表达禽流感HA基因的重组马立克氏病病毒的构建

本试验首先用RT-PCR方法扩增出H9N2亚型禽流感病的HA基因,大小约1 700 bp,将其克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA中,并将该真核表达载体上的CMV启动子控制的含LacZ和HA基因表达盒克隆入马立克氏病病毒US2基因中,成功的构建了马立克氏病病毒的转移载体。然后,通过脂质体方法转染已感染马立克氏病病毒的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中,通过蓝斑筛选获得重组病毒。该重组病毒通过PCR方法鉴定证实其基因组中含有完整的HA基因。免疫酶反应和Western-blot证实重组病毒表达了禽流感HA蛋白,表达的HA蛋白具有血凝活性。     

猪白细胞介素-2基因的克隆及其重组禽痘病毒载体的构建

采用RT-PCR技术自豫南黑猪脾淋巴细胞中扩增猪IL-2基因(pIL-2),RT-PCR产物进行T-A克隆并测序,获得了猪IL-2基因序列.将BamH Ⅰ酶切的猪IL-2基因非定向克隆到BamH Ⅰ酶切并去磷酸化的pSY538载体上,通过PCR、酶切和测序鉴定,筛选正向插入的重组质粒pSY538/pIL-2.NotⅠ酶...     

麻花鸡副黏病毒ZH-1株F基因真核表达载体的构建

将麻花鸡副黏病毒ZH-1株毒种接种于11日龄SPF鸡胚,收集48～96h死亡的鸡胚尿囊液.参考已发表的鸡源副黏病毒F基因序列,设计并合成了一对特异性引物,用以扩增麻花鸡副黏病毒ZH-1株F基因,预期扩增的F基因片段包含完整的开放阅读框.通过RT-PCR扩增出麻花鸡副黏病毒ZH-1株F基因片段,琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收、纯化,得到F基因片段,经EcoR I和Sal I消化,将F基因克隆进入PCI-neo载体,转化大肠杆菌DHSa,挑选菌落,经限制性核酸内切酶Sal I和EcoR I双酶切及PCR鉴定,结果证明重组真核表达载体PCI-neo-F构建成功,为下一步在哺乳动物细胞vero细胞中表达打下良好的基础.扩增的F基因测序后,与其他禽副黏病毒1型F基因进行系统发育树的分析比较,为阐明麻花鸡副黏病毒ZH-1株的遗传背景奠定了基础.     

鸡IL-2的毕赤酵母表达和生物活性鉴定

IL-2是一种重要的免疫相关细胞因子,借助PCR去掉鸡IL-2基因片段(387bp)信号肽,连接到pPICZαA表达载体中,通过电转化转入Pichia酵母GS115菌株的感受态中,对筛选出来的阳性菌株以终浓度为1%的甲醇诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE及Western Blot分析,结果表明酵母成功分泌表达了重组鸡IL-2,分子量为17.8kD。通过Ni-NTA His Bind 柱层析,250mM咪唑的洗脱液洗脱,得到纯度较高的重组鸡IL-2,淋巴细胞增殖实验证明,重组鸡IL-2具有明显的促进淋巴细胞增殖的生物活性,为进一步研究其免疫佐剂的作用提供了实验基础。     

TAT-NPY融合蛋白的表达和生物活性检测

摘 要：为了研究含有跨膜结构域TAT基因的重组奶牛神经肽Y融合蛋白的生物学活性。利用基因工程技术,在牛神经肽Y基因序列中插入TAT蛋白基因序列,构建原核表达载体pGEX-3X-NPY-PTD,导入到BL21宿主菌中,进行表达,对表达产物进行鉴定、表达条件优化和纯化。并且经过活性检测,融合蛋白对鸡胚血管生成的促进作用,表明含有PTD结构的重组奶牛神经肽Y具有生物功能活性,为动物试验奠定了基础。为了获得重组TAT-NPY融合蛋白,并研究其生物学活性。利用基因工程技术,从犊牛下丘脑组织中克隆得到神经肽Y基因序列,通过基因比对符合率为100%。同时,在牛神经肽Y基因序列中插入TAT蛋白基因序列,构建原核表达载体pGEX-3X-NPY-PTD,导入到BL21宿主菌中,进行原核表达,并对表达产物进行鉴定、表达条件优化和纯化。并且经过活性检测,融合蛋白对鸡胚血管生成起促进作用。表明含有PTD结构的重组奶牛神经肽Y具有生物功能活性,为下一步的研究提供了物质基础。     

血清4型禽腺病毒六邻体蛋白的原核表达及鉴定

通过原核表达的方法得到血清4型禽腺病毒的主要结构蛋白六邻体蛋白;根据GenBank中血清4型禽腺病毒六邻体蛋白的基因序列,设计一对特异性引物,利用普通PCR方法扩增得到hexon基因的全长序列。将PCR扩增得到的血清4型禽腺病毒六邻体基因片段,在其两端插入酶切位点后克隆至载体pMD18T中,经PCR鉴定和测序分析正确后,与原核表达载体pET-32 a进行连接,构建pET-32 a-hexon原核表达载体,并对其进行双酶切和测序鉴定。将构建成功的表达载体转化至BL21(DE3)中,用1 mmol/L的IPTG进行诱导表达,对得到的重组蛋白进行SDS-PAGE分析和Western Blot鉴定;经双酶切鉴定和测序鉴定,pET-32a-hexon原核表达载体构建成功,插入的六邻体蛋白基因片段大小为2 814 bp,在1 mmol/L浓度IPTG诱导3 h时重组蛋白表达量最高,且重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在于沉淀中。SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,融合蛋白分子量为118 ku。免疫印迹分析结果显示,融合蛋白可被抗FAdV-4的血清和HIS标签抗体特异性识别;成功表达了血清4型禽腺病毒的主要结构蛋白六邻体蛋白,且得到的重组蛋白具有良好的反应原性,可用于血清4型禽腺病毒的进一步研究中,为血清4型禽腺病毒病的预防和治疗奠定了良好的基础。     

pCB-zeolin-GFP表达载体的构建及瞬时表达

为利用荧光蛋白基因GFP检测外源基因在转基因植株中的表达和定位,构建含有GFP基因的植物表达载体pCB-zeolin-GFP。在目的基因的开放阅读框（ORF）两端设计引物,并引入酶切位点和保护碱基,用PCR方法从pDHA扩增得到zeolin基因的全长,克隆到中间载体pMD18-T,分别用NcoⅠ和BglⅡ2种限制性内切酶酶切重组质粒和经过改良的pCAMBIAI1302植物表达载体,经回收、连接、转化、鉴定后,利用基因枪转化法将重组载体转入洋葱表皮细胞,通过共聚焦显微镜检测绿色荧光蛋白在洋葱表皮细胞中的瞬时表达。构建了zeolin基因与绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）融合的植物表达载体pCB-zeolin-GFP,并在洋葱中得到了表达。构建的融合植物表达载体pCB-zeolin-GFP正确,该载体的成功构建为今后进行基因转移、基因功能研究及培育新品种奠定了基础。     

鸡 CVH启动子调控的绿色荧光蛋白报告载体的构建及鉴定

探索建立一种用绿色荧光蛋白对鸡原始生殖细胞进行标记分离的方法。本研究克隆并测序鸡原始生殖细胞特异表达基因CVH1.6Kb启动子序列。序列分析表明它含有类似于TATA box和CAAT box的元件,在其远端上游区域还有多个GC富含区。将CVH基因启动子亚克隆到绿色荧光蛋白表达载体pEGFP-1的多克隆位点,成功构建表达载体pCVH-EGFP。重组质粒在脂质体LipofectamineTM2000介导下分别转染鸡Ⅹ期胚盘细胞和鸡胚成纤维细胞,并于转染后12 h在荧光显微镜下观察转染效果。实验结果显示：在胚盘细胞转染后12 h可观测到绿色荧光表达,转染后24 h荧光细胞增多,细胞形态均呈圆形、体积较大;在鸡胚成纤维细胞未检测到GFP表达。实验结果说明,由CVH基因启动子控制下的EGFP可在Ⅹ期胚盘细胞特异表达,为利用流式分离技术PGCs标记分离、纯化研究奠定基础。     

AtFT基因植物表达载体的构建研究

FT是从拟南芥克隆得到的诱导植物开花调控基因。利用FT基因表达特点,克隆拟南芥FT基因片段,重组构建了以CaMV35S为启动子、GUS为报告基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA2301-FT与pCAMBIA2300-FT:GUS,并采用农杆菌介导法转化橡胶树体细胞胚,通过GUS组织化学染色观察橡胶树体细胞胚瞬时表达情况,结果验证了重组构建的2个载体的有效性,为进一步研究FT基因在橡胶树中的功能及应用奠定基础。     

SPF鸡胚St3galⅠ基因的克隆及其在MDCK细胞中的表达

为了提高MDCK细胞表面禽流感病毒(AIV)受体的水平,以12日龄的SPF鸡胚为试材,通过反转录PCR扩增唾液酸转移酶Ⅰ基因(St3galⅠ),并将回收的片段插入到pMD18-T载体中。酶切pMD18-T-St3galⅠ和pCI-neo质粒,将目的片段进行连接,构建含有St3galⅠ基因的真核表达载体。利用脂质体介导法转染MDCK细胞,在G418的筛选下,获得具有抗性的转基因细胞系。通过细胞克隆化培养和PCR检测,筛选可稳定表达St3galⅠ基因的细胞株。结果表明,从鸡胚中克隆的St3galⅠ基因成功的插入到pCI-neo质粒,从而实现真核表达载体pCI-neo-St3galⅠ的构建。在G418选择压力下,初步获得了稳转目的基因的MDCK细胞系。将抗性细胞混合克隆进行稀释,经选择后挑选出30个单克隆抗性细胞株。分别以转染细胞基因组DNA和总RNA为模板,经PCR检测显示,目的基因已整合入MDCK细胞的基因组中并可稳定的进行表达。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.