内蒙古综合干旱监测评估和预警系统开发

摘要：本项目收集整理全区118个气象台站的气象和生态监测信息数据,充分应用现代计算机编程技术,建立了干旱气象服务历史数据库。开发完成对全区各地气象台站网络传递的逐日（逐旬、月）气象、生态、灾情监测实时信息自动化采集整理、数据解译、数据追加入库的应用功能程序模块,实现了及时补充和调用实时数据的业务化应用目的。为干旱分析服务提供了日滚动的干旱程度评估和预警的干旱等级指标,包括等级划分、受旱症状描述,建立了干旱评估、预警模型。实现了逐日滚动开展干旱监测评估和预警服务工作。系统各模块应用功能强、业务化程度高、操作简捷。使得全区一大批从事干旱气象服务人员的技术数据分析应用和服务产品制作水平和能力得到提高。在防旱抗旱工作中收到了明显的业务服务效益     

本溪地区干旱监测评估系统研究

在全球变暖的大背景下,干旱已成为本溪地区主要气象灾害之一。本研究利用VB 6.0和Access数据库管理等现代技术,开发建成了“本溪地区干旱监测评估系统”。该系统包括气候资料数据库子系统、气候影响客观评价子系统、干旱指标库、干旱灾害历史数据库查询子系统、干旱产品服务子系统5个部分,能够进行大气干旱Z指数和农业干旱β指数模型的自动计算,可实现对全地区干旱监测、分析和评估等业务工作的支持,为大气和农业等领域的干旱监测评估工作提供丰富的图形、表格和文本等数据信息,为农业生产决策提供科学的依据。     

GIS技术在人工影响天气作业气象探测资料分析中的应用

笔者以焦作市人工影响天气作业指挥系统为实例,分析了气象探测资料在人工影响天气作业指挥中的综合处理应用,介绍了组件式GIS技术在人影作业指挥系统中应用的总体思路,并阐述了该系统中GIS应用的主要方面,包括离散点探测资料的分析处理、雷达资料处理显示、各类探测资料的融合叠加、精细化预报产品的图形化显示及火箭安全射击范围管理、区域协作区管理等。实现了人工影响天气作业指挥中气象探测数据、预报预警信息、火箭射击区域等数据的空间管理,基于GIS可以对作业效果进行科学评估。     

江苏渍涝灾害气象监测预警

运用江苏省1961—2014 年国家基本气象观测站点网收集的气象和农业气象灾害资料以及2010年以来土壤自动站水分观测资料,根据农田水分平衡原理,以相对湿润度指数为基础,构建江苏渍涝灾害气象监测预警模型,实现了对农田渍涝灾害的客观、实时、动态监测与预报,可动态获取渍涝灾害发生的时间、范围、强度及发展态势、持续时间,为科学防范提供了手段。监测预警业务系统于2014年6 月起投入业务应用,准确率约97%,特别在2014 年夏季持续低温阴雨及2015 年6 月持续暴雨的典型渍涝灾害发生发展过程中表现突出,对全过程进行了动态监测预警,逐日提供全省渍涝灾害区域发生程度,为管理和生产部门及时掌握灾情,科学应对提供了重要依据。     

福州市农作物低温灾害监测预警服务系统设计与应用

低温灾害是福州市农作物的主要气象灾害之一,其监测预警具有重要意义。运用远程监控系统,并结合福州市部分农作物低温灾害气象指标,建立福州市农作物低温灾害监测预警系统,并在2012年1月下旬实际应用中进行测试和应用,灾后调查显示,系统运行生成的监测预警结果基本与实际相吻合。结果表明,该系统自动生成的监测、预警分布图及预警信息,对最终形成的决策服务产品具有很大的指导作用,在灾害监测预警中具有较好的应用前景。     

气象条件对稻纵卷叶螟迁飞的影响分析

通过对桂林地区近5年水稻稻纵卷叶螟发生资料与气象资料进行对比分析,选择影响桂林地区稻纵卷叶螟迁飞的气象因子（温度、降水、风向、风速、湿度）,考虑前期气象条件和虫源数,采用回归分析方法,建立水稻稻纵卷叶螟迁飞的气象条件等级预报业务系统。系统分长期和中期预报,将各因子和预报对象都划分为5级,用当地气象台发布的月、季度、及一周天气预报结论,综合分析前期虫源数是否有利,对未来月、季和未来1～7天逐日影响稻纵卷叶螟迁飞的气象条件等级进行预报。预报业务系统实用性强,逐日预报准确率达到了70%以上,在生产实践中发挥了积极的作用。     

枯黄期草原火灾精细化风险预测研究

为增强对草原火灾风险评估和应急管理能力,利用“智能网格”精细化气象要素预报数据、DGI指数、NDSI指数、DEM数据和社会经济数据,依据自然灾害风险理论,构建枯黄期草原火灾精细化风险预测模型。使用ANUSPLIN插值软件把所有因子插值为相同空间尺度数据,GIS栅格计算未来草原火灾风险预报,结果分为高风险、次高风险、中风险、次低风险、低风险区域,并统计出面积及人口等信息,开发出具有业务应用能力的草原火灾风险预测产品。随着气象行业供给侧改革深入开展,精细化气象服务水平不断提高,专业气象应用多样化发展,本研究为新型火险预测产品开发思路提供理论借鉴。     

枯黄期草原火灾精细化风险预测

为增强对草原火灾风险评估和应急管理能力,利用"智能网格"精细化气象要素预报数据、DGI指数、NDSI指数、DEM数据和社会经济数据,依据自然灾害风险理论,构建枯黄期草原火灾精细化风险预测模型。使用ANUSPLIN插值软件把所有因子插值为相同空间尺度数据,GIS栅格计算未来草原火灾风险预报,结果分为高风险、次高风险、中风险、次低风险、低风险区域,并统计出面积及人口等信息,开发出具有业务应用能力的草原火灾风险预测产品。随着气象行业供给侧改革深入开展,精细化气象服务水平不断提高,专业气象应用多样化发展,本研究为新型火险预测产品开发思路提供理论借鉴。     

霜监测模型的探讨——以湖南省为例

为了实现基于区域气象站观测资料进行霜的精细化监测和利用高分辨率数值预报产品开展霜的精细化预报,运用湖南省97个地面气象观测站建站至2012年4月逐日最低气温、降水量、相对湿度、风速、日照、总云量、天气现象资料,在全面分析了霜形成的气象条件的基础上建立了湖南省霜监测模型,开展了霜监测模型误差比对分析。结果表明：在日最低气温小于等于3℃条件下,分段考虑不同气象要素临界阈值对霜模拟准确率的提高有较大作用;建立的霜监测模型与霜观测结果的误差小于通用监测指标;霜监测模型模拟的的初霜日、终霜日、无霜期、霜日与观测值空间分布形态、年代际变化趋势都较为一致;该模型可用于开展霜的监测、预报。     

沈阳2次降水过程ANC和TRACER检验分析

随着大城市的不断发展和社会对于气象精细化要求的提高,临近预报特别是突发性灾害天气的临近预报已经成为了社会关注的重点。为了提升短临预报能力,沈阳市气象局先后引进了ANC和TRACER系统,但是由于使用时间较短,之前还没有总结出对于2个系统预报产品的订正技术。本研究通过2013年10月10日与2014年8月24日沈阳2次大雨到暴雨天气过程,总结出ANC和TRACER在短临预报中的不同,ANC的优势更侧重于局地性的强对流天气的预报,而TRACER更有利于相对大范围的、连续性的降水预报。希望研究结果能够给预报员利用ANC和TRACER制作沈阳地区精细化预报预提供订正方法和依据。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.