SERK基因片段在平邑甜茶和四倍性后代花期前后的表达特性研究

为了探索SERK基因在苹果属植物无融合生殖习性上的功能与作用,阐明该基因在胚胎发育早期在子房或胚珠组织的表达特性,本研究以平邑甜茶及其与扎矮山定子杂交所得四倍性矮生后代28#和33#花期前后的子房中段为试材提取总RNA;利用通过平邑甜茶叶片中扩增并测序的SERK基因片段设计的特异引物,在以18S rRNA为内参基础上,采用RT-PCR技术分析了应得SERK基因片段在3份试材花期前后的表达情况。半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明,再次获得的SERK基因片段在3份试材胚胎发育的不同阶段均有表达,但表达强度有所不同。文中讨论了SERK基因片段的表达特性与胚胎发育和无融合生殖特征的关系。     

萼脊兰Actin基因片段的克隆及序列分析

从萼脊兰叶片中克隆Actin基因,为研究其生理功能及其他基因在萼脊兰中的表达和调控奠定基础。根据GenBank中登录的植物肌动蛋白基因同源核苷酸保守序列设计简并引物,以萼脊兰叶片总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR技术得到了3个Actin基因片段。序列分析结果表明,3个Actin基因片段长度均为1062 bp,编码354个氨基酸,具有Actin基因的功能位点;与其他植物同源序列进行分析表明,其核苷酸序列的同源性在80%以上,氨基酸序列的同源性在96%以上。本研究中得到的3个基因序列是Actin基因的同源片段,分别命名为SeACT1、SeACT2和SeACT3,并在GenBank注册,登录号分别为JN981138、JN981139和JN981140。     

河北毛白杨巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

植物巯基蛋白酶抑制剂(cysteine proteinase inhibitor,CPI)在林木的抗虫基因工程中发挥着越来越重要的作用,分离和克隆植物CPI基因进而研究该基因的功能是CPI基因工程研究的热点.本文应用PCR技术从我国乡土抗天牛树种河北毛白杨形成层中分离和克隆到了一个710bp大小的cDNA片段,同时对序列进行测定和分析.测序和分析结果表明,该cDNA片段含有一个429 bp的完整开放阅读框,其编码143个氨基酸残基,具有LARFAVDEHN、QXVXG和YEAKVWVKPW三个典型的植物巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因家族的高保守区段,同时在GenBank中进行了注册,核苷酸注册号为DQ020096,氨基酸注册号为AAY41807.氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,该基因与其他林木中的巯基蛋白酶抑制剂的同源性差异较大,同源性在48%～97%之间,其中与欧洲山杨的同源性最高,达到97%,与猕猴桃的同源性最低为48%.说明河北毛白杨形成层中存在CPI基因并能够有效表达,这为进一步研究该基因的抗虫功能奠定了良好的基础.     

绒毛白蜡NADH还原酶第二亚基基因(ndhB)的克隆及同源性分析

采用RT-PCR 技术克隆了绒毛白蜡NADH还原酶第二亚基cDNA 序列(FvndhB)。 FvndhB cDNA序列长893bp,由288个氨基酸残基组成,推测该序列编码的蛋白质相对分子质量为32.3kD,pI 为10.17。序列比对结果表明FvndhB与参考的8个物种的ndhBs在核酸水平上表现出较高的同源性,表明ndhB基因家族具有较高的保守性。其中与桑树的同源性最高,其次是银白杨,最后是日本柳杉。利用DNAMAN软件构建的系统进化树表明绒毛白蜡与其他植物亲缘关系较远。本研究首次从绒毛白蜡中克隆了ndhB基因,并对其进行了同源性分析,为进一步克隆绒毛白蜡ndhB全长基因及分析其表达特性奠定了基础。     

上西早生柿ETR5基因片段的克隆与植物表达载体的构建

从上西早生(Uenishiwase)柿叶片中,提取了基因组DNA。以基因组DNA为模板,经PCR扩增,克隆到一个549 bp的ETR5的DNA片段。序列分析表明,上西早生柿基因与洋梨ETR5的核苷酸同源性为79.0%,氨基酸同源性为81.0%;并且含有其他植物ETR5的保守氨基酸区和不变氨基酸残基,表明克隆到的序列是上西早生柿ETR5的基因片段。设计了2对带限制性内切酶位点的特异性引物,以测序质粒为模板,PCR扩增到2个ETR5-Uenishiwase片段。2个片段经单酶切消化后连接成反向互补的大片断。连接片断经双酶切消化后,连接到植物表达载体pBI221上,构建成Uenishiwase-ETR5基因的植物表达载体。     

万寿菊玉米黄质环氧化酶TeZEP基因片段的克隆及分析

为了研究万寿菊中玉米黄质生物合成途径的关键酶基因,首先根据不同物种的ZEP基因进行序列比对找到保守区域设计简并引物,然后利用RT-PCR方法,以万寿菊花瓣总RNA为模板克隆万寿菊ZEP基因cDNA的片段,并进行序列分析。结果表明,万寿菊ZEP基因片段长度为1 058 bp,编码352个氨基酸残基,其序列与其他植物ZEP基因同源性最大为92%;其翻译产物属于亲水性蛋白;且结构域预测结果发现TeZEP基因编码的氨基酸序列含有一个NADB_Rossmann超家族和玉米黄质环氧化酶的特征性结构黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)结合位点。本研究成功克隆了万寿菊玉米黄质环氧化酶TeZEP基因片段并对其进行了序列分析,这为进一步研究该基因功能提供了依据,也为构建转基因植物和沉默基因植株以提高玉米黄质合成量提供了一定的参考。     

紫苏苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因片段克隆及序列分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶（Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）是迷迭香酸合成途径中苯丙氨酸支路的关键酶,它催化苯丙氨酸生成肉桂酸,完成该支路第一步反应。本实验利用同源克隆方法成功克隆了紫苏PAL基因cDNA片段,命名为PerPAL-1（GenBank登录号：HQ388347.1）,该片段长399 bp,编码133个氨基酸。通过氨基酸序列比对分析,发现其氨基酸序列与丹参和藿香PAL该片段的同源性分别高达96%和95%。PAL系统进化树表明PerPAL-1与唇形科植物的PAL亲缘关系最近。PerPAL-1基因在叶中表达最强,根中次之,而在茎中表达最弱。     

粘虫EF-1a和AK基因的克隆及real time RT-PCR方法建立

为今后利用SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量法研究粘虫EF-1a和AK基因的表达情况,设计合成用于PCR扩增的引物,运用RT-PCR方法克隆EF-1a和AK基因片段,并进行序列同源性分析;然后采用SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量法设计特异性引物进行RT-PCR扩增,通过熔解曲线和标准曲线分析等建立实时RT-PCR方法。结果表明,从粘虫中克隆获得EF-1a和AK基因片段长度分别为622 bp和1020 bp,分别编码207个氨基酸和339个氨基酸;序列同源性分析结果表明,粘虫EF-1a与鳞翅目昆虫家蚕、桦尺蠖和柑桔凤蝶的EF-1a氨基酸序列同源性为95%以上;AK与鳞翅目昆虫草地贪夜蛾、烟蚜夜蛾、棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的AK氨基酸序列同源性为98%以上。熔解曲线和标准曲线结果显示,设计的EF-1a和AK基因引物均可应用于实时RT-PCR扩增。     

萼脊兰TUB基因片段的克隆及序列分析

为了给筛选萼脊兰内参基因和研究TUB基因的生理功能提供研究基础,对萼脊兰TUB基因片段进行克隆与序列分析。采用CTAB法提取萼脊兰盛花期花瓣总RNA,并运用RT-PCR方法克隆萼脊兰TUB基因序列,长度为1 055 bp,编码351个氨基酸残基,氨基酸序列中存在微管蛋白的保守区域GGGTGSG。序列分析结果表明:与其他已登录物种的TUB基因相比,其核苷酸序列的同源性达75%~96%,与朵丽蝶兰(JN185665.1)同源性高达96%,氨基酸序列的同源性也在96%以上,且与单子叶植物的同源序列表现出较高的相似性。在Gen Bank注册,登录号为KP686397。     

苹果属无融合生殖相关基因SERK1遗传转化的研究

本研究以p BI121为植物表达载体,在已构建的无融合生殖基因表达载体p BI121-Mh SERK1和p BI121-Mhd SERK1的基础上,利用根癌农杆菌介导法,将苹果属无融合生殖相关基因SERK1转入受体植株烟草中。研究结果表明:烟草叶片浸染后,经共培养和选择培养形成再生芽,分别获得7株p BI121-Mh SERK1和6株p BI121-Mhd SERK1转烟草抗性植株,PCR检测证明已成功获得Mh SERK1和Mhd SERK1烟草转化株系。本研究可为下一步无融合生殖相关基因功能验证研究奠定基础。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.