Less Chlorophyll Does not Necessarily Restrain Light Capture Ability and Photosynthesis in a Chlorophyll‐Deficient Rice Mutant

A chlorophyll‐deficient rice mutant, yellow‐green leaf 1 (ygl1), with a photosynthetic rate similar to that of wild type (Oryza sativa L., cv. Zhenhui 249 China) is presented in this study. Forty percent of the chlorophyll in the mutant captured 70 % of the light in photosystem II (PSII) compared with wild type. The 30 % decreased light in the mutant was compensated for by a relatively higher quantum yield of PSII, which conferred a total electron transport rate (J_T) equal to that in wild type. More photons were absorbed by wild type and exhausted through thermal dissipation. Gene expression analysis of the thylakoid membrane showed that the chlorophyll deficiency in the mutant did not impair the electron transport chain. To determine why the photosynthetic rate was similar between the chlorophyll‐deficient mutant and wild type, the leaf nitrogen (N) and Rubisco contents, stomatal and mesophyll CO₂ conductance, and chloroplast development were investigated. Our results indicate that the chlorophyll deficiency in the mutant had no negative impact on the chloroplast development in terms of size and grana stacking; moreover, the chloroplastic CO₂ concentration and Rubisco content were comparable to those in wild type. We conclude that the light‐capturing ability of normal rice plants is not fully utilized and that absorbed light in the chlorophyll‐deficient mutant is more efficient in participating photosynthesis.     

Inheritance and mapping of a yellow leaf mutant of carrot (Daucus carota)

A yellow leaf mutant at a locus named YEL was selected in a population of the cultivated carrot. Genetic analysis of segregating F₂ progenies and corresponding F₃ families, indicates that the phenotype expressed is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. The mutant is stably inherited and is associated with a reduced leaf‐biomass of approximately 30% compared with the wild‐type. Amplified fragment length polymorphism markers were developed and used in bulked segregant analysis. Seventeen marker candidates were detected by using 45 primer pairs. Ten of these could be linked with the YEL locus and mapped in a linkage group with a total length of 33.2 cM. Application of the yellow leaf mutant in carrot research is discussed.     

Fine mapping and photosynthetic characteristics of the lower chlorophyll b 1 mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Chlorophylls absorb and transfer light energy to the photosynthetic system. Consequently, chlorophyll content is strongly related to crop biomass and yield. We isolated a rice spontaneous mutant, lower chlorophyll b 1 (lcb1), from a recombinant inbred line population. Under normal growth conditions, lcb1 plants produced yellow leaves with decreased total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b contents, but normal chlorophyll a content. Photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters differed between wild‐type and lcb1 plants. Compared with wild type, lcb1 had a higher electron transfer rate, a lower photochemical quenching coefficient and significantly reduced grain number, biomass and yield. A recessive nuclear gene controlled the mutant trait. Through map‐based cloning, we located the LCB1 gene in a 117.4‐kb region on the short arm of chromosome 3, close to the centromere, in a region containing 15 predicted candidate genes. None of these genes was directly related to chlorophylls or the chloroplast; therefore, lcb1 may be a mutation of a novel gene. These results will be useful for further research on the molecular mechanisms controlling biogenesis and chloroplast biochemical processes.     

Characterization and fine mapping of thermo-sensitive chlorophyll deficit mutant1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Chlorophyll content is one of the most important traits controlling crop biomass and economic yield in rice. Here, we isolated a spontaneous rice mutant named thermo-sensitive chlorophyll deficit 1 (tscd1) derived from a backcross recombinant inbred line population. tscd1 plants grown normally from the seedling to tiller stages showed yellow leaves with reduced chlorophyll content, but showed no significant differences after the booting stage. At temperatures below 22°C, the tscd1 mutant showed the most obvious yellowish phenotype. With increasing temperature, the yellowish leaves gradually turned green and approached a normal wild type color. Wild type and tscd1 mutant plants had obviously different chloroplast structures and photosynthetic pigment precursor contents, which resulted in underdevelopment of chloroplasts and a yellowish phenotype in tscd1. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant character was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. Through map-based cloning, we located the tscd1 gene in a 34.95 kb region on the long arm of chromosome 2, containing two BAC clones and eight predicted candidate genes. Further characterization of the tscd1 gene is underway. Because it has a chlorophyll deficit phenotype before the tiller stage and little influence on growth vigor, it may play a role in ensuring the purity of hybrids.     

一个控制水稻叶色白化转绿及多分蘖矮杆性状基因hw-1(t)的鉴定

通过空间诱变从光身稻品种Francis的M₂群体中发现一株叶色白化转绿、多分蘖矮秆突变体hfa-1。hfa-1在三叶期之前完全白化,随后转绿。白化转绿表型受生长发育和温度调控。亚细胞结构观察发现hfa-1叶绿体发育异常抑制叶绿素合成,造成光合效率降低,产生白化表型。hfa-1的多分蘖表型是由于高节位分蘖芽激活所致,初步鉴定与苗期叶片IAA (吲哚乙酸)含量无关。hfa-1的矮生性则由节间长度缩短所致,与苗期GA (赤霉素)的合成和信号传导无关。遗传分析表明hfa-1的白化转绿、多分蘖矮秆表型受单隐性核基因hw-1(t)控制。利用hfa-1与粳稻品种02428杂交获得的F₂群体将hw-1(t)定位在水稻第4染色体长臂上两个InDel标记HW27和HW7间46.9 kb的物理距离内,该区域有13个阅读框架,其中LOC_Os04g57320编码IMMUTANTS蛋白,推测为hw-1(t)的候选基因。     

谷子黄叶色突变体ylm-1的精细定位与功能分析

谷子叶色突变体在研究C₄光能利用效率和叶绿素代谢机制方面具有重要作用。为探究谷子叶色突变的分子机制,利用甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）处理谷子品种豫谷1号,获得1个稳定遗传的黄叶色突变体ylm-1。通过表型和遗传分析及遗传背景检测,同时利用突变位点图谱（MutMap）技术对突变基因进行精细定位。结果表明,ylm-1整个生育期叶色均为淡黄色;ylm-1与野生型遗传背景相同且受1对隐性核基因控制;MutMap精细定位到第9号染色体关联区间内共13个非同义突变基因,其中,Seita.9G249900是一个编码与红叶绿素代谢还原酶（RCCR）相关的基因,该基因位于第9号染色体19 937 988与19 940 620bp之间,含有2个外显子和1个内含子,在第2外显子361bp处发生A/T碱基突变,导致1个谷氨酸（E）变成天冬氨酸（D）。根据突变碱基设计了dCAPS标记,进一步验证了ylm-1候选基因突变位点。黄叶色突变体ylm-1的鉴定与基因功能分析将为该基因的有效利用、功能验证及作用机制研究奠定理论与技术基础。     

水稻淡黄叶矮化突变体yld的遗传分析及基因定位

水稻叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用、叶绿素代谢和叶绿体发育的重要材料。本研究从籼稻品种蜀恢527经EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变处理后代中筛选出一个淡黄叶矮化突变体Yellow leaf and dwarf(yld)。与野生型蜀恢527相比,该突变体全生育期都表现出淡黄叶矮化性状,其剑叶的淡黄色表型最为明显,倒二叶次之,倒三叶最弱,其中剑叶的叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量降低最为明显;并且伴随着穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、株高等主要农艺性状的显著降低,但有效穗显著增多。透射电镜观察结果显示,与野生型相比,该突变体多数叶绿体结构基本完整,但基粒模糊,基质片层大量减少且排列疏松。遗传分析表明,该突变性状受一对隐性核基因控制。在yld突变体与粳稻武运粳7号杂交的F2群体中分离出323个突变单株,最终将YLD基因定位在第11染色体的L5和L7两标记之间,物理距离为115.7 kb。本研究为YLD基因的克隆和功能分析奠定了基础。     

一个新的水稻黄绿叶突变体的遗传分析及突变基因的精细定位

在水稻品种Dongjin的T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选到一份黄绿叶突变体T113,该突变体在生长的整个时期叶片都呈现黄绿色,且越到后期表型越明显。T113与野生型亲本Dongjin相比,叶片光合色素含量明显降低,株高变矮,结实率降低,每穗着粒数、穗长和千粒重均明显减少,抽穗期延迟,且黄绿叶性状不受温度影响,叶绿体中的类囊体排列较为疏松,出现更多的嗜锇体,叶绿素合成和质体发育相关基因表达量发生改变。遗传分析表明,T113的突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用T113/N22的F2群体,将突变基因定位在第2染色体长臂Indel标记CX2和JX18之间,物理距离约为79 kb,此区间内包含12个预测基因。     

一个新的水稻细条纹叶色突变体特性分析和基因克隆

叶色突变体作为一种易于观察的性状突变,是开展光合系统的结构和功能、叶绿素生物合成及其调控机制研究的理想材料。本研究以水稻T-DNA插入细条纹叶色突变体为研究材料,通过叶片的形态鉴定、石蜡切片、叶绿素和光合速率测定,分析突变体的表型和光合特性;采用TAIL-PCR技术,定位和克隆该突变基因。结果表明:突变体苗期幼叶上呈现间断的白色细条纹,而叶鞘、叶脉表现正常,三叶期后至分蘖期叶片逐渐转绿;突变体叶色对温度变化敏感;是国内外尚未报道的一种新型水稻细条纹叶色突变体。根据T-DNA插入标签,确定突变候选基因位于第7染色体上,并对候选基因进行了克隆已获得部分cDNA序列,暂命名为fs3(t)。     

Identification and genetic mapping of a novel incompletely dominant yellow leaf color gene, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Y1718</Emphasis>, on chromosome 2BS in wheat

The yellow-green leaf color mutant (Ygm) is a spontaneous mutant derived from the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Xinong1718. Genetic analysis has shown that a novel single incompletely dominant gene (Y1718) is responsible for the yellow leaf color phenotype. The progeny of Ygm exhibit three distinct leaf color phenotypes, i.e., yellow (Y), yellow-green (Yg), and normal green (G). Y plants have yellow-green leaves in the seedling stage, which become yellow or a strong gold-yellow in the booting stage, with dwarfism and thin tillers until the flowering stage, and underdeveloped thylakoid membranes without well-structured grana in the chloroplasts. Yg plants always have a yellow-green phenotype with a number of well-structured grana that are loosely connected with stroma lamellae in the chloroplasts, where their main agronomic traits are the same as Xinong1718 and G plants, but the seed yield is low. Compared with Xinong1718 and G plants, Y and Yg plants had much lower chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoid contents in the booting stage. Molecular analysis using an F₂ population and F_2:3 lines derived from a cross of Yg and Shannong1 indicated that the Y1718 gene is located on chromosome 2BS, where it is flanked by the simple sequence repeat marker Xwmc25 and expressed sequence tag-sequence tagged sites marker BE498358 at genetic distances of 1.7 and 4.0 cM, respectively. Our results facilitate the fine mapping and gene cloning of Y1718 to explore chlorophyll synthesis, metabolism, and development in wheat.     

水稻斑马叶突变体zebra1349的表型鉴定及基因精细定位

从恢复系育种材料[R128//(R318/R1025)F1]F6中获得一个新的斑马叶突变体zebra1349,突变体秧苗期如果不移栽,与野生型一样表现绿色,移栽后5 d新抽出的叶片包括叶鞘会呈现出与叶脉垂直的黄绿相间的条纹,移栽后30 d抽出的叶片又表现正常绿色,成熟期主要农艺性状与野生型无明显差异。与野生型相比,突变体六叶期斑马叶黄区部位的总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量分别下降了55.86%、61.02%、39.34%和47.03%。透射电镜(TEM)观察表明,突变体斑马叶绿区部位叶绿体发育正常;黄区部位叶肉细胞中叶绿体结构异常,类囊体膜退化和分解严重,类囊体基粒片层数量明显减少,片层间距拉大,排列疏松。对zebra1349与正常叶色品种杂交F1、F2代的遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性核基因调控。利用1192株zebra1349/02428 F2隐性定位群体,最终把ZEBRA1349基因定位在水稻第12染色体In Del标记indel39和indel44之间,其遗传距离分别为0.04 c M和0.17 c M,根据日本晴基因组序列推测,两标记之间的物理距离约为89 kb。本研究为ZEBRA1349基因的图位克隆和功能研究以及分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。     

一个水稻温敏黄化突变体的表型分析和基因定位

对水稻叶色进行表型分析与基因定位,可为图位克隆该类基因和研究水稻光合系统功能奠定基础。利用甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methanesulfonate,EMS)诱变的方法,从籼稻品种"南京11"(简称NJ11)中获得温敏黄化突变体dy1;与野生型相比,dy1在自然环境下,从苗期至成熟期始终表现叶片黄化,透射电镜显示dy1类囊体结构异常;同时株高、分蘖数、结实率等农艺性状也表现出极显著的差异;实验室光照培养箱条件下,dy1苗期在20℃下表现白化,在25℃表现黄化,在30℃下为浅绿的表型;遗传分析表明水稻温敏黄化突变体dy1的表型是由1对隐性基因控制;将突变体与粳稻广亲和品"02428"杂交,构建F2群体,从中选出隐性极端个体,通过基因定位,将控制黄化的基因限定在第1染色体长臂上标记Y-4和Y-35之间的115 kb的区间内,含有16个开放阅读框(ORF),测序发现,dy1中编码尿嘧啶核苷酸激酶的基因LOC_Os01g73450的第4个内含子与第5个外显子交界处存在单碱基替换,拟作为候选基因;且叶绿体合成相关基因表达量显著降低,猜测该基因可能参与了叶绿素合成途径。     

水稻叶缘白化突变体mal的遗传分析与基因定位

植物叶色变化对叶绿体发育和叶绿素生物合成等光合系统结构和调控机制的研究有着重要的理论意义。水稻叶缘白化突变体mal (marginal albino leaf),来源于恢复系缙恢10号(Oryza sativa L.ssp. indica)的EMS诱变群体,经过多代自交,其突变性状遗传稳定。与野生型相比,mal突变体整个生育期叶片边缘白化且叶片变窄,抽穗期倒三叶叶片、倒二叶叶边缘以及倒三叶叶边缘的叶绿素含量极显著降低。透射电镜观察发现,mal突变体叶片绿色部位细胞与叶绿体发育完全,白化部分叶肉细胞大部分中空,无明显完整的细胞器,叶绿体内部完全降解。遗传分析表明该突变体受隐性核基因控制,MAL被定位在第8染色体上SSR标记M22和InDel标记ID27之间,物理距离为171 kb。本研究将为MAL基因的图位克隆及功能研究奠定基础。     

一个水稻黄绿叶突变基因的定位和遗传研究

从粳稻品种日本晴经⁶⁰Co诱变的M₁材料中发现一个黄绿叶突变体, 其叶片从萌发到三叶前期表现白化, 三叶后期开始转为黄绿叶, 直到衰老。遗传分析表明, 该突变表型受一对隐性核基因控制, 将该黄绿叶突变体暂定名为ygl8951。与野生型相比, ygl8951的叶绿素含量与类胡萝卜素含量显著降低。电子显微镜观察表明ygl8951内叶绿体数量明显减少, 叶绿体内没有基粒类囊体, 只有类似间质类囊体结构。基因表达定量分析表明, 突变体中光系统I和光系统II基因表达水平明显下调, 核糖体结构基因和质体编码的RNA聚合酶亚基基因表达明显上调。利用ygl8951与籼稻品种黄华占杂交获得的F₂分离群体, 将该基因定位于水稻第6染色体上的In/Del标记607489与607611之间, 物理距离191 kb的范围内, 通过分析确认该基因为一个新的调控叶色的基因。     

Characterization and mapping of novel chlorophyll deficient mutant genes in durum wheat

The yellow-green leaf mutant has a non-lethal chlorophyll-deficient mutation that can be exploited in photosynthesis and plant development research. A novel yellow-green mutant derived from Triticum durum var. Cappelli displays a yellow-green leaf color from the seedling stage to the mature stage. Examination of the mutant chloroplasts with transmission electron microscopy revealed that the shape of chloroplast changed, grana stacks in the stroma were highly variable in size and disorganized. The pigment content, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotene, was decreased in the mutant. In contrast, the chla/chlb ratio of the mutants was increased in comparison with the normal green leaves. We also found a reduction in the photosynthetic rate, fluorescence kinetic parameters and yield-related agronomic traits of the mutant. A genetic analysis revealed that two nuclear recessive genes controlled the expression of this trait. The genes were designated ygld1 and ygld2. Two molecular markers co-segregated with these genes. ygld 1 co-segregated with the SSR marker wmc110 on chromosome 5AL and ygld 2 co-segregated with the SSR marker wmc28 on chromosome 5BL. These results will contribute to the gene cloning and the understanding of the mechanisms underlying chlorophyll metabolism and chloroplast development in wheat.     

Wheat mutants showing altered adult plant disease resistance

Wheat mutants, selected on an altered resistance phenotype to Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, the causal agent of yellow rust, were assessed in greenhouse tests to determine the growth stage at which the mutant phenotype was expressed and which components of yellow rust resistance were altered. Four of the mutants showed reduced levels of yellow rust infection, while three exhibited increased levels of infection. The infection characters altered were those seen after the establishment of hyphal growth, i.e. days after inoculation to sporulation, the percentage of inoculated leaf tissue producing sporulating colonies and the number of spores produced per cm² of inoculated leaf tissue. The altered resistance phenotype was developmentally regulated in all of the mutants. The changes seen in the infection characters differed for each mutant, suggesting that different genes may have been altered. An altered resistance phenotype to brown rust and/or powdery mildew was also seen for some of the yellow rust mutants. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一个化学诱变的小麦斑点叶突变体的生理和遗传分析

通过EMS诱变普通小麦品系H261获得一个稳定遗传的斑点叶突变体LF2010。在自然条件下, 该突变体在三叶期叶片基部开始出现黄色斑点, 随后逐步扩散到全片叶、叶鞘、颖壳和麦芒。斑点部位不存在细胞死亡, 斑点性状的表达受光照和温度诱导, 突变体的色素含量、光合速率随着斑点的出现而显著下降。突变体的株高、有效穗数、单株产量、穗长、结实率和旗叶长等农艺性状显著下降, 但是千粒重和旗叶宽却与野生型无差异。将突变体与正常绿色品系杂交, 对其F₁、F₂和BC₁代的遗传分析表明, LF2010的突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。     

水稻单叶独立转绿型黄化突变体grc2的鉴定与基因精细定位

转绿型叶色突变体是研究植物叶绿体分化与发育的基础材料。grc2是利用60Co-γ射线诱变籼型三系保持系T98B后获得的单叶独立转绿型黄化突变体。grc2植株上任一叶片刚抽出时为黄色,在生长10 d左右后变绿,具有单叶不依赖于植株特定发育阶段而独立转绿的特性。与野生型T98B相比,grc2黄化叶片的总叶绿素和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿体滞留在黄化质体阶段,表明grc2可能在叶片早期发育中起关键作用。遗传分析表明,grc2受1对隐性核基因独立控制;利用源于grc2/Nipponbare的F2群体的960个突变单株,将grc2基因定位在STS标记S254与S258之间约31 kb的范围内,该区域含有5个未报道过的注释基因。这些结果为grc2的克隆及功能研究提供了重要信息。     

水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl209的遗传分析与目标基因精细定位

水稻叶色突变体是研究高等植物光合作用、叶绿体发育和叶绿素代谢的重要材料。从水稻转基因育种材料中国91与镇稻88的BC4F3后代中分离到稳定遗传的粳型黄绿叶突变体ygl209,与野生型亲本镇稻88相比,突变体ygl209在苗期、分蘖期及抽穗期叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均显著降低,其中叶绿素b降幅最大;其他农艺性状中抽穗期、株高、有效穗数、主茎穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重无显著变化。遗传分析表明,ygl209的黄绿叶突变性状由1对核隐性基因控制。应用(ygl209/9311)F2、F3分离群体,将ygl209的叶色突变基因定位于第1染色体着丝粒附近571.6 kb的染色体区段内。对区段内与叶绿体发育有关的基因LOC_Os01g31110序列测定,ygl209突变体中LOC_Os01g31110基因的编码区1390位(位于第5外显子)上碱基由C转换成G,使编码蛋白序列由丙氨酸(Ala)变成了甘氨酸(Gly),推测LOC_Os01g31110即为ygl209的候选基因。