Social vulnerability to climate‐induced natural disasters: Cross‐provincial evidence from Vietnam

This paper conducts an analysis of the socioeconomic determinants of Vietnam's cross‐provincial variations in natural disaster vulnerability. The purpose is twofold: (i) to capture disaggregated vulnerability variations normally obscured by national statistics, thereby providing more nuanced insights into Vietnam's vulnerability to natural disasters; and (ii) to take advantage of the fact that the overall political system and key institutional structures to a large extent are constant across Vietnam's provinces, which makes the analysis a novel addition to the many disaster studies based on cross‐national variations. The paper's analysis indicates that much of Vietnam's cross‐provincial variations in natural disaster fatalities and economic costs can be explained by differences in key socioeconomic factors. High provincial rates of inequality, poverty and infant mortality, for instance, appear to drive up natural disaster fatalities. Local adaptation efforts should focus as much on these broader socioeconomic dimensions as they focus on the geophysical susceptibility to natural hazards of individual areas.     

智能型制冷温控系统应用试验

针对中温高湿储粮区平房仓夏季储粮过程中上层粮温升高较中下层快、表层粮温控制难等问题，充分利用我库的仓房设施及储存条件，通过在仓房粮面空间安装温控机，在高温季节进行机械制冷，实现上层粮温可控，确保整仓粮食达到准低温储粮的目的，避免粮温快速变化，影响储粮品质，实现绿色储粮。     

Migration‐affected change and vulnerability in rural Vanuatu

Migration is increasingly being promoted as a possible adaptive response to risks associated with climate change and other stresses. While migration may present an adaptation pathway in certain contexts, existing research fails to consider the ways in which migration could contribute to vulnerability in sending communities. This paper examines the impact of migration‐affected change on local vulnerability in Lamen Bay, Vanuatu. Qualitative methods, including interviews and focus groups with 58 individuals, were used to determine how migration interacts with the multiple stressors faced by the community. The results show that migration is likely to contribute to vulnerability in already vulnerable communities. In Lamen Bay, migration affects a number of contextual factors that influence exposure and the capacity to respond to change, including labour supply, food security, migrant attitudes, underdevelopment and institutional viability. These results suggest that development policy in Vanuatu needs to address existing vulnerabilities while offering the opportunity to migrate.     

Nuclear Power Plants and Residential Housing Prices

Nuclear power plants can theoretically influence property values through a number of different channels. The public perception of risk associated with the potential hazard from the operation of a nuclear reactor and the storage of nuclear waste may lead to lower bids on properties in close proximity to the plant. In contrast, workers at the plant may be less concerned with any potential hazards, and may actually value being in proximity to the workplace. Hence, one cannot a priori sign the distance gradient of homes in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant. In this study, a hedonic model coupled with geographic information system (GIS) techniques is used to estimate housing price surfaces around two nuclear power plants in California. The use of GIS software allows more potential influences to housing prices to be accurately incorporated than previously included in hedonic studies. Based on the evidence from the plants chosen, these findings do not support the contention that negative imagery surrounding nuclear power plants or stored nuclear waste has a significant detrimental influence on residential home prices in the immediate vicinity of these facilities.     

Benefits and risks for Melanesian households from commercialising Canarium indicum

This research note discusses the benefits and risks for Melanesian households arising from attempts to increasingly commercialise Canarium indicum, an edible tree nut indigenous to Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Qualitative data were generated during workshops and interviews with Canarium industry stakeholders about the impacts associated with a series of interventions designed to encourage further commercialisation of Canarium. The findings are organised according to three dimensions that elucidate the social implications of industry development for local communities: (i) income and growth; (ii) equity; and (iii) voice and choice. Broader distribution of benefits within and between countries, as well as among supply chain actors, requires a stronger policy response at regional (Melanesia) and national scales, equitable gender representation to avoid reinforcing existing inequalities, and delegation of decision‐making power to the appropriate level to facilitate effective community participation and their links with other stakeholders. Thus, it remains to be seen whether Canarium‐related benefits arising from its commercialisation can be sufficiently reliable compared with either other sources of income (e.g. existing employment opportunities for those located near urban areas) or utilising the resource for subsistence purposes.     

Jobs,Houses, and Trees: Changing Regional Structure,Local Land‐Use Patterns,and Forest Cover in Southern Indiana

Land‐use and ‐cover change is a topic of increasing concern as interest in forest and agricultural land preservation grows. Urban and residential land use is quickly replacing extractive land use in southern Indiana. The interaction between land quality and urban growth pressures is also causing secondary forest growth and forest clearing to occur jointly in a complex spatial pattern. It is argued that similar processes fuel the abandonment of agricultural land leading to private forest regrowth, changes in topography and land quality, and declining real farm product prices. However, the impact of urban growth and development on forests depends more strongly on changes in both the residential housing and labor markets. Using location quotient analysis of aggregate employment patterns, and the relationship between regional labor market changes, the extent of private forest cover was examined from 1967 to 1998. Then an econometric model of land‐use shares in forty southern Indiana counties was developed based on the net benefits to agriculture, forestland, and urban uses. To test the need to control explicitly for changes in residential demand and regional economic structure, a series of nested models was estimated. Some evidence was found that changing agricultural profitability is leading to private forest regrowth. It was also uncovered that the ratio of urban to forest land uses is better explained by incorporating measures of residential land value and industrial concentration than simply considering population density alone.     

谷物冷却机环流冷却技术在浅圆仓中的应用研究

本文探讨增加一系列风管和控制机构使浅圆仓冷却通风形成环流状态,通过对谷物冷却作业过程中粮堆热交换后所排出空气进行回收并重复利用,达到节省能源,提高谷物冷却机作业能力和效率的目的,并对该套装置潜在的效益和在低温储粮中的作用进行了评估.     

Climate change,migration and human rights in Bangladesh: Perspectives on governance

Bangladesh experiences some of the most severe impacts of climate change, with impacts already evident in the coastal regions. Recent data shows that around 32% of the coastal communities in Bangladesh are affected by climate‐induced hazards each year. In 2011, 64% among them were displaced locally and 27% were displaced to other locations in Bangladesh. It requires comprehensive and viable polices and planning to meet the challenges of managing a large number of displaced people. In this context, this paper reviews and investigates the effectiveness of current governance frameworks to address migration of affected communities. It argues that migration can be an effective way to cope with environmental shocks. Finally, it discusses policy imperatives for effective protection of people displaced by climate risks with a special reference to adopting a human rights‐based approach in law and policy making for climate‐induced migration.     

基于层次模型及权重分析的湖北省雷电灾害易损度区划

利用湖北省2008-2011年闪电监测数据和2000-2009年雷电灾害统计数据,选取雷击大地密度、大于50kA强雷击密度、雷电灾害频度、生命易损模数及经济易损模数作为湖北省雷电灾害易损性评估指标。提出了对雷灾频度因子的修正,只有把该参数放到同一起点比较,雷电灾害易损性分析及风险区划才具科学性,同时引入大于50kA强雷击密度作为雷电灾害易损性评估指标之一。采用层次模型及权重分析对雷电灾害易损性指标划分了5个等级,最后形成湖北省雷电灾害易损度区划。研究结果表明：高风险区的城市主要特征是雷灾频度较高、经济发展水平较好、人口密集;低风险区则与之相反。雷电灾害易损度不仅与单位面积上的雷电密度、雷灾频度关系密切,还与单位面积上的经济发展水平、人口密度息息相关。     

Routing protocol of the wireless sensor networks for bridge health monitoring

By analyzing the reason that why the existing routing protocols cannot be applied to the wireless sensor networks for bridge health monitoring, a new routing protocol is proposed. Since the locations of the collecting modules are fixed, the proposed protocol exchanges the routing information between the neighbor nodes by adjusting the exchange cycle according to reliability of the modules. For the low routing security requirement, while to increase the routing efficient, the middle nodes replying the routing requirements with variable thresholds is introduced. In order to make full use of information in route discovering procedure, the backup routes mechanism is adopted. The proposed protocol can efficiently forward data and is suitable for the bridge health monitoring.     

基于产地型冷链物流市场的冷库布局规划

由于西北地区物流行业滞后,农产品冷链运输设施匮乏,冷链物流制约着农产品产业在该地区的持续发展。以西北地区为例进行具体分析,首先运用灰色预测模型对未来西北地区冷链物流产品产量进行预测,并利用层次分析(AHP)综合评估法确认冷链物流中转节点冷库位置;在此基础上构建线性规划模型,并在基于冷库建设成本和运输成本最小化的约束条件下,运用LINGO软件求解,得到西北地区冷库建设布局最优解。最后通过上述分析,提出西北地区未来冷链物流发展方向和建议,即区域发展和依托发展更有益于我国西北地区冷链发展。     

Gaming,States, and Tax Revenues—the Tortoise or the Hare: A CGE Comparative Assessment of Casino Resorts and Games‐Only Casinos

Theoretically speaking, heavy tax rates on gambling should dampen growth of the casino revenues. Indeed, a cursory glance at data across U.S. states suggests that more jobs and income are generated directly by the gaming industry when lower tax rates are applied. Using a detailed computable general equilibrium model, we evaluate the effects of a proposed machine‐based casino on New Jersey's economy as well as on the state's existing set of casino resorts in Atlantic City. We find few winners other than the state's tax coffers.     

论中国烟草良好农业规范的基本原则

烟草良好农业规范(GAP)是保证烟叶安全质量的烟叶生产全过程操作规范,它以风险质量控制为核心,强调环境保护、可持续发展、员工健康和安全福利。中国烟草良好农业规范不仅要讲求经济效益,保护环境质量,更要承担社会责任;中国烟草良好农业规范原则应包括确保烟叶质量安全、保护生产环境资源、保障员工健康福利、经济利用设施设备和促进烟区和谐发展5个目标。     

国家现代农业示范区新型农业经营主体培育问题研究——以上海市浦东新区为例

十九大报告中首次提出“乡村振兴”战略,其中实现乡村振兴的一个关键点是培育新型农业经营主体。浦东新区作为国家首批现代农业示范区以及国家农产品质量安全县,在国内率先培育发展家庭农场、农民合作社,取得了明显成效,对全国农业的发展发挥了良好的示范作用。以上海市浦东新区为例,对全国其他同类地区具有较强的借鉴意义。对上海市浦东新区25个镇相关人员进行问卷调查和电话访谈,同时阅读相关文件和文献,分析上海市浦东新区新型农业经营主体发展特点、存在问题。结果显示,上海市浦东新区经营主体发展具有数量增长快、品牌化速度快以及发展模式多样化等特点,但在农业经营主体科技人才、农业生态补贴、农业信贷保险以及农业设施用地等方面还存在问题。因此,要引进农业科技人才,建立人才队伍;加大对农业生态补贴,科学合理施肥;大力推进农业保险,实现农业信贷多元化;破除农业用地限制,充分发挥土地利用价值。     

A Methodological Overview of Network Vulnerability Analysis

Evaluating network infrastructures for potential vulnerabilities is an important component of strategic planning, particularly in the context of managing and mitigating service disruptions. Many methods have been proposed to facilitate such analysis, providing different interpretations of infrastructure vulnerability. The primary approaches that have been employed for network vulnerability analysis can be broadly classified as scenario‐specific, strategy‐specific, simulation, and mathematical modeling methodologies. Research on network vulnerability assessment has traditionally focused on one of these methodologies without consideration of the others. This article highlights the important implications of methodology for both infrastructure planning and policy development. To better understand the theoretical and practical trade‐offs associated with methodology selection, this article provides a review of these categories of analysis, examining benefits and shortcomings with regard to practical planning issues and policy interpretation.     

Comparison of Sugar Beet Cropping Systems with Dead and Living Mulch using a Glyphosate-resistant Hybrid

The aim of this study was to evaluate new options for sugar beet mulch systems, using a glyphosate‐resistant hybrid. In four field trials – conducted in 2002 and 2003 at two sites in a major sugar beet‐growing region in the central Germany – three different mulch systems (straw, non‐winterhardy and winterhardy cover crop) and an alternative seedbed preparation method (rotary band tillage) have been tested in comparison with a control treatment (plough, no mulch, broadcast seedbed preparation) representing the common German practice. In all systems, a set of eight different weed control programmes, including two reference treatments, one with selective conventional herbicides and five exclusively using glyphosate, has been evaluated for efficacy. It could be shown that the integration of winterhardy cover crops into sugar beet mulch systems reduced the risk of nitrogen loss by leaching. The changes in the nitrogen dynamics neither influence the yield nor the technical quality of the sugar beet. The field emergence of sugar beet decreased while using a winterhardy cover crop, but was not altered by the seedbed preparation method. Compared with the conventional broadcast seedbed preparation, the rotary band tillage did reduce the weed density. The lowest weed density was observed in the straw mulch system. It was not possible to control the remaining plants of the winterhardy cover crops completely with selective herbicides. If glyphosate was used until the four‐leaf stage of the sugar beet, a regulation of the winterhardy cover crop was achievable. With glyphosate it was also feasible to control older weeds together with the newly emerging ones with post‐emergence applications only. For most of the mulch systems tested, the sugar beet was very sensitive to weed competition between the four‐ and 10‐leaf stage. If the weeds within the sugar beet rows were controlled during this sensitive period with an early glyphosate band application, the remaining weeds between the rows could be left uncontrolled until the 10‐leaf stage of the sugar beet without any yield loss. Only in the combination of winterhardy cover crop × rotary band seedbed preparation, the weeds and cover crop had to be controlled directly after emergence of the sugar beet.     

环流熏蒸在横向通风系统中的应用研究

对平房仓储藏的早籼稻谷采用移动式环流装置结合横向通风系统进行膜下横向环流熏蒸,探究平房仓环流熏蒸在横向通风系统中的技术特点、操作工艺和应用效果。试验表明,利用横向通风系统可使PH3气体在结束环流施药后3h内,达到最低与最高浓度比0.6的要求,可以在粮堆内快速而均匀地形成有效浓度,大幅减轻劳动强度,增强熏蒸效果和应急情况的处理。     

Trading in waste: Integrating sustainable development goals and environmental policies in trade negotiations toward enhanced solid waste management in Pacific Islands countries and territories

This paper provides a broad survey of existing literature on contemporary solid waste management (SWM) in the Pacific region to underscore an urgent and compelling need for improved SWM. Despite advances in waste management systems and funding for technical support and capacity building from a range of sources, waste continues to threaten public and ecological health and the economy in Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs). SWM in the Pacific requires innovative thinking in a challenging environment of remoteness, limited available land, fragile ecosystems, vulnerability to natural hazards and subsequent climate sensitivity. Many PICTs are under considerable pressure to open their markets up to trade liberalisation. Increasing links to the global economy through trade liberalisation could either further exacerbate waste management challenges in the Pacific or contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development goals. The authors argue that if the PICTs' urgent waste management challenges are to be meaningfully addressed, the region's leaders must ensure trading partners conform to local environmental protection policies and that trade agreements align with sustainable development goals.     

谷物冷却技术处理浅圆仓发热玉米的生产性试验

浅圆仓储粮在国内已初具规模，总的仓容量达到100亿斤，但是与之配套的浅圆仓储粮技术却很不成熟，尤其是储藏中一些应急处理技术更加缺乏，也正是这些因素阻碍了浅圆仓储粮技术的推广与应用。本文对应用谷冷技术应急处理浅圆仓散装玉米局部发热问题进行了详尽的阐述和分析，并将共同机械倒仓作了客观综合比较，肯定了谷冷技术在应急处理浅圆仓粮食发热问题中的效能，从而为浅圆仓储粮的进一步推广应用起到推动作用。     

农村储粮技术服务体系模式的探讨

通过调研我国农村储粮现状,阐述了建立我国农村储粮技术服务体系的意义,分析了我国现有农村储粮技术服务模式,提出了建立、完善我国农村储粮技术服务体系的建议。