应用仓虫敌防治储粮害虫研究

浅圆仓和高大平房仓每平方米表面粮层施用0．1kg仓虫敌，能有效地控制谷蠹、玉米象、长角谷盗和书虱等主要害虫的发生，实现以防为主的储粮害虫综合治理目标。施药后3个月，仓虫敌在施药粮层的残留就低于国家食品中农药残留限量标准。本文还探讨了仓虫敌控制害虫与低温储粮结合的可能性。     

钢板仓储粮害虫陷阱诱捕技术研究

采用ＧＪ８９型良虫陷阱检测器对钢板仓害虫物种分布组成及主要害虫书虱和螨类在不同储藏期各部位的分布进行了调查研究。结果表明：３～４月仓库昆虫物种组成简单，为书虱和长角谷盗两种，分别占捕获总虫量的９９．５％及０．５％；８月份仓库昆虫７种，主要种类是书虱和螨类，分别占捕儿总量的６１．９％和３８％，次要害虫种类有赤拟谷盗、长角谷盗、玉米象、谷蠹及花斑皮蠹。不同储藏期、不同粮层、不同方向害虫分布存在差异。调     

谷虫净防治储粮害虫在大型平房仓中的应用

通过对谷虫净防护剂在南方高温高湿地区的实仓试验，对施用了谷虫净的试验仓与对照仓进行粮食品质、粮堆表面害虫发生情况进行定期检测，发现谷虫净对防治书虱和高抗性锈赤扁谷盗有较好的抑制作用。     

粮虫陷阱检测器与扦样器查虫结果的比较

通过粮虫陷阱检测法与传统的扦样过筛法的对比研究结果,表明粮虫陷阱检测器检测法不仅能及时了解害虫在仓内的种类、数量变化动态,做到及时防治害虫,而且粮虫陷阱检测器检测法具有简便快速等优点,在高大平房仓中可检测出书虱、玉米象、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗、长角谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、米出尾虫以及蛾类幼虫等害虫。调查的书虱种类数量变化动态以及书虱在仓库粮堆内不同部位分布情况,与传统的电动扦样器过筛法检测结果基本一致。     

应用紫外高压诱杀灯防治储粮害虫

紫外高压诱杀灯一天能诱杀98333头谷蠹、42头锈赤扁谷盗、684头麦蛾、120头米扁虫和411头书虱。与选筛法比较，它能提前20～90天检查出谷蠹，提前18～34天检查出锈赤扁谷盗，提前66～73天检查出麦蛾。由于它能诱杀越冬代成虫，使它们不能返回粮面产卵，压低了下代的发生量，同时，适时施用仓虫敌控制麦蛾和书虱，有2个试验仓的虫口密度一直被控制在较低水平，实现了全年不熏蒸，其防治费用为1015元，而对照仓为1855元。它是一种理想的新型测报防虫器械。     

高大平房仓散装稻谷储粮害虫年消长动态研究

采用粮食多功能扦样器对重庆市铜梁国家粮食储备库高大平房仓储粮害虫的发生规律进行调查,结果表明高大平房仓内优势种群为玉米象和书虱,谷蠹和扁谷盗有少量发生,赤拟谷盗的发生很少;害虫发生绝大多数集中在表层和上层;粮仓中央多于四周;温度条件是影响害虫发生发展的主要因素.对储粮害虫种群数量进行相关性分析发现玉米象和书虱的种群数量与总虫数的相关性较高;从垂直分布规律看表层储粮害虫种群数量与总虫数的相关性最高;从水平分布规律看东南区域种群数量与总虫数的相关性最高,且绝大多数达到显著水平.     

XS—C1型粮仓害虫仓外检测系统应用试验报告

应用XS—C1型粮仓害虫仓外检测系统，在实仓进行了自然发生害虫和人为投放害虫的检测实验研究。结果表明：该系统可灵敏地检测出书虱、赤拟谷盗、玉米象和锯谷盗等害虫的成虫，与传统的扦样检测方法相比，有更高的灵敏度，并且实现了仓外电子测虫，对于提升储粮电子检测和科学保粮水平，有很高的应用价值。     

陷阱测虫器与扦样器对高大平房仓储粮害虫调查结果的比较

在本试验条件下，陷阱测虫器在高大平房仓内可检测出书虱、玉米象、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、印度谷蛾幼虫等害虫。用陷阱测虫器调查书虱种群数量变化动态，书虱在仓库粮堆内不同方位的分布与用扦样法的结果基本一致。     

两种防护剂和磷化氢联用对锈赤扁谷盗和两种书虱的防治

测定了甲基嘧啶磷、防虫磷、磷化氢、甲基嘧啶磷和防虫磷分别与磷化氢联用对不同虫态的锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestes ferrugineus、嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila和嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila的熏杀效果。对甲基嘧啶磷和防虫磷耐药性最强的是嗜虫书虱,其次是嗜卷书虱和锈赤扁谷盗。对磷化氢耐药性最强的是锈赤扁谷盗,其次是嗜虫书虱,嗜卷书虱最敏感。甲基嘧啶磷或防虫磷与磷化氢联用处理嗜虫书虱和嗜卷书虱的若虫和成虫,以及锈赤扁谷盗的幼虫时,有显著的增效作用。在磷化氢熏蒸之前应用甲基嘧啶磷或防虫磷处理平房仓中的稻谷,6个月后未发现虫害,然而仅用磷化氢熏蒸的仓,发现有锈赤扁谷盗和书虱发生和活动,说明在实仓中使用甲基嘧啶磷或防虫磷两种储粮防护剂在磷化氢熏蒸之前处理粮食,对磷化氢熏蒸防治书虱和锈赤扁谷盗具有增效作用。     

苦皮藤素和硅藻土储粮害虫室内防治效果研究

采用药膜法和混粮法通过苦皮藤素和硅藻土两种新型储粮药剂对常见5种储粮害虫赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)、玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky、谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica(Fab.)、嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila(Enderlein)和嗜卷书虱Lisposcelis bostrychophila Bodonnel进行药效效果评价。试验结果表明:苦皮藤素和硅藻土对以上5种储粮害虫均有不同程度的抑制作用,苦皮藤素对嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila(Enderlein)防治效果优于硅藻土。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.