不同产量、品质的赤霞珠葡萄园叶柄、土壤养分状况调查分析

为提高酿酒葡萄产量、品质和合理施肥提供依据,对河北省昌黎县不同产量、品质的赤霞珠葡萄园的叶柄、土壤养分状况进行了调查分析。结果表明,中、低产低质葡萄树体K、Zn含量较低,树体Mg缺乏是3种园区都存在的问题,低产低质园树体Fe含量明显偏低;中、低产低质葡萄园土壤有机质、水解N、有效P、K、Zn较低,3种园区土壤交换性Mg含量均较低。高产优质园,土壤N、K、Mg与叶柄相应元素之间为正相关,中产低质园,土壤N、K、P、Mg、Zn与叶柄相应元素之间为正相关,低产低质园,土壤K、Mg、Zn与叶柄相应元素之间为正相关。     

不同有机肥对葡萄根系生长和土壤养分状况的影响

为了探讨不同有机肥对巨峰葡萄园的施肥效果,为葡萄园的科学施肥提供可靠的依据。研究了3种有机肥料(生物有机肥(BF)、羊粪(SM)和猪粪(PM))在3年生的有机葡萄园内设置处理,研究其对辽宁兴城种植葡萄根系生长和土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明,生物有机肥施用增加总根长、根表面积效果最佳;生物有机肥和羊粪处理均能显著提高根系中全氮含量(P0.05),且生物有机肥处理组的含量最高。生物有机肥处理明显提高根系中多数矿质元素含量,尤其在收获期除B元素外,其他所研究元素的峰值均出现在生物有机肥处理组。施肥处理均提高了转色期和收获期的土壤有机质含量(P0.05),皆表现为生物有机肥羊粪猪粪对照,生物有机肥、羊粪和猪粪在转色期较对照分别提高了70.72%,53.67%,52.31%;在收获期,较对照分别显著提高了51.61%,36.14%,34.84%(P0.05)。施用有机肥能提高转色期和收获期土壤中的碱解氮和全氮含量,均表现为生物有机肥羊粪猪粪对照,其中只有生物有机肥条件下的碱解氮和全氮含量在不同时期均与对照出现显著性差异(P0.05)。生物有机肥和羊粪处理组的土壤有效磷含量在转色期和收获期均显著高于对照,而猪粪与对照不存在显著性差异。施肥处理均能引起土壤矿质元素含量不同程度的提高;其中土壤中B和Mo元素在转色期的含量要低于对照,其原因可能是由施肥处理后增强了树体对微量元素的吸收,而有机肥中微量元素释放较慢所导致的。与对照相比,3种有机肥料均可改善葡萄根系的生长、提高根系内矿质元素含量,提高土壤内有机质、全氮、有效磷及矿质元素含量,但施用生物有机肥效果最佳。     

秸秆生物炭对亚热带葡萄园土壤性质的影响

云南是中国长江以南重要葡萄产地,以红壤为主的葡萄园土壤出现酸、粘等退化现象,导致葡萄产量和品质下降,因此改良退化的葡萄园土壤就成为发展葡萄及葡萄酒生产的关键。笔者以生物炭为土壤改良材料,设计了常规施肥、生物炭+常规施肥、高肥+生物炭3个处理的田间试验。研究结果表明：（1）施用生物炭能显著提高土壤中有机质、速效磷、速效钾的含量。（2）施用生物炭显著提高微生物和解磷菌、解钾菌的数量。（3）施用生物炭同时可提高土壤中过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性。因此,秸秆生物炭能显著提高土壤中速效养分的含量,改善亚热带葡萄园土壤的理化性质。     

行内生草对葡萄根系生长和土壤营养状况的影响

为解决葡萄根系上浮和土壤酸化问题,探明葡萄园生草对葡萄根系生长和土壤营养状况的影响,以清耕为对照,在辽宁兴城地区葡萄园行内种植黑麦草(Lp)和紫花苜蓿(Ms),研究行内生草对葡萄不同根层根系长度和表面积、土壤有机质及矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,黑麦草和紫花苜蓿均较清耕显著提高不同时期和不同土层的根系长度和根系表面积(P 0. 05),且其增幅为黑麦草紫花苜蓿清耕。黑麦草具有减轻葡萄园土壤酸化的效果,其土壤pH值6. 22～7. 04,高于清耕的6. 14～6. 39。黑麦草在坐果期、转色期和收获期的土壤有机质含量较清耕分别显著提高了24. 71%,48. 07%和44. 44%(P 0. 05),而紫花苜蓿较对照分别提高了7. 87%,29. 88%和34. 07%。黑麦草在坐果期、转色期和收获期时土壤中碱解氮含量较清耕分别显著提高了40. 40%,51. 46%,22. 15%(P 0. 05),而紫花苜蓿较清耕分别提高了29. 88%,28. 03%,5. 42%。黑麦草和紫花苜蓿较清耕均显著提高了各个时期的土壤有效磷含量(P 0. 05),钾元素含量明显升高,黑麦草处理的土壤全钾、全磷和有效磷含量最高,其次是紫花苜蓿,清耕最低。综上,行内种植黑麦草对增加葡萄根系长度和根系表面积、提高土壤有机质含量、减轻土壤酸化、增加必需营养元素含量等方面效果优于紫花苜蓿和清耕。     

葡萄园套作绿肥技术要点

建瓯市现种植葡萄面积3万亩，年产葡萄3．6万吨，是福建省鲜食葡萄的主产区之一。由于葡萄园长期大量施用化肥，导致土壤酸化、板结，地力下降，加上福建省属亚热带气候，葡萄成熟期正值高温多雨季节，病虫害严重，造成果实产量、品质下降，经济效益低下。为了解决这些问题，我镇从2010年秋季起，连续3年在葡萄园示范套作绿肥——紫云英，效果很好。     

葡萄园风障防风固沙效果研究

为解决砂质土壤上葡萄生产过程中引起的土壤风蚀问题,以高粱杆、苇席和树枝为风障试验材料,利用风速廓线仪和风蚀盘对设置不同风障的葡萄园内外风速和风蚀量变化进行研究。结果表明葡萄园风障可有效降低葡萄园内风速,不同的风障材料对风速的降低效果不同,高粱杆风障防风效果最好,最高可降低风速38.22%。不同材料风障对葡萄园土壤保护效果不同,高粱杆风障的固沙效果最好,比对照降低了68.43%的风蚀量,风障在防风固沙的同时显著降低了因大风对葡萄叶片及果穗的危害。     

新疆阿图什市木纳格葡萄土壤养分现状分析

为探明新疆阿图什市不同土壤质地、不同树龄木纳格葡萄园土壤养分及矿质元素的特性,笔者分别以壤土、粘土、沙土质地幼龄和盛果期果园为研究对象,分别测定0~20、20~60cm土样有机质、N、P、K、B、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu等矿质元素含量,研究不同果园土壤养分和矿质元素的特性。结果表明：不同土壤质地大量元素有效磷、速效钾含量处于较高水平,速效氮含量处于偏低水平,粘土全氮含量处于较高水平,沙土、壤土全氮含量处于较低水平。微量元素有效硼、铜、铁含量处于较高水平,沙土锰含量、壤土锌含量处于低水平。阿图什市土壤有机质处于低水平,粘土中有机质、全氮、铜、铁、锰含量高于沙土和壤土,其中粘土中有机质、全氮、铁、锰与其他2种土壤质地含量差异极显著。从以上结果可以得出结论：新疆阿图什市葡萄园应增施有机肥,同时根据土壤质地、树龄等的不同,因地制宜,平衡施肥。     

基施沼渣液替代化肥氮对葡萄产量及品质的影响

以氮元素含量为定量指标,设计1个全施化肥处理和5个基施沼渣液替代化肥氮处理,以期为大面积生产葡萄园基肥施用沼渣液技术的推广和应用提供一定的理论参考。研究结果表明,随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,葡萄产量呈现先增加后下降的趋势,100%NZY处理产量最高,为18197.03 kg/hm ²;粒重和穗重呈现同样的变化趋势。随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,萌芽至成熟天数、叶片SPAD值、新梢节间长、粗度、百叶鲜重及单叶面积等生长指标都呈现逐渐增加的趋势,其中以150%NZY处理最高,表现出成熟期延迟,贪青晚熟,从而影响产量。基施沼渣液替代化肥氮可改善葡萄果粒品质,以70%NZY和100%NZY处理较好。随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,葡萄果粒重金属Cu、Zn和Pb含量均有所增加,Cr含量则有所下降,Cd和As含量无明显变化。各处理中葡萄果粒重金属含量均低于相应的污染物限量标准(GB 2762—2005)。因此,本研究认为,综合葡萄产量和品质指标,沼渣液替代100%化肥氮可作为葡萄园定量化基施沼渣液的参考。     

雪峰山不同海拔梯度土壤养分和微生物空间分布研究

为了揭示土壤微生物与养分及二者与土壤含水量、地温之间的内在联系,通过对雪峰山8个不同海拔梯度（700、960、1150、1320、1450、1610、1750、1920 m）的野外土壤实测和室内土壤样品的测定,分析雪峰山8个不同海拔梯度的土壤养分和土壤微生物空间分布特征。结果表明：不同海拔梯度土壤养分含量差异显著,其中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷的最高含量均分布在1610 m高海拔处,而土壤全钾、速效钾最高含量分布在低海拔处;不同海拔梯度土壤微生物特性差异性显著,微生物3大类群中细菌占绝对优势,细菌、真菌、好气性固氮菌数量和微生物量碳均在1610 m海拔处最高,放线菌和纤维素菌以960 m海拔处最高,但它们都在1920 m最高海拔处数量最小。细菌和微生物生物量碳与土壤有机质呈显著正相关性,放线菌与土壤环境因子呈显著正相关性,土壤全氮含量与含水量、速效钾与地温均呈显著正相关关系。试验结果综合分析得出,土壤养分含量、微生物数量的空间变异主要受海拔和植被的影响。     

基于GIS的葡萄园土壤养分管理及平衡施肥研究

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法,对面积约200 hm~2的孟酄村葡萄园0～30 cm土壤养分进行了空间变异特性和分区平衡施肥技术研究。结果表明,土壤N、P、Mn、Zn、S变异较大,测试值变异系数在35.1%～63.6%之间。土壤N、Mn含量空间分布趋势以大块状变异为主,具有较强的渐变性分布规律。而土壤P、K、Zn、B含量空间分布则以小块状变异为主。基于土壤养分空间分布规律的分区平衡施肥技术的应用,能够大幅度增加葡萄产量,显著提高经济效益。分区平衡施肥与常规施肥相比,葡萄增产幅度为13.7%～14.8%,增收幅度为17 040～17 820元/hm~2。     

巴东烟区不同海拔和类型土壤养分差异分析

为使巴东烟区制定烟叶生产农艺措施更具科学性,在不同植烟区域采集了不同海拔和土壤类型的300个土壤混合样品,进行pH、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质的常规方法分析。结果表明：巴东县植烟土壤分为3个区域：第1个区域是海拔1200 m以下,该区域的养分特点是pH适中偏酸,碱解氮含量适中,有机质的含量偏高,应该保持“控氮、稳磷、增钾”的施肥措施,并提高烟叶的吸收率和肥料的利用率,同时提高有机质活化程度;第2个区域海拔1200~1400 m,该区域的养分特征是pH适中偏酸,碱解氮、速效磷的含量适中,但是速效钾的含量明显偏低,有机质含量与1200 m以下特征相似。在合理和适当的土壤改良措施下,可以作为优质烤烟的生长区域;第3个区域海拔1400 m以上,该区域的养分差异较大,调整困难,该区域已不适合作为优质烤烟的生产区域。     

张家界烟区不同海拔高度植烟土壤腐殖质与有机氮组分的特点及其相互关系

为了揭示张家界烟区植烟土壤腐殖质组分及有机氮组分的特点及其与海拔高度之间的关系,采用GPS定位技术采集张家界不同海拔的植烟土壤25个,对土壤进行腐殖质组分及有机氮组分进行分析,结果表明：土壤腐殖质各组分都随海拔升高呈先升高后降低趋势,腐殖质、腐殖酸、胡敏酸均在601～800 m海拔段平均值最高,富里酸在800 m以上海拔段平均值最高,胡敏素及胡富比在400~600 m海拔段最高;氨态氮、氨基酸态氮、未知态氮随海拔高度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势,并在400~600 m海拔段土壤酸解性总氮、酸解性氨态氮和酸解性未知态氮的平均值均最高;土壤有机氮组分与腐殖组分相关性显著,氨基酸态氮与腐殖酸、胡敏酸及胡敏素呈极显著相关性,氨基糖态氮与腐殖酸、富里酸及胡敏素呈极显著相关性。     

Spatial and temporal changes to the water regime of a Mediterranean vineyard due to the adoption of cover cropping

The use of cover cropping is currently increasing in vineyards but its development remains hampered in Mediterranean regions because of the possibility of severe competition for resources. However, recent studies on intercropping in vineyards have shown that in some situations, water stress may not be greater than that prevailing in bare soil vineyards. Over a 4-year period, we studied the effects of introducing a cover crop in terms of temporal and spatial (i.e. row vs. inter-row) changes to the water regime of a Mediterranean vineyard. The experiments compared the water dynamics prevailing under three different treatments: a perennial cover crop, annual cover crop or the use of chemical weed control.A compensatory growth of the grapevine root system was revealed, thus partly prevented direct competition for resources between it and the intercrop. The rooting of a permanent cover crop was deeper than that of an annual crop, with a higher root density. Consequently, the soil compartment dried by the cover crop was larger and the grapevine was forced to explore deeper soil layers. In the presence of a cover crop on the inter-row, the grapevine also concentrated its root system below the row and dried out this soil compartment more intensively. Overall, associating grapevine with a cover crop led to a spatial distinction of soil zones exploited by the two species. The present study provides evidence that this spatial shift mainly resulted from a temporal shift in the dynamics of resource uptake by the associated species. Indeed, cover crops began to take up water before grapevine budbreak and had almost completely dried out the soil compartment they explored before grapevine water uptake became significant. This led the grapevine to modify its rooting and explore other soil zones. This phenomenon is possible in deep soils and limits competition for water between the grapevine and cover crop. Such competition is also reduced because of better soil water replenishment during the winter in the presence of a cover crop. Nevertheless, our experiments showed that this additional water mainly benefited the intercrop and did not totally compensate for transpiration by the grass cover.In conclusion, this work shows how cover cropping can spatially and temporally modify the water regime of a vineyard, and how grapevine can partially adapt to limit water competition under certain conditions. These findings provide a clearer understanding of the water dynamics prevailing in such a system, and an opportunity to model these dynamics.     

Analysis of design criteria for vineyard terraces in the mediterranean area of North East Spain

The Penedès and Anoia regions in NE Spain are important areas for the cultivation of grapes used in the production of high quality wines. The Mediterranean climatic conditions define a xeric soil moisture regime. Rainfall are concentrated in spring and autumn while the summer is warm and dry. The climate is characterized by high rainfall intensities, being one of the main factors responsible for soil erosion in the area. Since grape quality depends on the availability of water for the vineyards and since soil erosion is an important parameter dictating the sustainability of vineyards, soil and water conservation can not be forgotten in the area. The most widely used measure for soil conservation in the area is terracing (hillside ditches, local name rases). Local technical solutions have been studied and in this paper different types of terraces are described and analysed in terms of its effectiveness for runoff control. Mean potential soil losses are evaluated according to the USLE and compared with field measurements in experimental plots. The distances between terraces have been calculated using the criteria proposed by several authors. Owing to the wide diversity of results, an acceptable value for ‘soil loss tolerance’ (T-value) has been used in order to establish some criteria to make recommendations, taking the values of soil loss measures in the field as a reference. According to these preliminary results based on measurements taken over a period of two years, some advisable distance between terraces (rases) in vineyards can be proposed in view to improve local criteria. With a slope of 6%, a distance of is 28 m would be advisable, and in fields with a slope of 8% the distance should be 20 m. Bennett's criteria to calculate distances between terraces are the more advisable being closely related with experimental results in the area.     

黄前流域土壤侵蚀特征及其与环境影响因子关系

以黄前流域为研究对象,以减少水土流失为目的,运用3S软件和水土保持相关理论,通过对2008年ALOS影像解译,研究黄前流域内土地利用、坡度、高程和植被盖度因子对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：流域内土壤侵蚀强度类型以轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主;侵蚀主要发生在坡度为5°~35°、高程200~800 m、植被盖度45%~75%的林地和园地。水土流失区域主要发生在人类活动剧烈的园地,说明人类活动对流域的土壤侵蚀有很大的影响。     

绿肥压青茬口麦田贮水量与红蜘蛛、茎基腐病发生的相关性分析

为实施绿肥压青提升土壤肥力、减少病虫危害,2018年采用大区对比方法,开展不同海拔夏闲期绿肥压青茬口麦田不同生育期不同土层的麦田贮水量、红蜘蛛发生量、茎基腐病发病率及其相关性研究。结果表明,各绿肥压青茬口小麦越冬前、拔节期不同土层的贮水量高海拔点均高于低海拔点,红蜘蛛发生量低海拔点大于高海拔点;同一海拔点不同绿肥压青茬口间的红蜘蛛发生量存在极显著差异(P<0.01),同一作物压青茬口的红蜘蛛发生量表现为压青愈晚发生量愈大。拔节期不同绿肥压青茬口0~100、100~200、0~200 cm土层贮水量与麦田红蜘蛛发生量的线性关系在低海拔点均存在显著负相关(P<0.05),而在高海拔点均不存在差异;越冬前高海拔点100~200 cm土层贮水量,低海拔点0~100、0~200 cm土层贮水量与麦田红蜘蛛发生量的线性关系表现为显著负相关(P<0.05)。低海拔点、高海拔点不同绿肥压青茬口的茎基腐发病率分别为0.56%~1.59%、0.00%~0.00%,其中低海拔点越冬前0~100 cm土层贮水量,拔节期0~100、100~200、0~200 cm土层贮水量与茎基腐发病率存在显著负相关(P<0.05);低海拔点各土层贮水量与茎基腐发病率的平均相关系数拔节期大于越冬前。该项研究可为实施绿肥压青减少病虫危害选择适宜区域及绿肥压青茬口提供理论依据。     

Competition for nitrogen in an unfertilized intercropping system: The case of an association of grapevine and grass cover in a Mediterranean climate

Cover cropping is currently increasing in vineyards as it provides solutions to some of the problems encountered in vine growing. However, its development is still hampered in Mediterranean regions because of fears of severe competition for water. Recent studies have shown that soil resources other than water may also be restrictive, and particularly nitrogen. Over a three-year period, the effect of introducing a cover crop was studied with respect to the temporal and spatial changes to nitrogen dynamics in a Mediterranean vineyard. The experiment compared the impact of three different types of soil cover management on nitrogen dynamics, and particularly on soil nitrogen mineralization which is the principal source of inorganic nitrogen in situations with no application of N fertilizers which are frequent in viticulture.This experiment provided evidence that the presence of an intercrop significantly reduced nitrogen accumulation in aerial parts of grapevine during the year due to competition for soil resources. This reduction varied markedly between years and treatments, and was more pronounced during dry years. The competition for nitrogen was direct as intercrop deprived grapevine of soil nitrogen beneath the inter-row and caused grapevine uptake to be higher beneath the row. In deep soils, a grapevine can adapt its root system in order to access deeper water resources, but it then partially abandons the mineralization zone containing most inorganic nitrogen. Competition for nitrogen was less marked with a temporary cover crop than with a permanent one, because of the shorter period of uptake with the former and the time needed for an annual cover crop to develop its root system each year. Intercrop also competed indirectly for nitrogen with grapevine as it took up soil water and made inorganic nitrogen less mobile and accessible to grapevine. Intercrop markedly decreased soil nitrogen mineralization. Although it did not significantly affect organic matter characteristics or soil temperature, it clearly modified the water regime. Indeed, under either temporary or perennial cover crops, the upper soil layers dried more rapidly than when there was only evaporation from bare soil. Consequently, nitrogen mineralization decreased faster with intercropped treatments and halted prematurely during the summer.The earliness of the reduction in nitrogen accumulation in intercropped vineyards also suggested that a lower level of nitrogen transfer to perennial reserves was involved. Indeed, grass cover grows and competes for nitrogen during the autumn which is a favourable period for nitrogen accumulation in wood reserves. Although better water infiltration was observed in the presence of a cover crop (notably in the autumn), the favourable conditions for nitrogen mineralization were propitious for grass cover growth and uptake. Consequently, intercrop reduced grapevine growth of the year but also the potential growth for the next year by decreasing grapevine nitrogen perennial reserves.     

横断山北部高山区土壤真菌群落多样性研究

采用物种丰富度（S）、 Shannon-Wiener指数（H′）、Pielou指数（E）和优势度指数(D)等指标,对横断山北部高山区土壤真菌群落多样性进行了测定。结果表明,该区域土壤真菌的物种丰度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数分别为6.7714±2.9415、1.6956±0.4110、0.9302±0.0719、0.2290±0.1052。折多山地区土壤真菌数量最多,物种丰富度（S）和Shannon-wiener指数（H′）最高,分别达8.5000和1.8702。利用极点排序,结合垂直带的气候类型,可将横断山北部高山区土壤真菌区系划分为3个垂直生态类群：山地寒温带及高山亚寒带气候类型（海拔2900~4400m）、高山寒带气候类型（海拔4400~4600m）和高山永冻带气候类型（海拔4600~4800m）。     

山西省忻府区土壤养分特征

为提高山西忻府区测土配方施肥质量,2006-2010年对该区7582个土壤样品进行分析,研究该区测土配方施肥实施以来土壤养分状况及其影响因素。结果表明,测土配方施肥工作开展以来,土壤肥力比二次土壤普查时明显提高,但速效磷含量自2008年逐步降低,由2008年的23.99 mg/kg降到2010年的12.53 mg/kg;2006年以后,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾高含量土壤的比例均明显增加,但2010年土壤碱解氮和速效钾高含量土壤比例有所降低;潮土区有机质(14.45 g/kg)和速效磷含量(17.83 mg/kg)显著高于褐土区（14.15 g/kg和14.88 mg/kg）,但速效钾含量(136.59 mg/kg)显著低于褐土(141.35 mg/kg);高海拔地区土壤肥力呈现出明显的逐年降低趋势;土壤类型、海拔等自然因素对忻府区土壤养分状况有显著影响,应综合考虑这些因素的影响,调整推荐施肥方案。在秸秆还田基础上,对低肥力土壤,特别是高海拔地区土壤,进行具有针对性的增施氮、磷、钾肥的措施,培肥地力。