灿、粳、糯稻成熟种胚体细胞培养力的差异

在相同的培养条件下，比较了不同类型水稻成熟种胚体细胞培养力的差异。结果，糯稻的愈伤组织诱导率和生长速度高于粳稻和灿稻。就愈伤组织质地和色泽而伦，灿稻趋向于紧密型、淡黄色，粳稻趋向于松散型、鲜淡黄色，糯稻趋向于粘质状、淡黄色。而灿稻的愈伤组织绿苗分化率、绿苗＋绿芽分化率和体细胞培养力高于粳稻和糯稻。这些结果为利用种胚培养进行水稻品种改良提供了一定的理论依据。     

茶树愈伤组织继代培养与体细胞胚发生

利用添加不同种类,浓度的１／２ＭＳ修改培养基、Ｂ５培养基交叉培养茶树（ＣａｍｅｌｌｉａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．）愈伤组织,有利于延长愈伤组织继代培养时间,并维持胚性愈伤组织高的体细胞胚分化能力,不同品种的胚性愈伤组织体细胞胚分化率存在明显差异,试管苗茎胚性愈伤组织分化率高于大田栽培的成龄茶树叶柄胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织随着继代培养时间的延长,体细胞胚分化率随之有所下降,胚性愈伤组织在继代培养过程中,     

锌元素对籼稻成熟胚愈伤组织绿苗分化率的影响

本实验就锌元素对籼稻成熟胚愈伤组织绿苗分化率的影响进行了研究，结果指出：(1)锌元素能明显提高籼稻成熟胚愈伤组织绿苗分化频率，且使用浓度范围较广(0.5～10μmol/L)，其中以锌浓度1μmol/L效果较好；(2)在本实验范围内各籼稻品种对锌元素的反应是一致的，但品种间差异很大，其中中早14绿苗分化率较高；(3)锌脉冲试验指     

粳籼稻两个亚种成熟胚组织培养与再生能力的比较研究

选用8个生产上大面积栽培的粳稻基因型和5个杂交籼稻亲本基因型进行愈伤诱导率与苗分化率的研究。结果表明:两种类型水稻在愈伤诱导率的平均值上存在差异,粳稻好于籼稻。杂交籼稻亲本基因型间苗的分化率也有较大变异,恢复系恢032苗的再生能力较强。     

培养基和培养时间对水稻成熟和胚培养力的影响

本试验研究了10种不同成份的培养基以及延长诱导培养时间对水稻成熟种胚培养力的影响。结果表明,水稻品种对不同培养基的反应是不同的。以∠S—5(∠S基本培养基+1.5mg/L2.4—D+1mg/1 KT+2%蔗糖+0.8%琼脂,pH5.8)培养基的愈伤组织诱导率为最高,诱导的愈伤组织质量较好。诱导的愈伤组织其绿苗分化率也较高,诱导培养60天其愈伤组织仍具有较高的分化能力。     

提高籼稻花药长期继代离体培养物再分化率的研究

对提高长期继代培养的籼稻花药愈伤组织再分化力的方法和技术进行了初步研究,结果表明,继代培养其中添加的外源细胞分裂素配比以NAA3mg/L KG 1mg/L为好,用山梨醇部分取代蔗糖作碳源可大大提高籼稻化药愈伤组织的分化潜力。籼稻花药愈伤组织再分化前转移到添加ABA的预分化培养基进行预分化培养,可充分挖掘继代愈伤组织的再分化潜力。使愈伤组织的再分化率大大提高,通过长期继代培养的籼稻花药愈伤组织再生植株的白苗率与成熟胚愈伤组织再生植株白苗率相近,研究结果表明只要培养方法相当,籼稻花药愈伤组织经过长期继代培养后仍可持续较高的再分化力。因此以籼稻花药愈伤组织作遗传转化受体,在技术上是完全可行的。     

玉米幼胚培养能力性状QTL分析

以18-599（红）和R15组配的F₂群体,构建了含88对SSR标记的玉米遗传连锁图谱,覆盖基因组1 636.6 cM,标记间平均距离为18.6 cM。结合幼胚组织培养试验将幼胚发生胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗再分化数作为反映玉米培养过程中胚性愈伤组织诱导力和胚性愈伤组织绿苗再分化力的性状指标,以此调查玉米幼胚培养能力。利用复合区间作图法进行QTL分析,共检测到5个与胚性愈伤组织诱导率有关的QTL,位于第1、3、7和8染色体上,可解释5.25%～23.4%的表型变异;检测到1个与胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数有关的QTL,位于第3染色体上,可解释表型变异率为13.42%。     

水稻成熟胚培养高效再生系统的创新

本文测试了不同消毒方式、愈伤组织诱导、绿苗分化及生根条件对不同类型水稻成熟胚培养再生成株的影响。研究结果表明：改良培养基比基本培养基处理效果更好,在改良培养基N6I愈伤诱导、MSR绿苗分化和MSC生根条件下,籼稻（O.sativa indica cv.滇屯502）、粳稻（O.sativa japonica cv.日本晴）、籼粳杂种F1（滇屯502/日本晴）和非洲栽培稻（O.glaberrima cv.RG105）的诱导率分别为96%、100%、98%和100%,成苗率分别为264%、286%、216%和224%。以YuhanClorox（4%NaClO）稀释一半消毒1h效果最好。由此建立了一套非常高效、可靠、重复性好的适用于不用基因型水稻成熟胚再生系统,为水稻遗传转化和多倍体化的顺利进行奠定了基础。     

光身稻的培养特性研究

本文对光身稻培养特性进行了系统研究。结果指出:(1)光身稻的成熟胚培养力极低，其绿苗分化率几乎等于零，为0.7%，但其幼穗培养力则较高，绿苗分化率为44.8%; (2)光身稻的花药愈伤组织出现时间较早，为25天左右，而且愈伤组织诱导率也较高，为7%，但其绿苗分化率很低，仅为0.35%; (3)光身稻的适宜诱导培养基为M8; (4)花药愈     

粳稻和籼稻愈伤诱导和分化期间生理代谢差异初探

通过比较粳稻品种日本晴和籼稻品种9311成熟胚愈伤诱导和分化阶段,愈伤组织的基础生理代谢差异,探讨籼稻9311再生率低于粳稻日本晴的可能原因。研究表明,在愈伤诱导和分化的所有不同时期,在所有时期日本晴愈伤中的总氮和氨态氮含量均高于9311,在分化25天以前,硝态氮含量也高于9311。此外,在细胞代谢水平上,通过对可溶性蛋白含量的差异分析表明,在愈伤诱导一个月至分化15天时,日本晴的可溶性蛋白含量高于9311。     

Phenylacetic acid stimulation of direct shoot formation in anther and somatic tissue cultures of rice (Oryza saliva L.)

The effect of phenylacetic acid (PAA) on rice (Oryza saliva L.) anther culture was investigated with six genotypes, using 2,4-D as control. In the two-step culture protocol, replacing 2, 4-D with PAA in the induction medium did not influence callus induction but significantly improved the shoot differentiation from callus, particularly in the indica cultivar Teqing. The anther-derived calli of all genotypes regenerated shoots directly on the callus induction medium containing PAA. Most of the directly-regenerated plantlets had well-developed root systems and were therefore readily transplanted into soil. The improved shoot differentiation potential and the frequency of direct regeneration depended on genotype, basal medium and PAA concentration. The one-step green shoot regeneration frequencies obtained were 1.98% with the indica cultivar ‘129’, 1.5% with the indica × japonica hybrid ‘Teqing/02428’ (F₁), and 1.98% with the indica × indica hybrid ‘Waiyin 2/C.B.’ (F₁). The PAA-based one-step method was most effective on the anther culture of indica genotypes. Three DH populations have been constructed from hybrids (F₁) via one-step culture. PAA also enhanced the one-step plantlet formation in rice somatic tissue culture.     

Parameters influencing the regeneration capacity of calluses derived from mature indica and japonica rice seeds after microprojectile bombardment

The microprojectile bombardment procedure has allowed the stable transformation of indica and japonica rice varieties, although at different frequencies of transformation depending mainly on their regeneration capacity and on the specific parameters of the transformation protocol. A study of the process of regeneration to whole plants from primary calli derived from mature indica and japonica rice seeds, via embryogenesis, has shown that somatic embryos are produced by division and differentiation of the external cell layers of callus tissues. Adjusting the bombardment conditions to optimize gene delivery to those regenerable cells, we have evaluated the influence of parameters such as the target distance, particle penetration and the effect of osmotic treatment on the regeneration capacity of bombarded cells. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力的优势及形成特征

以长江下游地区大面积种植的4种类型(籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻)水稻品种中有代表性的品种为材料,设置6个氮肥水平(0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm–2),比较研究其氮肥群体最高生产力及其产量构成、关键生育阶段天数、主要生育时期的叶面积指数和干物重。结果表明:(1)杂交籼稻获得最高生产力对应的施氮量为225.0~262.5 kg hm–2,常规粳稻为300.0 kg hm–2,杂交粳稻和籼粳杂交稻为262.5~300.0 kg hm–2。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力以籼粳杂交稻最高,达12.2(12.0~12.3)t hm–2,较杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高出6.6%、9.8%和19.6%(两年平均值)。群体颖花量和每穗粒数均以籼粳杂交稻最高,但其每穗粒数年度间波动较大。穗数和结实率以常规粳稻最高。(3)播种至抽穗期天数以杂交粳稻最长,抽穗至成熟期天数则以籼粳杂交稻最长,达60 d左右。全生育期天数呈杂交粳稻常规粳稻籼粳杂交稻杂交籼稻。两年中日产量以籼粳杂交稻最高。(4)籼粳杂交稻在抽穗、抽穗后20 d和成熟期的叶面积指数和干物重均显著高于另外3种类型品种,且抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量也最高。此外,籼粳杂交稻在拔节至抽穗期以及抽穗至成熟期的光合势显著高于另外3种类型品种。较多的每穗粒数、较长的灌浆期天数以及较高的日产量、生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)较强的光合物质生产能力是籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力形成的重要原因和基础。     

水稻籼粳交偏籼后代材料花药培养研究

试验利用水稻籼粳交偏籼后代的10份材料进行了花药培养效果研究,结果如下:不同株系间培养效果存在较大差异,出愈率和绿苗分化率之间没有必然联系;N6、SK3培养基对籼粳交偏籼后代材料的培养效果明显优于通用培养基,N6又稍优于SK3培养基;花培材料在预冷处理之前不宜剪叶;从试验中筛选到了2份具有较高培养力的株系,为今后遗传育种工作和分子遗传研究提供了合适的遗传工程材料。     

提高水稻同源四倍体花药培养愈伤诱导率的研究

以同源四倍体水稻原种零轮、02428、培矮64、轮回422及其成对二倍体为实验材料,分别以琼脂浓度（0.5%、0.75%和1%）、碳源种类（蔗糖和麦芽糖）与用量（60 g L^-1和80 g L^-1）、不同激动素（KT和Zip）以及不同基本诱导培养基（MS、N6、M8、NB）等因素为变量,共设计26种诱导培养基（2种对照）,进行了花药愈伤诱导实验,旨在筛选出愈伤诱导率的培养基优化组合。结果表明,琼脂浓度0.75%和60 g L^-1蔗糖组合对提高水稻花药诱导率作用较好, N6培养基及其衍生NB培养基对提高四倍体水稻特别是粳稻花药诱导率有着较好作用。激动素的加入,能显著提高愈伤诱导率,最高可达到84%。在供试的26种培养基中,有6种诱导培养基得到较高的四倍体粳稻愈伤诱导率,有2种诱导培养基得到较高的四倍体籼稻愈伤诱导率,在8种较好的诱导培养基中有3种不但有较高的愈伤诱导率而且具有较高的绿苗率。     

甬优籼粳杂交稻花后干物质积累模型与特征分析

以甬优籼粳杂交稻甬优1538和甬优7176为试材,常规粳稻宁粳3号和武运粳24,杂交籼稻扬两优6号和两优培九为对照,研究甬优籼粳杂交稻花后干物质积累特征及比较不同类型品种花后干物质积累特征差异。结果表明: (1)两年中甬优籼粳杂交稻的平均产量为11.5 t hm^-2 (11.3~11.7 t hm^-2),较常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高7.8%和10.4% (两年平均值)。甬优籼粳杂交稻抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量为8.9 t hm^-2,较常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高19.1%和26.9%(两年平均值)。(2)不同类型品种花后干物质积累量与花后天数(抽穗当天为0 d)均可用Richards方程拟合(R²均大于0.990);各品种花后干物重积累速率均呈先平缓增加后下降的趋势,花后最大干物重积累速率和平均干物重积累速率呈杂交籼稻>常规粳稻>籼粳杂交稻,籼粳杂交稻达最大干物重积累速率的时间大致在花后42~44 d,常规粳稻和杂交籼稻则在花后26~28 d;籼粳杂交稻在花后渐增期天数和干物质积累量显著高于常规粳稻和杂交籼稻,渐增期干物重积累速率以杂交籼稻最高。常规粳稻在花后快增期和花后缓增期天数和干物质积累量均显著高于籼粳杂交稻和杂交籼稻,快增期和缓增期干物重积累速率则以杂交籼稻最高。本研究表明甬优籼粳杂交稻花后较强的干物质积累优势主要体现在花后渐增期,而花后渐增期较强的干物质积累能力主要在于其较长的渐增期持续天数。     

Use of androgenesis in intersubspecific hybrid rice breeding

Significant differences of callus induction, green plant regeneration and culture efficiency were observed among restorer lines and their hybrids in rice. Average callus induction percentage of F₁, hybrids was about twice that of their parents. Twenty doubled haploid (DH) lines that showed normal fertility with both indica and japonica CMS lines, were selected as widely compatible restorers (WCRs). TG8 derived from CPSLO17/Minghui 63 not only showed normal fertility to both indica and japonica test varieties and CMS lines, but also exhibited superior agronomic traits, in particular short plant, desired plant type, high tillerability, large panicles, good grain quality and resistance to rice blast disease. Strong heterosis for yield was observed in crosses between indica or japonica CMS lines and TG8. TG8 possessed a dominant, widely compatible gene (WCG) that was inherited from the variety CPSLO17. Results confirmed that the anther culture technique is a quick and effective way of developing widely compatible restorers in rice and that it is applicable to the direct use of intersubspecific heterosis with the three-line method.     

Anther culture of tropical japonica × indica hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Nine japonica × indica F1 hybrids of rice involving 6 indica and 3 japonica tropical varieties, were large scale anther cultured. The frequency of callusing anthers averaged 18.7%. The microspore-derived calli produced green plants with a mean frequency of 8.7%. Albino plants represented 61% of the shoot forming calli. Monitoring of the green and albino plant regenerating capabilities of calli arising between week 4 and week 8 of incubation of the anthers showed no increase of the albino/green ratio and a slow decrease of the shoot forming ability of the transferred calli after the sixth week of culture. Spontaneous doubled haploids (SDH) represented 46% of the regenerated green plants in 4 hybrids. However, a high frequency of partially sterile regenerants was noticed among 132 SDH plants generated from a hybrid.     

Plant regeneration via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures derived from mature zygotic embryos of leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.)

Summary A high frequency plant regeneration system via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis was established with callus cultures derived from mature zygotic embryos of different leek genotypes (Allium ampeloprasum L.). Four different callus types with varying morphogenetic potential were obtained. Relatively high concentrations of the auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid reduced callus weight and subsequent shoot regeneration and primordia formation of the callus. Shoot regeneration and primordia formation of the callus decreased after prolonged subculture on media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. A callus growth period of six weeks on Murashige and Skoog medium with 0.25–0.5 mg l^-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid showed the highest rate of shoot regeneration after transfer of callus to regeneration medium with 1 mg l^-1 kinetin.Differences between leek genotypes in callus type, callus weight, shoot regeneration and primordia formation were observed. Histological observations showed that plant regeneration took place, both via the pathway of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis.Abbreviation 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium