施氮量对垄作小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

以平作为对照,研究了垄作种植方式下施氮量对冬小麦氮肥吸收利用、0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量以及产量的影响。在一定范围内增加施氮量,小麦的氮肥利用率降低,土壤氮的贡献率降低,小麦植株内的氮素积累量增加,收获指数提高,产量增加。低氮(0~66 kg hm^-2)条件下,小麦生育期间土壤硝态氮淋洗损失的可能小,小麦收获后0~100 cm土体内不会累积大量硝态氮。施氮量在165~264 kg hm^-2时,60~100 cm土体内土壤硝态氮含量增加,出现硝态氮下移趋势。种植方式影响小麦的氮肥利用效率,垄作种植小麦氮肥利用率和产量均高于平作小麦。垄作种植麦田60~80 cm土体内土壤硝态氮含量相对较高,而平作种植麦田80~100 cm土层硝态氮含量相对较高。种植方式对氮肥利用率的影响大于施氮量的影响, 但施氮量对氮素收获指数、籽粒产量以及经济系数的影响大于种植方式的影响。本试验条件下,2种种植方式在施氮量为纯氮165 kg hm^-2时可以获得较高的氮肥利用率和氮素收获指数,平作小麦氮肥利用率为35.75%~36.41%,而垄作小麦为45.32%~47.25%; 但2种种植方式的小麦都是施氮量为纯氮264 kg hm^-2时获得最高产量, 平作和垄作小麦的最高产量分别达8 078.31 kg hm^-2和
8 212.27 kg hm^-2。     

限水条件下氮肥用量及施氮时期对冬小麦产量、土壤硝态氮含量的影响

在节水栽培条件下,研究了不同施氮量及氮肥施用时期对冬小麦产量、生育期间土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦施氮处理产量均高于N0,N88.5 69处理产量最高,氮肥生理效率则随施氮量增加而显著降低。开花期以及成熟期各施氮处理0~100 cm土体硝态氮含量均明显高于N0,各生育期0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量均随施氮量增加而增加,开花期各处理2 m土体硝态氮含量达到最高值,成熟期20~60 cm土层相同施氮量(157.5,226.5kg/hm2)均表现为氮肥分次施用处理硝态氮含量高于一次性底施处理(N88.5 69>N157.5,N123 103.5>N226.5)。成熟期土壤硝态氮2 m土体累积量随施氮量增加显著增加,且等量氮肥分次施用显著高于一次性底施。     

不同施肥处理对新成片麻岩土壤谷子生长及土层硝态氮的影响

为了探明片麻岩新成土中土壤硝态氮时空分布规律,通过田间肥效试验,研究在不同施氮水平下配施磷和有机肥对土壤中硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,施肥可以显著提高作物产量。氮磷配施作物产量显著高于单施氮肥和有机肥,各处理不同施氮水平作物产量差异不显著。苗期各剖面土壤硝态氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增大。拔节期随着土层深度的增加硝态氮含量先增加(0~60 cm)后降低(60~80 cm)。抽穗灌浆期单施氮肥,总体上随着施氮量的增加硝态氮含量升高,且各剖面的硝态氮含量高于其他2个处理。收获期土壤中各剖面硝态氮含量呈现单施氮肥>氮磷配施>配施有机肥的趋势。土壤中各剖面的硝态氮含量总体上苗期>拔节期>抽穗灌浆期>收获期,随着谷子生育期需氮量和降雨量的变化而逐渐减少。     

综合农艺管理对夏玉米氮效率和土壤硝态氮的影响

通过对播种方式、播种时间、施肥时期及用量和收获时间等农艺措施的优化组合,设置综合农艺管理和施氮量试验,研究了对夏玉米氮效率和土壤硝态氮积累的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力显著提高,氮肥农学利用效率显著下降,氮素利用效率和氮收获指数先增加后降低,施氮184.5 kg hm^-2时达到最高;施氮显著提高了花前氮素积累量和0~30 cm土层硝态氮累积量;0~30 cm土层硝态氮累积量随施氮量的增加逐渐提高,即单一氮肥运筹下,氮效率不能持续提高,且土壤硝态氮积累量却因增施氮肥而逐渐升高。综合农艺管理的再高产高效处理(Opt-2)的氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用效率、氮素利用效率和氮收获指数均最高;花前氮素积累量较低,收获后植株氮素积累总量高于农民习惯处理且低于超高产处理;玉米收获后,0~30 cm、30~60 cm和60~90 cm土层硝态氮累积量均低于农民习惯处理,即通过优化的综合农艺管理,夏玉米氮效率显著提高,生育期内氮素积累趋势合理,玉米收获后土壤硝态氮积累量较低。     

长期施用不同剂量氮肥对高粱产量、氮素利用特性和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

本研究于2015—2019年以晋杂34、辽杂27、晋饲2号、晋糯3号和汾酒粱1号为研究对象,设0(N0)、75(N75)、150(N150)、225(N225)、300(N300)、450 kg hm^-2(N450)6个氮素水平,调查其对产量性状、淀粉含量和土壤硝态氮以及氮素利用特性指标的影响,以探讨高粱合理的氮素施用方案。结果表明,高粱的产量、穗粒数及植株地上部氮素累积量,随施氮水平的增加呈先增加后趋于稳定的趋势,其中以N75处理增幅最大,较N0处理最大增幅分别可达23.68%、48.05%和51.86%;籽粒淀粉含量、5年叠加氮肥利用率、5年叠加氮肥农学效率和氮素5年叠加表观回收率随施氮水平的增加都存在不同程度的降低,其中N75处理下5年叠加氮肥利用率为63.01%,较N150处理提高了76.91%;籽粒淀粉产量则随施氮水平的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。连续施氮4~5年后,施氮量≥225 kg hm^-2,残留的硝态氮在60~200 cm土层逐年累积,且在0~200 cm土层存在明显的累积峰,硝态氮淋失风险加剧。施氮量75~150 kg hm^-2之间,在满足高粱植株基本生长需求的同时,可以弥补了土壤氮库的消耗,有效降低了土壤硝态氮的淋失,亦有利于高粱产量和籽粒淀粉产量的形成。     

施氮对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤硝态氮积累的影响

为了进一步研究施用氮肥对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤硝态氮积累的影响,寻求夏玉米合理施氮量,以‘郑单958’为试材进行大田试验,研究施氮量对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤硝态氮积累变化的影响。结果表明,施氮量在0~260 kg/hm2范围内,夏玉米产量随其增加显著提高,当施氮量高于260 kg/hm2时,产量有减少趋势;氮素的利用率随施氮量的增加也逐渐降低。在玉米整个生育时期土壤硝态氮含量呈现先下降而后缓慢上升的趋势,随着施氮量增加,各土层硝态氮含量而提高。适量施氮可促进玉米对氮素的吸收利用,进而提高玉米产量,但过量施氮导致硝态氮在土壤中大量积累,增大了污染环境风险。在超高产栽培条件下,从玉米产量、氮素利用率和土壤硝态氮积累情况综合考虑,夏玉米合理施氮量应控制在195~260 kg/hm2范围之内。     

长期定位施肥土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累特征及其与玉米产量的关系

为潮土中硝态氮和铵态氮的运移、积累特征及其与夏玉米产量之间的关系,以始于1978年的莱阳长期定位施肥试验为基础,在2014,2015年夏玉米收获后,分别测定0~20,20~40,40~60,60~80,80~100 cm土层硝态氮、铵态氮含量,并计算0~100 cm不同土层硝态氮、铵态氮积累量及夏玉米产量。结果表明:施用有机肥或化学氮肥均能提高土壤硝态氮或铵态氮含量及其积累量;在0~100 cm土层中各处理硝态氮的垂直迁移趋势不同,而铵态氮的垂直迁移趋势基本一致;与化肥相比,施用有机肥可滞缓硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,但两者对铵态氮向土壤深层迁移趋势的影响不明显;长期施用有机肥、氮肥对硝态氮、铵态氮积累量的影响均达极显著水平,且对土壤硝态氮积累量存在极显著的交互效应;与长期不施肥M_0N_0(CK)相比,施肥处理(M_0N_1、M_0N_2、M_1N_0、M_1N_1、M_1N_2、M_2N_0、M_2N_1、M_2N_2)硝态氮积累量、铵态氮积累量分别显著增加112%~396%和69%~259%(P0.05);在0~20,0~40,0~60,0~80,0~100 cm各土层中,硝态氮、铵态氮积累量与夏玉米产量具有不同线性关系。研究表明,合理的有机无机肥配施可以降低土壤硝态氮、铵态氮淋溶及其积累,从而有利于提高作物产量,维持农田土壤生态系统的稳定性,促进农业可持续发展并保护地下水源。     

氮肥减量对东北坡岗地土壤养分及玉米产量的影响

为探讨东北黑土区玉米合理的施肥方式,减少化肥过量施用导致的氮素流失造成的环境风险,为氮肥的合理利用提供依据,在黑龙江省方正县布置田间小区试验,设置5个试验处理,研究不同施肥量对黑土区玉米地养分含量的影响,以及不同施肥量对玉米产量的影响。结果显示:减肥25%处理玉米产量最高。施氮量越大,硝态氮残留量越大,5个处理硝态氮含量在玉米不同生长阶段不同土层呈显著变化。肥料的减量对碱解氮含量的变化影响不显著。随土层深度的增加,土壤碱解氮和硝态氮均呈显著下降趋势。氮肥施用量的减少对土壤中有机质含量影响不显著。化肥的减量对土壤表层速效磷含量基本无影响,对10~30 cm土层速效磷含量影响与施肥量无明显规律性关系。综合考虑玉米产量和生态环境效益,以减肥25%为最佳施用量。     

高羊茅草坪上不同缓控释氮肥土壤硝态氮残留与淋失研究

为了研究不同种类缓控释氮肥在高羊茅草坪土壤中硝态氮的运移,通过渗滤池和小区相结合的方法,研究筛选适合高羊茅草坪的环境友好的新型肥料。结果表面：不同种类的缓控释氮肥处理比尿素处理均能减少土壤硝态氮含量和淋溶量。而且在0~90 cm土层中,PCU60处理比PCU30和IU处理减少硝态氮含量及降低淋溶效果更明显。综上所述,缓控释氮肥可有效降低硝态氮在土壤中的含量及淋失,是一种环境效益突出、应用前景广泛的新型肥料。     

施用氮肥对太行山前平原区作物产量和土壤硝态氮残留量的影响

为解决氮肥施用过量引起地下水硝酸盐含量超标问题,通过连续10年的氮肥定位试验,研究太行山前平原区不同氮肥用量对小麦-玉米轮作体系中0~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮残留量和作物产量的影响,结果表明,2004-2014年间小麦、玉米平均产量与氮肥用量间呈显著的二次抛物线关系,施氮量为246 kg/hm2时小麦获最高产量6 555kg/hm2。施氮量为159 kg/hm2时玉米获最高产量8 860 kg/hm2。氮肥用量与0~100,100~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮残留量分别符合显著的线性相关。连续10年施用氮肥量最高的处理(小麦-玉米轮作周年施氮量为575 kg/hm2)0~100,100~200 cm土壤硝态氮残留量分别达到449.05,580.63 kg/hm2。小麦、玉米最高产量时(周年施氮量为405 kg/hm2),0~100,100~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮残留量分别为320.79,408.43 kg/hm2。每个轮作周年减少氮肥用量30%~44%,连续10年后0~100,100~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮残留量分别降低28.56%~42.34%和29.66%~44.64%。综合考虑作物产量和地下水硝酸盐污染风险,提出太行山前平原中等肥力水平的地块,小麦-玉米轮作周年氮肥用量应控制在400 kg/hm2以下。适宜的氮肥用量既可保证作物产量又能明显降低土壤硝态氮的残留。     

Time Course of Nitrogen in Soil Solution and Nitrogen Uptake in Maize Plants as affected by Form and Application Time of Fertilizer Nitrogen

Field experiments with silage maize were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on a loess-derived Luvisol in southwest Germany. Four nitrogen fertilizer treatments were compared: application of preplanting NH₄ N (plus a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide as Didin) and preplanting NO₃-N, split application of NO₃-N (preplanting and side dressed 45 days after planting) and a control without nitrogen fertilizer in 1987 and with 64 kg N ha^?1 as calcium ammonium nitrate in 1988. The total amounts of soil mineral nitrogen (N_min+ fertilizer N) were 200 kg N ha^?1 in 1987 and 240 kg N ha^?1 in 1988. Suction cups and tensiometer were installed at five depths and samples were taken in regular intervals. Nitrate concentrations in the suction solution steeply increased at 15 cm and 45 cm soil depth 3-4 weeks after fertilizer application (1987 up to 160mgNl^?1; 1988 up to 170mgN l^?1) and steeply decreased up to 75 cm depth with the onset of intensive N uptake at shooting. Ammonium concentrations in the suction solution were very low (0-0.16 mg N l^?1). Compared to preplanting NCyN application, preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃-N application decreased nitrate concentrations in the suction solution in spring 1987. In 1988, however, nitrate concentrations in the suction solution of preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃-N application plots did not fall below 50mgNl^?1 at 15 cm depth during the growing season. Nitrate concentrations of split NO₃-N application increased again in autumn 1988 and hence doubled the calculated N losses by leaching during the winter months compared to preplanting N applications. At shooting, plants of the preplanting NH₄-N treatment had lower nitrate concentrations in leaf sheaths compared to plants of preplanting NO₃-N application. Total N uptake of maize between shooting and early grain filling of preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃ -N application tended to be higher compared to preplanting NO₃-N application, reflecting the higher N availability in the soil later in the season. However, final dry matter yields and N uptake were not significantly affected by N form or time of N application. Since N losses by nitrate leaching between N application and onset of N uptake by plants were negligible on the experimental site, preplanting NH₄-N application and split NO₃-N application showed no agronomic advantages. High amounts of side dressed NO₃-N may increase nitrate leaching during the winter months, especially in years with delayed rainfall after application.     

浮床栽培鱼腥草对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘水质的影响

为研究浮床栽培鱼腥草(0、5%、10%和15%种植面积)对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘的水质净化作用,测定了NH_4+~-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、TN、TP、CODMn等主要水质指标。结果表明,在同样的试验条件下,7—8月份鱼腥草处理组NO_3~--N下降,与此同时带来了NH_4~+-N(除5%处理组)和NO_2~--N的上升。9月份浮床栽培鱼腥草对5种水质指标的平均去除率在3%~38%之间。5%鱼腥草种植面积适合进行中试。通过鱼腥草的采收,5%鱼腥草处理组叶、根茎的产量分别可达112.4、1619.2 kg/hm~2,且可从养殖水体带走0.38 g/m~2的总氮,0.06 g/m~2的磷元素;同时收获鱼总重和所测生物学指标(除体重)显著高于对照和其他处理组,且对成活率和饵料系数无多大影响。     

Vorfruchtwirkurigen unterschiedlicher Rotationsbrachen auf Winterweizen

Effects of rotational fallows (‘set-aside land’) on subsequent winter wheat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different fallow treatment on subsequent winter wheat. The field trials included rotational fallows planted with Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra and Lolium perenne sown under winter barley compared to complete fallow and natural fallow without seed application and fallows planted with Trifolium pratense, Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata sown under winter wheat. After ploughing up the fallow vegetation, winter wheat was planted for 2 succeeding years at two levels of N-fertilization. Herbicides and fungicides were not applied. The following criteria were investigated: biomass-production, N-uptake, yield, weed infestation, nitrate and water content of the soil. In autumn, after ploughing up the fallow vegetation, the nitrate content of the soil (0—150 cm) increased by up to 210 kg NO₃-N/ha after complete fallow, by up to 60 kg NO₃-N/ha after natural fallow and by up to 75 and 130 kg NO₃-N/ha after fallows cropped with Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense, respectively. Low nitrate levels of 20—27 kg NO₃-N/ha were observed after fallows planted with grass. N-immobilization caused by ploughing up grass fallows continued until the first harvest of the subsequent winter wheat. In the second year of winter-wheat, no differences of N-mineralization dependent on the previous fallow crop occurred, except in the case complete fallow which showed lower N-mineralization. It can be concluded that fallows cropped with grass lead to a higher nitrogen fertilizer requirement m the succeeding crops. Festuca rubra was able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds and to decrease the abundance of Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spíca-venti in subsequent winter wheat, while natural fallow and fallow planted with Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne caused epidemical increases in grass-weed density. Preceding crop effects on grain yield of the winter wheat showed a close relation to N-supply and were compensated by mineral N-fertilization. After natural fallow and fallow covered with Trifolinm repens, yield reductions due to grass-weed competition occurred. Undersown Festuca rubra seems to possess a special suitabihty for cultivation in routional fallows. It establishes itself strongly under different cover crops and is able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds. Grass-weed density in the succeeding crops will be reduced and nitrate leaching will still be prevented after ploughing up the fallow vegetation. N-fertilization of the subsequent crops must be carried out under considerations of higher N-requirements which is probably not entirely due to a stronger N-immobilization.     

施氮对墨西哥玉米植株硝态氮累积及产量的影响

采用微区试验研究了2个施氮水平（中氮,300 kg/hm²;高氮,600 kg/hm²）下2种施肥方式（一次基施和平均3次分施）对墨西哥玉米（Euchlaena mexicana）植株硝态氮（NO₃^--N）累积及产量的影响。结果表明,墨西哥玉米叶片中NO₃^--N含量以新生叶较高,全展叶较低,老叶居中;茎鞘和根系的NO₃^--N含量在不同收获期表现为第一收获期低于叶片,第二期仅比新生叶低,第三期则高于叶片。随着收获次数增加,NO₃^--N含量在叶片中呈降低趋势,在茎鞘和根系中先降后升。高氮水平和分次施肥是造成同一类型叶片NO₃^--N累积的主要原因;高氮分次施肥处理（N_2-3）第二期收获的新生叶NO₃^--N含量最高,为92.66 μg/g,这一数值尚未达动物摄食的潜在致毒剂量。氮素用量增加,其生产效率降低,但高氮（600 kg/hm²）一次性基施处理的干物质产量和粗蛋白质产量均显著高于其他处理。综上所述,较高的氮肥用量一次性基施能够实现墨西哥玉米的高产且不会影响其产品安全性。     

氮素形态及供应时期对马铃薯生长发育与产量的影响

选用马铃薯克新1号和费乌瑞它2个品种,于2013-2014年在沙培条件下,研究了氮素形态及供应时间对马铃薯植株生长、块茎形成及发育的影响。结果表明,在块茎形成前供应NO₃-N与NH₄-N两种条件下,马铃薯植株高度、叶面积、叶片SPAD值、整株干物质积累量以及块茎重量无显著差异,而块茎形成后供应NH₄-N的马铃薯叶片SPAD值、植株生长速度及块茎产量均显著高于NO₃-N处理;块茎形成前供应NO₃-N的植株结薯数显著高于NH₄-N处理,但是氮素形态对干物质在马铃薯块茎中的分配比例无显著影响。因此,马铃薯的氮素养分管理应根据商品薯和种薯生产的不同目标,在块茎形成前后分别供应适宜形态的氮素。     

Alternative strategies for nitrogen fertilization of overwinter processing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Southern Italy

To identify the best practice for nitrogen (N) fertilization of overwinter processing spinach, two field experiments were carried out in the Foggia plain (Southern Italy), one of the most vocated area for leafy vegetables production. The field trials were aimed to define and suggest the proper fertilizer dose, typology and the right time of application. Experiment 1 evaluated four N fertilizer doses (0, 150, 225, 300 kg ha⁻¹) in a two-year field trial. Experiment 2 was aimed to assess the effect of the split distribution of prilled urea fertilizer in comparison with the application of nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) containing urea fertilizer, broadcasted at sowing.Spinach yield, yield quality (nitrate – NO₃⁻ – and carotenoids content), N-use efficiency and risk of soil nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) leaching were evaluated. The processing spinach yielded 37.8 and 3.6 t ha⁻¹ of fresh and dry yield, respectively (average of the two experiments). Fresh and dry yield among the fertilizing treatments were similar. Also the β-carotene and the lutein content of spinach leaves (19.5 and 38.1 mg kg⁻¹, respectively) were not affected by the N fertilizer dose. Conversely, the N dose strongly influenced the NO₃⁻ content of the leafy vegetable tissues (1286 mg kg⁻¹ on average, 58% lower than the limits imposed by the EC regulation). As expected, the different rainfall pattern influenced both the leaf NO₃⁻ content and the risk of soil NO₃⁻-N leaching. The results achieved demonstrated that, in order to get a favorable trade-off, among yield, yield quality, N-use efficiency and environmental impact, the processing spinach growers of the Foggia plain area should be encouraged to apply 225 kg N ha⁻¹ as maximum fertilization rate. Also, the split urea fertilizer application appeared as the more effective strategy for N fertilization of overwinter spinach in comparison with the use of the nitrification inhibitor containing urea fertilizer, being the last strategy not able to adequately match the N crop demand.     

尿素及秸秆添加对华中地区茶园土壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响

为了明确尿素和秸秆添加对茶园土壤CO_2和N2O排放的影响,为茶园合理施肥提供理论依据,本研究在室内培养条件下,以华中地区红壤丘陵区茶园土壤为对象,运用静态培养系统研究方法,研究该土壤在尿素输入和作物秸秆添加后CO_2和N_2O的排放特征。培养试验共设置对照、尿素、作物秸秆和尿素+作物秸秆4种处理。结果表明:不同处理下华中地区茶园土壤CO_2和N_2O排放呈显著差异。作物秸秆添加显著提高茶园土壤CO_2的排放,作物秸秆和作物秸秆+尿素处理分别是对照的5.57和4.99倍。尿素输入显著促进茶园土壤N_2O的排放,而秸秆添加却降低N_2O的排放。对照和添加尿素处理土壤N_2O排放通量与铵态氮含量呈显著正相关关系。无秸秆添加处理土壤N_2O排放通量与硝态氮含量呈显著的相关性,而添加秸秆处理二者无显著相关关系。土壤可溶性有机碳含量对CO_2排放有显著影响,二者之间呈极显著线性正相关关系。     

长期施用不同剂量氮肥对高粱产量、氮素利用特性和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

To determine a suitable nitrogen fertilizer application rate, an experiment was conducted using Jinza 34, Liaoza 27, Jinsi 2, Jinnuo 3, and Fenjiuliang 1 with six nitrogen (N) fertilization levels, including 0 (N0), 75 (N75), 150 (N150), 225 (N225), 300 (N300), and 450 kg hm^-2 (N450). The effects of long-term nitrogen fertilization with different levels on sorghum grain yield, nitrogen use characteristics and soil nitrate nitrogen distribution were investigated. The grain yield, grain number and N accumulation of sorghum increased initially and then tended to be stabile with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Among them, the maximum increase of sorghum under N75 treatment compared with that under N0 treatment was 23.68%, 48.05%, and 51.86%, respectively. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, the grain starch content decreased, while the grain starch yield increased firstly and then decreased. Nitrogen apparent recovery rate, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency which were accumulated for five years were reduced significantly with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with the N150 treatment, nitrogen use efficiency accumulated for five years under N75 treatment, which was 63.01%, was increased by 76.91%. When nitrogen fertilizer application was beyond 225 kg hm^-2, after four to five years later, nitrate nitrogen residue was increased rapidly in the 60-200 cm soil layer year by year, NO₃^--N accumulation peaks distributed in the 0-200 cm soil layer and the risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching was increased. In view of the yield, starch yield, nitrogen utilization and environmental benefit, the reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application for sorghum was between 75 kg hm^-2 and 150 kg hm^-2.     

灌溉和施氮方式对甘肃陇中黄土高原春小麦产量和土壤含水量与有效氮含量的影响

旨在研究影响小麦产量的最佳灌溉与施氮方式组合。以‘定西42号’春小麦为材料,采用水氮互作的方法,设4种灌溉量（单位面积水深50 mm、100 mm、150 mm、200 mm）和3种施肥方式（拔节期施纯氮肥40 kg/hm ²、开花期施纯氮肥40 kg/hm ²、拔节期和开花期施纯氮肥40 kg/hm ²和50 kg/hm ²）。（1）灌溉量150 mm与开花期施氮肥40 kg/hm ²处理时,小麦产量都最高。（2）灌溉量150 mm时各个土层含水量最高,不同施氮处理,各个土层含水量高低顺序为分蘖期<开花期<拔节期。（3）小麦植株耗水量随灌溉量增加而增加、水分利用效率随灌溉量增加而减少。（4）分蘖期灌溉量150 mm时各个土层硝态氮含量最高;拔节期,0~10 cm土层铵态氮和硝态氮含量最高;开花期,灌溉量150 mm和追施纯氮肥40 kg/hm ²时各个土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量最高。灌溉量150 mm和开花期施纯氮肥40 kg/hm ²方式搭配,对甘肃陇中黄土高原春小麦产量、土壤有效氮含量和水分节约最有益。