试验，设置中度干旱、重度干旱和适宜水分处理。结果显示：（1）在适宜水分条件下，叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势，过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和相对电导率表现为降低的趋势。（2）各时期SOD和CAT活性为中度胁迫>重度胁迫>适宜水分，差异显著；各时期POD活性和苗期-盛花期的相对电导率为重度胁迫>中度胁迫>适宜水分，差异显著。（3）在干旱胁迫条件下，POD活性和SOD活性，‘黑农57’>‘改良168’>‘绥农26’；CAT活性品种间差异不显著。综上，在干旱胁迫下，春大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对电导率比在适宜水分下活性要高，体现了春大豆对干旱环境的自我调节能力。     

棉花花铃期土壤持续干旱胁迫对产量形成的调节效应

 通过花铃期不同持续时间土壤干旱处理,研究干旱胁迫对棉花产量形成的影响。表明持续干旱对子棉产量影响以单株成铃数＞成铃率＞单铃重。短期干旱胁迫W1处理增加成铃数显示子棉增产,同步抑制下部内围铃棉纤维和棉子的物质积累量,解除胁迫后形成盛花结铃阶段产量潜载优势,极显著提高下、中部外围和上部内围铃子棉产量,实现增产;花后持续20 d以上干旱胁迫效应会延续至花后50 d,整体降低各部位棉铃的积累物质供应量,产量器官虽具干物质积累相对优势,但子棉产量潜载势降低,单株成铃数、单铃重趋降显示子棉减产;干旱胁迫对子棉产量的调控显示区位效应,降产效应随干旱延长显示由下而上、由内而外区位拓展态势,解除胁迫可获得一定产量补偿。     

水分胁迫对水稻结实期一些生理性状的影响

选用抗旱性不同的3个杂交水稻品种，在干旱棚内分别在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下，研究了水稻结实期丙二醛（MDA）含量、光合速率、气孔导度、渗透调节物质及保护性酶活性等生理性状变化。结果表明，结实期随土壤水分胁迫加剧和时间延长细胞膜脂过氧化加剧，抗旱性弱的品种膜脂过氧化更为严重；剑叶光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量迅速下降，抗旱性弱的品种比抗旱性强的品种降速快、幅度大。抽穗后0～14 d随胁迫时间的延长叶片内可溶性糖、氨基酸含量增加，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）3种酶活性升高，抗旱性强的品种增加或升高的幅度大。抽穗14 d后叶片内可溶性糖、氨基酸含量下降，SOD、CAT和POD酶活性降低。试验表明，水稻叶片MDA含量、光合作用、渗透调节物质及保护性酶活性的变化幅度与品种的抗旱性密切相关。     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

氮、钾、甜菜碱对水分胁迫下夏玉米叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫和适量供水条件下,氮、钾和甜菜碱对2种不同基因型夏玉米陕单9号（抗旱品种）和陕单911（不抗旱品种）各生育期叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响,旨在揭示这些因子通过提高上述酶活性而增强作物抗旱性的生理功能。结果表明,水分胁迫下夏玉米超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著降低,不抗旱品种更甚;而丙二醛(MDA)含量有不同程度升高,抗旱品种的MDA含量和变幅小于不抗旱品种。苗期2个品种对水分胁迫响应较弱,SOD、POD、CAT和MDA均较低;拔节和抽雄期响应强烈,酶活性增高。SOD和POD达到最大值的时间比CAT晚,MDA在全生育期中呈现“升—降—升”的变化规律。施用氮、钾肥和甜菜碱能不同程度地提高夏玉米SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低MDA含量,减缓水分胁迫下膜脂过氧化作用。不抗旱品种施用氮肥增强了水分胁迫条件下叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,降低了MDA含量,氮肥用量的影响有显著差异;抗旱品种施用低氮效果显著,施用高氮则降低了生育前期酶活性,增加了MDA含量,但生育后期氮肥用量的影响间无显著区别。钾肥和甜菜碱对受水分胁迫的夏玉米表现出比氮肥更突出的效果。而对适量供水条件下的夏玉米,氮、钾肥的作用明显下降,甜菜碱的效果甚至消失。说明施用氮、钾肥和甜菜碱对改善水分胁迫下玉米叶片膜脂过氧化作用和提高保护酶活性有重要贡献。     

干旱胁迫对灰枣保护性酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响

为研究干旱胁迫对灰枣保护性酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用的影响,以一年生灰枣嫁接苗为材料,在土壤不同水分条件下测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和丙二醛（MDA）含量及细胞膜透性的变化。结果表明：SOD、CAT、POD活性都大致呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,说明干旱胁迫下各种保护酶活性升高,但随着胁迫的加重,超出了植物可以忍耐的程度后,酶活性降低;同时,细胞膜受到伤害,细胞膜透性增加,作为膜脂过氧化产物的丙二醛含量也随着升高,电导率随之增强。     

干旱胁迫对花生叶片SOD活性和蛋白质的影响

以不同类型的抗旱花生种质为材料,于花针期干旱胁迫处理43 d,调查和分析了水分胁迫对叶片SOD活性、蛋白质和水势影响的动态变化以及干旱胁迫对花生主要经济性状的影响。分析结果表明在干旱胁迫初期,花生叶片的SOD活性下降,蛋白质含量增加,此时品种之间的SOD活性变化差异不明显,但蛋白质含量差异显著。在严重干旱胁迫时     

Water Stress Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Variations in Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity in Tolerant and Susceptible Genotypes

An experiment was conducted on five wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, C 306, PBW 175 (tolerant to water stress), DL 153-2 (moderately tolerant to water stress), HD 2428 and HD 2329 (recommended for irrigated conditions, susceptible to water stress), under pot culture conditions to study the effect of water stress on oxidative injury and antioxidant activity. Water stress significantly decreased relative water content (RWC), ascorbic acid content and membrane stability, and increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content, a measure of lipid peroxidation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in all the genotypes at 7, 17 and 27 days after anthesis (DAA). Water stress tolerant genotypes C 306 and PBW 175, closely followed by DL 153-2, were superior to HD 2428 and HD 2329 in maintaining high RWC, ascorbic acid content and membrane stability and lower hydrogen peroxide content and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under water stress at the three stages. The highest activities of glutathione reductase and catalase under water stress were observed in C 306, PBW 175 and DL 153-2 and the lowest activities in HD 2428 and HD 2329 at all the stages. Superoxide dismutase activity at all stages under irrigated conditions and at the first and second stages under water stress conditions did not show significant variation among the different genotypes, but at the last stage under water stress the enzyme activity was highest in C 306, closely followed by PBW 175 and DL 153-2, and lowest in HD 2428 and HD 2329. It is apparent that water stress induces an increase in hydrogen peroxide content and consequently lipid peroxidation and membrane injury (reduced membrane stability). The degree of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity seems to be closely associated with the tolerance/susceptibility of a genotype to water stress.     

铅铬胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

为探讨铅铬胁迫对小麦的毒害机理,以‘豫麦23’为供试材料,用不同浓度的铅铬处理小麦,研究铅铬单一及复合污染胁迫对小麦过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,铅铬胁迫对小麦苗的CAT、POD和SOD具有激活效应,铅铬复合胁迫对小麦苗的CAT影响较大,而铅铬单一胁迫下小麦苗的POD和SOD变化较大。铅铬胁迫对小麦苗的MDA具有抑制效应,铅铬复合胁迫对小麦苗的MDA影响较大,铅铬单一胁迫对小麦苗的MDA影响不明显。说明小麦幼苗中抗氧化酶在铅铬胁迫下对小麦幼苗起到了保护作用,但小麦幼苗对铅铬单一及复合污染胁迫的抗性机理是完全不同的;小麦苗对铅铬胁迫的响应不仅与胁迫的重金属种类有关,而且与胁迫的重金属的质量浓度以及胁迫时间有关。     

镍对大豆、玉米生长早期膜脂过氧化的影响

以不同浓度的镍处理萌动的种子,研究了C3植物大豆、C4植物玉米受镍胁迫后,大豆下胚轴和玉米胚芽鞘中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:随着N i2 处理浓度的增加,大豆下胚轴和玉米胚芽鞘中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均呈先升后降的趋势;大豆下胚轴中MDA的含量也先升后降,但玉米胚芽鞘中MDA的含量则具有逐渐升高的现象;和大豆相比,玉米的SOD、POD活性及MDA含量较低且变幅较小,表现出较强的抗镍胁迫能力。     

Effects of Timing of Drought Stress on Abscission and Dry Matter Partitioning of Short-duration Pigeonpea

Shoot dry mass partitioning and cumulative abscission of leaf, flowers and pods were determined for nine short-duration pigeonpea genotypes grown with adequate soil moisture throughout growth (control), or subjected to water stress during the late vegetative and flowering (stress 1), flowering and early pod development (stress 2), or pod fill (stress 3) growth stages. The total cumulative dry mass of abscised plant parts was lower for determinate genotypes, but it increased to a greater extent under water stress than that for indeterminate genotypes, with stress 2 having the greatest and stress 3 die least effects. The dry mass contribution of pods to total abscission was ≤ 5%, and not signiflcantiy affected by water stress, while the contribution of leaves increased and mat of flowers decreased. Stress 3 had no significant effects on abscission dry mass totals or components. Reduction in shoot dry mass under water stress was most pronounced for genotypes in die early pod development stage, and the dry mass contribution of leaves generally decreased and that of pods increased under stress 1 and stress 2. With similar abscission levels, the shoot dry mass of genotype ICPL 151, was similar to, or greater than, that of hybrid ICPH 9, under stress 1 and stress 2, and the contribution of pods to shoot dry mass was lower for hybrid ICPH 9 under both stress treatments. Genotypic differences in drought resistance were likely due to differences in the leaf area maintenance during, and in the recovery of dry mass and pod production following, water stress periods.     

Genotypic Variation in Wheat in Response to Water Stress and Abscisic Acid-Induced Accumulation of Osmolytes in Developing Grains

Two wheat genotypes differing in water stress sensitivity (C306, relatively tolerant; HD2329, relatively susceptible) were water stressed during early grain filling by withholding water for 7 days at watery‐ripe (WR) stage and examined for water status, abscisic acid (ABA) and osmolytes in grains as well as in flag leaf (FL). Both the genotypes differed significantly from each other in endogenous levels of ABA, proline, glycine betaine, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose and potassium. The tolerant genotype showed higher content of ABA, proline, glycine betaine, total sugars, reducing sugars and had higher water content in its FL and grains than the susceptible genotype, which contained more of glycine beatine and potassium but had lower ABA and water content in its FL and grains. Although carbohydrates constituted the major amount of all the solutes, proline and glycine betaine increased manifold during stress. Exogenous application of 2 μm ABA at 5 days after anthesis to FL of stressed plants increased the endogenous content of ABA, accelerated the accumulation of osmolytes, improved the water status of FL and grains that resulted in higher grain weight, especially in the susceptible genotype. Differential response of contrasting wheat genotypes to water stress may be governed by ABA‐dependent solute accumulation in grains and FL.     

棉花不同钾效率基因型对水分和低钾胁迫的响应研究

为探明不同钾效率棉花基因型在水分和低钾胁迫条件下的差异,采用盆栽试验,对2种基因型棉花一些生理生化指标及生物学产量的差异性进行研究。结果表明,棉花在逆境胁迫条件下,其生长状况及生理生化过程中发生一系列适应性改变,不同基因型、不同生育时期,其抗逆性也不同。表现为：不同处理条件下,棉花钾高效基因型(103)叶绿素含量指数高于棉花钾低效基因型(122),生物学产量也较高。同时103叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量低于122,表明103抗逆性较强。2种基因型间可溶性糖与脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化一致,差异不显著。     

Differential Responses of Antioxidative Defence System to Long‐Term Field Drought in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes Differing in Drought Tolerance

Drought is a severe abiotic stress and the major constraint on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity world wide. Deciphering the mechanisms of drought tolerance is a challenging task because of the complexity of drought responses, environmental factors and their interactions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the antioxidative defence system in imparting tolerance against drought‐induced oxidative stress and yield loss in two wheat genotypes, when subjected to long‐term field drought. Drought resulted in an increase in H₂O₂ accumulation and lipid peroxidation and decrease in ascorbate level in roots and leaves at different plant developmental stages. Drought‐tolerant genotype having higher antioxidative enzymes activities, and ascorbate level was superior to that of sensitive genotype in maintaining lower H₂O₂ content and lipid peroxidation and higher growth, yield and yield components under water deficit. Various antioxidative enzymes showed positive correlation with ascorbate and negative with H₂O₂ content. In developing grains, antioxidative defence response was nearly similar among both the genotypes under control condition; however, sensitive genotype failed to modulate the activities of antioxidative enzymes according to the ROS rush under field drought. Poor capacity of the antioxidative defence system in vegetative and reproductive tissues of sensitive genotype seems to be responsible, at least partly, for reduced yield potential under water deficit.     

铀尾沙胁迫对水稻和小麦幼苗叶绿素含量及抗氧化酶的影响

以杂交晚籼稻（培两优288）和普通小麦(湘麦11)为材料,用100%砂基（T00）、75%砂基+25%铀尾沙（T25）、50%砂基+50%铀尾沙（T50）、25%砂基+75%铀尾沙（T75）、100%铀尾沙（T100）作培养基分别培育水稻和小麦幼苗,测定了种子发芽率、幼苗二叶一心时叶片的叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物