生物质能源快速发展下的中国大豆产业

生物质能源是以植物、动物及其下脚料为原料制造出的燃料乙醇、生物柴油、沼气等生物燃料的统称.燃料乙醇常用甘蔗和玉米生产,生物柴油常用大豆和油菜籽等生产.……     

贵州木薯生产现状及发展建议

木薯是贵州继马铃薯、甘薯后的第3大薯类作物,作为生产燃料乙醇的能源作物,具有适应性广、抗逆性强及产量高等特点,为利用贵州独特的气候与耕地优势加快发展木薯,对贵州木薯生产优势及现状进行了分析,提出贵州发展木薯的建议。     

江西种植能源作物木薯的优势条件及发展对策

生物燃料乙醇具有与环境友好和可再生双重属性,能够永续利用。木薯是块根类热带作物,其块根产量高且富含淀粉,是目前中国生产清洁能源生物燃料乙醇的优选非粮能源作物。分析认为:江西具有适宜的温光水等气候条件、丰富的宜耕性边际土地资源、较大的产量潜力、较高的种植效益和巨大的发展空间等种植木薯的优势条件。同时,结合江西发展木薯面临的关键问题和科研生产实践,提出了对江西发展能源作物木薯的对策思考。     

利用海带渣制备乙醇的可行性分析及高效水解技术的研究

利用生物质制取燃料乙醇越来越受到重视,组成复杂的生物质高效降解是发酵生产乙醇的关键技术。为利用海带渣制备燃料乙醇,从海带渣的原料组分入手,分析利用海带渣制备燃料乙醇的可行性,并研究海带渣的单因素水解及复合水解技术。结果表明,利用海带渣制备燃料乙醇是可行的;单独使用超高压技术并不能使海带渣多糖降解,而超高压酸解-酶解联合水解为最佳水解方案,在最优工艺条件下海带渣多糖的水解率可高达85.16%。     

阜徐营20选青及应用

阜阳市是安徽省甘薯种植面积最大、最集中的地区，占全省种植面积30％以上。目前生产上使用的品种多是食用和兼用品种，而高干高淀粉品种较少。以甘薯为原料生产燃料乙醇是世界发展趋势，为了适应形势的发展，育种人员调整了育种目标，将重点转移到高干高淀粉品种的选育上来。阜徐薯20具有高产、高干高淀粉特性，是目前少有的燃料乙醇用甘薯新品种，符合国民经济的需要、能源安全的需求。     

非生物胁迫对能源作物糖分产量影响的研究进展

利用受环境因子胁迫不利于生产粮食的农田种植能源作物,不仅能保证农业的可持续发展,还可为生产生物质能源提供原料,缓解能源危机。由于能源作物中的糖分是生产生物质燃料乙醇的基础,所以本文综述了水分、盐碱、温度、NPK（氮、磷、钾）养分、种植密度、植物激素和重金属等因子对能源作物糖分积累的影响,发现干旱、盐碱、适宜低温等非生物胁迫及适量的施用NPK肥、稀土元素或ABA（脱落酸）有利于促进作物糖分的积累,表明合适的非生物胁迫及适量的补施肥料或叶面微肥可极大促进乙醇产量,这将为更好地利用受环境胁迫不适宜生产粮食的农田种植能源作物提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

沿海滩涂发展能源植物的潜力分析

发展生物质能源对缓解中国的矿质能源压力、减轻能源污染具有重要意义。在分析了发展生物质能源的迫切性的基础上,介绍了利用中国丰富的沿海滩涂土地资源和植物资源开发能源植物的潜力。同时,从滩涂资源的有效利用、盐生植物中能源植物的发掘和通过转基因技术提高能源植物耐盐性及改良盐生植物生产能源物质的特性等方面提出了沿海滩涂发展能源植物的资源潜力。     

生物质糖化和乙醇发酵菌种资源的研究进展

世界能源安全正面临着挑战。发展清洁可再生的生物质燃料乙醇越来越被重视。菌种资源在燃料乙醇生产中起到至关重要的作用。概述了生物质糖化和乙醇发酵菌种资源的研究进展,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

生物质能源作物——能源甜菜的开发利用

随着全世界能源物质的不断扩展,可再生的生物质能源将是21世纪主要的能源物质。能源甜菜是新兴的可再生能源作物,它具有生物学产量高,乙醇转化率高,含糖量适中等特点,是取之不尽、用之不竭的环保能源,对环境几乎没有污染;同时又是糖饲兼收的作物。利用能源甜菜通过酒精发酵创造乙醇燃料新能源,可以减轻或消除与粮食争地的矛盾,是保证粮食安全和能源安全的双赢举措。     

阜徐薯20选育及应用

阜阳市是安徽省甘薯种植面积最大、最集中的地区,占全省种植面积30%以上。目前生产上使用的品种多是食用和兼用品种,而高干高淀粉品种较少。以甘薯为原料生产燃料乙醇是世界发展趋势,为了适应形势的发展,育种人员调整了育种目标,将重点转移到高干高淀粉品种的选育上来。阜徐薯20具有高产、高干高淀粉特性,是目前少有的燃料乙醇用甘薯新品种,符合国民经济的需要、能源安全的需求。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.