基于SSR分子标记的高丹草遗传图谱构建及相关性状QTL定位

本试验以散穗高粱和红壳苏丹草为亲本,以其杂种F2代的170个分离单株为作图群体,利用SSR分子标记技术和Join Map 3.0作图软件构建高丹草遗传连锁图谱,并在此基础上对分蘖数、株高、氢氰酸含量等8个相关性状进行QTL定位。结果表明:从120对SSR引物中共筛选出50对多态性引物,利用这些引物对作图群体各单株进行PCR扩增,共获得226个多态性标记,平均扩增标记为4.5个/引物。构建出一张由10个连锁群组成的高丹草SSR分子遗传图谱,含181个SSR标记,图谱总长803.13 cM。各连锁群长度在5.8~152.3 cM之间,标记间平均距离4.38 cM,图谱密度较高。在构建图谱的基础上,对高丹草8个相关性状进行QTL定位,共获得17个QTLs,其中控制茎粗的QTL 4个,控制叶宽的QTL 3个,控制叶片数、叶长、分蘖数和穗长的QTL各2个;控制株高和氢氰酸含量的QTL各1个。这些QTL位点分布于高丹草SSR遗传连锁图谱的其中8个连锁群上,其遗传贡献率的范围为12.5%~25.6%。本研究可为进一步开展高丹草重要性状基因的精细定位、图位克隆、功能分析,以及分子标记辅助育种提供理论指导。     

甘蓝型油菜主要脂肪酸组成的QTL定位

应用RAPD、SSR和SRAP技术, 对甘蓝型油菜低芥酸品系APL01与高芥酸品系M083杂交组合的BC1F1群体进行检测, 获得251个分子标记, 构建了19个连锁群组成的分子标记遗传图谱; 应用WinQTLCart 2.0对油菜主要脂肪酸组成进行QTL扫描, 获得与棕榈酸含量相关的QTL 5个, 分别位于N3、N8、N10和N13连锁群, 其中效应值较大的主效QTL qPA8-1和qPA13分别可解释棕榈酸含量表型变异的11.31%和14.47%。获得与硬脂酸含量相关的QTL 3个, 分别位于N1、N8和N16连锁群, 其中效应值较大的主效QTL qST16可解释硬脂酸含量表型变异的12.22%。获得与油酸含量相关的QTL 2个, 位于N8和N13连锁群, 均为主效QTL, 其中qOL8位于N8连锁群的m11e37b~A0226Ba267区间, 可解释油酸含量表型变异的11.73%, qOL13位于N13连锁群的m18e46~m20e25a区间, 可解释表型变异的27.14%。获得与亚油酸含量相关的QTL 3个, 其中主效QTL qLI8-1位于N8连锁群, 可解释亚油酸含量表型变异的13.25%。获得与亚麻酸含量相关的QTL 3个, 效应值均较小, 属微效QTL。获得与廿碳烯酸含量相关的QTL 4个, 分别位于N8、N13和N15连锁群, 其中主效QTL qEI8-1、qEI8-2和qEI13分别可解释廿碳烯酸含量表型变异的12.20%、10.22%和11.14%。获得与芥酸含量相关的QTL 2个, 位于N8和N13连锁群, 均为主效QTL, 其中qER8位于N8连锁群的m11e37b~A0226Ba267区间, 可解释芥酸含量表型变异的16.74%; qER13位于N13连锁群的A0301Bb398~m18e46区间, 可解释芥酸含量表型变异的31.32%。在N8连锁群的分子标记m11e27b附近及N13连锁群的分子标记m18e46附近存在多个主要脂肪酸的主效QTL, 这些标记可用于油菜脂肪酸改良的分子标记辅助选择。     

基于AFLP和SSR标记的高粱分子遗传连锁图构建

以茎秆糖份含量高的高粱自交系1095和低糖高粱自交系N3杂交获得的F2分离群体(205个个体)为材料,采用AFLP(amplified fragment length polymorphism)和SSR(simple sequence repeat)两种分子标记,构建了包含273个(232AFLP,41 SSR)标记,覆盖基因组长度为978.1cM的高粱分子标记连锁遗传图.以SSR标记为锚标记,19个连锁群中,18个连锁群各自被归并于高粱的10个连锁群(A-J)中.该连锁图平均图距和最大图距分别为3.6 cM和19.4 cM,未出现大的空隙(gap＞25 cM),归并后的10个连锁群(A-J)分别对应于高粱染色体SBI-01、SBI-02、SBI-03、SBI-04、SBI-07、SBI-09、SBI-10、SBI-08、SBI-06、SBI-05.     

甘蓝型油菜遗传图谱构建与无花瓣性状QTL定位

以无花瓣油菜APL01与正常有花瓣品种M083杂交的BC₁F₁为基础群体,利用RAPD、SSR和SRAP技术获得251个分子标记,包括219个SRAP、25个SSR和7个RAPD标记,构建了由19个连锁群组成的分子标记遗传图谱,根据共同的分子标记,建立该图谱与甘蓝型油菜高密度图谱的对应关系。利用WinQTLCart 2.0软件对无花瓣性状进行QTL扫描,获得4个与无花瓣性状相关的QTL,QAP5位于N5连锁群的A0226Bb152~m31e40b区间,解释花瓣度表型变异的3.71%;QAP6位于N6连锁群的m25e7~OPY9区间,解释花瓣度表型变异的3.02%;QAP8位于N8连锁群的A0226Gb468~m29e20区间,解释花瓣度表型变异的30.94%;QAP15位于N15连锁群的m21e4b~A0225Bb201区间,解释花瓣度表型变异的21.96%。QAP8和QAP15为2个主效QTL,可用于无花瓣性状的标记辅助选择,QAP5和QAP6为修饰基因位点。     

大白菜营养茎长和宽的QTL定位和分析

以大白菜纯系'501'×'601'的F2:3家系为群体,对营养茎长和宽2个性状进行QTL定位和分析.结果表明,2个性状表现为连续分布,符合数量性状的遗传特征,且性状之间无显著差异.在5个连锁群共检测到7个QTL,且均以加性效应为主.控制营养茎长度的3个QTL分别位于A02、A04和A09连锁群,各QTL可解释的表型变异...     

棉花枯萎病抗性的QTL定位

棉花抗病育种是棉花遗传改良的重要内容.本研究以高抗枯萎病的陆地棉品系(Gossypium hirsutum L.)98134和海岛棉(Gossypium barbadence L.)感病品种新海14号为亲本,构建98134×新海14的F2及F2:3分离群体.运用SSR标记构建连锁图谱,用复合区间作图法对F2:3家系的病情指数(RD进行基因组QTL扫描,共检测到4个与棉花枯萎病相关QTL效应,分别位于3、15、23和26连锁群上.经标记值分析,该QTL能解释高值亲本的增效作用,分别解释F2:3家系变异的12.4%、20.96%、4.7%和11.9%.本研究为分子标记辅助选择抗枯萎病棉花育种提供了重要理论依据.     

中棉所70分离群体农艺性状相关QTL定位

【目的】定位棉花产量相关性状的数量性状基因座(Quantitative trait locus,QTL)。【方法】以中棉所70的F_2分离群体为遗传作图群体,利用从14 820对简单序列重复(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)引物中筛选出的267对两亲本间的多态性引物检测F_2群体250个单株的标记基因型,利用Joinmap 4.0进行连锁分析,并通过WinQTLCart 2.5复合区间作图法对F_(2:3)群体的株高、单株结铃数和单株果枝数性状进行QTL定位。【结果】在F_2群体中共获得342个SSR标记位点,并构建了包括312个标记、35个连锁群,总长1 929.9 cM的遗传连锁图谱(标记间平均距离为9.2 cM,覆盖棉花基因组的43.4%)。经QTL定位,共检测到19个QTL,其中涉及株高的7个、单株果枝数4个、单株结铃数8个,这些QTL分布在8条染色体上,解释0.25%~11.28%的表型变异。【结论】这些与农艺性状相关的QTL有助于棉花产量分子标记辅助选择。     

苦荞SSR分子遗传图谱的构建及分析

构建苦荞遗传连锁图谱,为今后有关苦荞基因组结构、重要农艺性状QTL定位、分子标记辅助育种和基因克隆等研究工作奠定基础。以栽培苦荞‘滇宁一号’和苦荞野生近缘种杂交产生的119份F4代分离材料为作图群体,利用SSR分子标记来构建苦荞的分子遗传连锁图谱。本研究构建的连锁图谱包含15个连锁群,由89个标记组成,其中偏分离的标记有22个,占24.7%,每条连锁群上的标记在2~16之间。连锁群长度在6.9~165.8 cM的范围,覆盖基因组860.2 cM,总平均长度9.7 cM。本研究构建了首张苦荞SSR遗传连锁图谱,为苦荞QTL定位、基因克隆、遗传选育等研究奠定了基础。     

黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)种子含油量性状的QTL定位与分析

应用SRAP和SSR技术,对黄瓜种子高含油量品系Ma7与低含油量品系M6杂交组合的F2群体进行检测,获得102个分子标记,构建了7个连锁群组成的分子标记遗传图谱;图谱总长764 cM,标记间平均长度7.49 cM.应用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5对种子含油量性状进行QTL扫描,在2009年秋...     

无芥酸甘蓝型油菜十八碳不饱和脂肪酸含量的QTL定位

用无芥酸的高油酸油菜品系HOP和低油酸油菜品种湘油15为父母本构建含189单株的F₂代作图群体。F₂代单粒种子播种前采用半粒取样,F₂代单株种子采用混合取样,进行脂肪酸含量的气相色谱分析。统计检测显示这两种方法测定结果极显著相关,各种脂肪酸含量之间大部分也呈显著相关。用该群体构建含342个SSR标记的遗传连锁图并对18碳不饱和脂肪酸含量进行了QTL定位。在A5和C5连锁群上各检测到1个油酸含量主效QTL,其中位于A5连锁群的QTL效应值较大,且与FAD2基因紧密连锁;位于C5连锁群的QTL为首次报道,与之紧密连锁的标记在A5 连锁群QTL区域有同源标记,说明可能与位于C5的FAD2基因有关。用两种方法测定性状值都能检测到这2个QTL,且效应值比较接近,共能解释60%~70%油酸含量变异。由于油酸含量与亚油酸之间高度相关,定位在A5和C5的油酸含量QTL也被确认为亚油酸含量主效QTL,但利用单株法测定的性状值能在A4连锁群上再发现1个LOD值较低的亚油酸含量QTL。两种测定法能比较一致地在A4、A5和C4连锁群上检测到3个亚麻酸含量主效QTL,共能解释72%~80%亚麻酸含量变异。用半粒法能在A4连锁群还能检测到1个解释变异度为12.42%的较小LOD值的亚麻酸含量QTL。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.