野生红茵茶挥发性香气成分的鉴定

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)和顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)分别对野生红茵茶的挥发性成分进行提取,通过GC-MS分析鉴定香气成分。结果表明,2种方法鉴定的成分有差异,SDE法鉴定到的醇类、酯类成分、含氮化合物较多,而HS-SPME法鉴定到的易挥发成分(如烃类)较多。从2种方法共同鉴定的物质的种类和含量来看,芳樟醇、香叶醇、橙花叔醇、茉莉酮、α-紫罗酮、β-紫罗酮等是红茵茶的主体香气成分。     

同时蒸馏萃取与固相微萃取法提取馒头中挥发性物质

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)和固相微萃取法(SPME)分别提取我国主食馒头样品中挥发性风味成分,经气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分离及鉴定,分析两种方法萃取的馒头样品中的挥发性物质的差异。从SDE法提取的样品中检测到25种化合物, SPME法提取的样品中鉴定出50种风味组分,两种方法制备的样品中共有70种挥发性化合物主要有醇、醛、酮和酯等。虽然SPME法检测到的化合物种类多于SDE法的,但SPME法提取的样品中化合物的浓度较低,且从样品的总离子流色谱图的分离效果来看,SDE法优于SPME法。     

大鲵低聚糖肽对葡萄酒发酵香气成分影响的研究

利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(SPME-GC-MS),分析大鲵低聚糖肽对葡萄酒发酵香气成分的影响。结果表明,大鲵低聚糖肽葡萄酒中共检测到30种香气成分,包括7种醇类物质、9种酯类物质和2种酮类物质。与不添加大鲵低聚糖肽的葡萄酒相比较,大鲵低聚糖肽葡萄酒具有较高含量的乙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇、2-甲基丁醇、苯乙醇、3,4-二甲基苯甲醇、乙酸乙酯及丁二酸二乙酯。因此,大鲵低聚糖肽是一类潜在的可以影响酿酒酵母香气化合物合成的活性物质,实现大鲵低聚糖肽在葡萄酒酿造中的应用奠定了基础。     

广东罗坑野生茶树群落红茶香气物质鉴析

为研究广东省罗坑镇野生型与栽培型红茶香气物质并确定其特异性香气成分, 采用顶空固相微 萃取(HS-SPME)结合气质联用技术(GC-MS)对芦溪野生红茶、 花蕉岩野生红茶、 上坑野生红茶、 上斜野 生红茶、 奖公茶红茶等的红茶香气组成进行鉴定和分析。结果表明, 在广东罗坑红茶中共鉴定出 66种 香气化合物, 主要种类包含醇类、 酯类、 醛类、 酮类、 烯类和烷烃类等, 其中醇类和醛类是主要的香气物质, 占香气物质的 70%以上。香气化合物中香叶醇、 苯甲醛、 β-芳樟醇和水杨酸甲酯是 4种最主要的成分, 加上苯乙醛、 脱氢芳樟醇及β-紫罗酮共同组成野生红茶的主导香气成分; 其中苯甲醛是特异性香气成分, 也是杏仁香气特征的重要体现。感官审评的结果与香气物质的分析结果一致。罗坑野生红茶杏 仁香特征明显, 带甜香。     

套袋对‘栖霞大香水’梨果实香气组分的影响

为了明确套袋对‘栖霞大香水’梨果实香气的影响,以套双层袋‘栖霞大香水’梨为试材,不套袋果实为对照,采用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,测定了‘栖霞大香水’梨果实香气组成和含量。结果表明：套袋‘栖霞大香水’梨和对照不套袋果实香气物质种类和含量存在显著差异,套袋‘栖霞大香水’梨检测到3类34种芳香物质,香气物质总量为2671.53 ng/g;不套袋果实检测到3类42种芳香物质,香气物质总含量为10040.14 ng/g。套袋导致‘栖霞大香水’梨果实香气种类和含量显著降低。     

大葱粉中挥发性风味物质的分析

新鲜大葱经40℃加热干燥后粉碎,利用顶空固相微萃取法萃取大葱粉中的挥发性风味物质,然后用气质联用法对不同处理中的挥发性成分进行分离鉴定。结果表明,大葱粉中风味性成分主要是含硫化合物和醛类,其中二甲基硫醚和3-甲基丁醛的含量最高,葱白粉中的含硫化合物含量高于葱叶中的含量。     

燕山地区板栗果实香气成分的GC-MS分析

以燕山地区特有板栗品种“大板红”、“冀栗1号”和“燕山早丰”果实为试材,采用固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行果实香气成分的测定分析。结果表明,“大板红”、“冀栗1号”和“燕山早丰”3个品种中共检测到62种香气成分,分别为33种、38种和34种,化合物的成分以醛类、醇类、酮类为主;3个品种中共有的香气成分有10种;不同品种间香气物质种类及相对含量不同。“大板红”中检测出其他两个品种中均未检测出的乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯,故乙酸丁酯和乙酸己酯可能是其特有香气物质。研究结果有助于深入了解板栗的特征香气成分及组成,亦为不同板栗品种的香气物质指纹图谱研究提供理论指导。     

不同货架期西番莲果实香气成分变化研究

以西番莲为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别对紫香一号、台农一号西番莲果实在4 ℃下恒温货架期1、14 d香气物质种类进行分析与鉴定,采用面积归一化法分析各香气物质相对含量,测定不同货架期西番莲果实香气物质成分变化,为西番莲贮藏保鲜提供科学依据。结果表明：不同货架期西番莲果实的香气物质种类、相对含量及香味存在差异,紫香一号西番莲货架1 d时,香气物质种类有25种,相对含量67.50%,乙酸乙酯是主要香气物质,呈现淡淡草香味,货架14 d时,香气物质种类有43种,相对含量92.14%,丁酸己酯、己酸己酯是主要香气物质,呈现苹果、蔬菜、草和肥皂的复杂香味;台农一号西番莲货架1 d时,香气物质种类有37种,相对含量89.32%,丁酸乙酯、丁酸己酯是主要香气物质,呈现菠萝、苹果、肥皂香味,货架14 d时,香气物质种类有43种,相对含量95.16%,己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯是主要香气物质,呈现菠萝、香蕉味。西番莲果实在货架14 d时香气物质种类和相对含量及香味更为丰富。该研究可为西番莲果实的加工开发利用提供一定的参考。     

5种欧丁香鲜花香气成分的比较研究

为探明欧丁香的主要香气成分及比较不同欧丁香品种间主要挥发性物质的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析5种欧丁香鲜花的芳香成分及其相对含量。从‘瓷蓝’中检测出49种芳香成分,从‘麦肯’中检测出41种芳香成分,从‘沙萱’中检测出49种芳香成分,烯萜类化合物是它们的主要芳香成分;从‘裘利’中检测出40种芳香成分,从‘莫斯加’中检测出46种芳香成分,烯萜类化合物和芳香烃类化合物为主要芳香成分。将‘瓷蓝’和‘裘利’、‘麦肯’和‘沙萱’、‘莫斯加’分为3种不同的香气类型,并推测出欧丁香的最主要香气成分为烯萜类化合物。     

气相色谱-质谱法定量检测鱼露中4种关键香气化合物

建立了速酿鱼露中3-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醇、3-甲硫基丙醛和苯乙醇4种关键香气化合物的气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）测定方法。采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）与气质联用技术（GC-MS）相结合来鉴定鱼露中4种关键香气化合物,考察萃取温度、萃取时间、内标物的选择对分析结果的影响。结果表明,优化的固相微萃取条件为：选用2-甲基-3-庚酮作为内标物,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间40 min。4种关键香气化合物都具有良好的线性关系,决定系数R2均大于0.98,并对样品进行加标回收实验,回收率为75.47%～134.41%,相对标准偏差均小于10%,符合痕量定量要求。该研究使用气相色谱-质谱法定量检测鱼露中关键香气化合物,操作简便快捷、精密度高,满足鱼露中4种关键香气化合物检测的需求,有助于促进香气质量评价体系的建立。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.