7个木薯品种的氢氰酸含量研究

为了研究木薯不同品种的氢氰酸含量差异,本研究选用硝酸银滴定法,对7个不同品种木薯(‘华南5号’、‘华南7号’、‘华南9号’、‘华南124’、‘华南205’、‘华南8013’、‘ZM8625’)不同部位(叶片、茎秆、去周皮块根和带周皮块根)的氢氰酸的含量进行测定。结果表明,7个品种木薯叶片中氢氰酸含量最高的是‘华南9号’,最低的是‘华南8013’;茎秆中氢氰酸含量最高的是‘ZM8625’,最低的是‘华南9号’;去周皮块根和带周皮块根中氢氰酸含量最高的均是‘华南205’,带周皮块根中最低的是‘华南7号’,去周皮块根中最低的是‘华南9号’;‘华南205’各部位的氢氰酸含量均较高。7个品种木薯叶片和茎秆氢氰酸含量均大于块根中氢氰酸含量,带周皮块根氢氰酸含量均约为去周皮块根氢氰酸含量的2倍,去周皮块根氢氰酸含量均极显著低于其他部位。结果说明,木薯氢氰酸含量主要大量集中在叶片、茎杆和周皮中;‘华南8013’叶片可开发为优质菜用或饲料资源,‘华南9号’块根可开发为优质食用或饲用资源。     

七个木薯品种的氢氰酸含量研究

为了研究木薯不同品种的氢氰酸含量差异,本研究选用硝酸银滴定法,对七个不同品种木薯（‘华南5号’、‘华南7号’、‘华南9号’、‘华南124’、‘华南205’、‘华南8013’、‘ZM8625’）不同部位（叶片、茎秆、去周皮块根和带周皮块根）的氢氰酸的含量进行测定。结果表明,七个品种木薯叶片中氢氰酸含量最高的是‘华南9号’,最低的是‘华南8013’;茎秆中氢氰酸含量最高的是‘ZM8625’,最低的是‘华南9号’;去周皮块根和带周皮块根中氢氰酸含量最高的均是‘华南205’,带周皮块根中最低的是华南7号’,去周皮块根中最低的是‘华南9号’;‘华南205’各部位的氢氰酸含量均较高。七个品种木薯叶片和茎秆氢氰酸含量均大于块根中氢氰酸含量,带周皮块根氢氰酸含量均约为去周皮块根氢氰酸含量的2倍,去周皮块根氢氰酸含量均极显著低于其他部位。结果说明,木薯氢氰酸含量主要大量集中在叶片、茎杆和周皮中;华南8013叶片可开发为优质菜用或饲料资源,华南9号块根可开发为优质食用或饲用资源。     

不同生长期木薯叶片的品质比较分析

为提高木薯副产物综合利用率，以‘SC9’、‘SC12’、‘SC6068’、‘热引1 号’4 个食用木薯品种的叶片为研究对象，比较分析幼叶、嫩叶、老叶3 个生长期，不同脱氰处理对其氢氰酸、总黄酮、蛋白质等品质指标的影响，并利用SAS系统进行主成分综合评价。结果表明，烘干处理后叶片的营养损失较少，但氰化物含量极显著高于食品安全标准；70℃水浴处理后氰化物含量在食品安全范围内，但总黄酮含量急剧降低。从品种和叶片生长期各指标看，品种间和不同生长期间均存在显著差异，其中‘SC6068’叶片总黄酮最高，达31.663 mg/g。经主成分综合评价发现，从生育期看，4个品种嫩叶烘干处理优于70℃水浴处理，但氰化物含量偏高；从品种看，‘SC12’和‘SC6068’2 个品种烘干处理优于70℃水浴处理，其综合评价值F1分别是2.5892、2.5272，可考虑将其作为食品和抗氧化活性物质资源化开发利用。总之，本研究表明不同木薯品种叶片加工利用方式与叶片黄酮含量和氰化物含量密切相关，直接干燥对黄酮类物质的影响较小，适用于发酵型饲料加工利用；而70℃水浴处理叶片氰化物含量较低，适用于食品原料加工。     

高粉与低粉木薯品种叶片光合作用日变化及淀粉积累的研究

为了阐明高粉和低粉木薯叶片光合作用及淀粉累积的日变化规律,以高粉木薯品种‘辐选01’和低粉品种‘华南124’苗期叶片为对象,对叶片光合作用的日变化、叶片中的可溶性糖（葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖）及总糖、淀粉含量、气孔密度等进行比较研究。结果表明：随着光强的增加,高粉品种‘辐选01’的光合速率较低粉品种‘华南124’高;且‘辐选01’叶片上表皮与下表皮的气孔密度都显著高于‘华南124’;2个木薯品种叶片中蔗糖、可溶性总糖含量在一天中是不断积累、逐渐增加的。在一天当中,木薯叶片中淀粉含量在18:00时达到最高。而高粉品种‘辐选01’的光合作用能力在一天当中与低粉品种‘华南124’存在较大差异,在8:00—14:00之间,‘辐选01’的光合作用能力与糖分积累较‘华南124’高,而在16:00—18:00之间,‘华南124’的光合作用能力与糖分积累较高,这可能与午后温室温度上升引起叶片温度过高,叶绿体活性与Rubisico活性降低、RuBP羧化酶再生能力降低导致了‘辐选01’的光合作用能力比‘华南124’的低。     

4个木薯新品种引种试种适应性研究初报

以当地栽培的主要品种作对照,研究了引进的4个木薯新品种华南5号（SCS）、华南6号（SC6）、华南7号（SC7）、华南8号（SC8）的适应性。结果表明：在试种区,4个木薯新品种均表现出较强的抗病能力;华南5号和华南7号出现一定的倒伏情况,说明这两个品种抗风、耐倒伏能力差;华南7号、华南5号、华南8号和华南6号的产量均比对照品种明显提高,华南7号的产量与对照品种产量成差异显著;华南5号干物质含量比对照品种干物质含量高且差异显著．华南6号和华南8号干物质含量与对照品种相当。华南7号干物质含量比对照品种干物质含量低且差异显著;华南8号和华南5号淀粉含量与对照品种相当．华南6号和华南7号淀粉含量比对照品种淀粉含量低且差异显著。     

复盐胁迫对木薯幼苗光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究复盐胁迫对木薯幼苗光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。本研究以‘华南8号’和‘桂热911’为代表试材，采用盆栽法，设置0 (CK)、0.05、0.1、0.15、0.2 mol/L 5个复盐处理浓度，对不同浓度复盐处理后的木薯幼苗叶绿素含量、光合参数和抗氧化酶活性进行测定分析。结果表明，复盐胁迫下，‘华南8号’和‘桂热911’幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量呈先上升后下降的趋势，浓度为0.15 mol/L时叶绿素含量最高，分别是2.52 mg/g、2.35 mg/g；光合参数Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、WUE及Ls总体呈先上升后下降的趋势，低浓度复盐胁迫下光合速率‘华南8号’＞‘桂热911’，高浓度复盐胁迫下品种间差异不显著。相同浓度复盐胁迫下‘桂热911’的SOD、POD和CAT活性均高于‘华南8号’。综合NaCl-Na2SO4胁迫对‘华南8号’和‘桂热911’光合指标和抗氧化酶活性的影响，‘桂热911’对NaCl-Na2SO4胁迫的耐受性高于‘华南8号’。     

高氰和低氰木薯生氰葡萄糖苷酶Linamarase基因的组织表达差异分析

旨在降低或去除木薯的生氰糖苷,获得安全无毒木薯新品种。本研究以高氰和低氰5 个品种的木薯为材料,通过RT-PCR 方法,研究了生氰葡萄糖苷酶基因Linamarase 在木薯中的表达情况。木薯Linamarase 基因只在地上部分表达;5 个木薯品种,包括低氰和高氰品种,在块根中也均未检测到Linamarase 基因的表达。在地上部分中,顶芽的表达量要远远大于茎和成熟叶片的表达量,而且低氰和高氰品种在顶芽的表达量基本相同,但是低氰品种茎及成熟叶片中Linamarase 的表达量比高氰品种相对较高。木薯生氰糖苷酶Linamarase 在不同木薯品种不同组织的表达情况的不同,可以为筛选安全无毒木薯品种提供一个参考。     

木薯叶片可溶性糖含量与块根淀粉积累的关系

试验以辐选01，华南5号(SC5)，新选048，新选056，南洋红（SC201），华南205(SC205)，GR891，华南124（SC124）为材料，分别在块根形成期、块根膨大期和工艺成熟期测定叶片可溶性糖含量和块根淀粉含量，探讨木薯叶片可溶性含量与块根淀粉积累的关系。结果表明，从块根形成期到工艺成熟期，叶片可溶性总糖含量与块根淀粉积累都逐渐增加，叶片可溶性总糖含量与块根淀粉积累呈正相关，从块根膨大期到工艺成熟期，叶片还原糖含量逐浙增加，与块根淀粉积累呈正相关，而叶片蔗糖含量逐浙降低。与块根淀粉积累呈负相关。8个品种都有同样的趋势。     

木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因遗传转化木薯的研究

旨在获得转淀粉分支酶反义SBEⅠ基因的‘华南木薯8号’转基因植株,为利用转基因技术改良木薯淀粉品质打下基础。在建立了木薯从胚状体子叶到完整植株的再生体系的基础上,用块根特异表达启动子Sporamin驱动的木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因,通过农杆菌介导法对‘华南木薯8号’进行遗传转化。共接种‘华南木薯8号’子叶517块,获得7株生长良好的转化再生植株,转化再生频率达到1.35%。经PCR检测,其中5株转化再生植株扩增出目的条带,初步证实木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因已整合进了‘华南木薯8号’基因组中。通过农杆菌介导法可以将淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因导入到‘华南木薯8号’基因组中,获得了5株转基因植株。     

木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因遗传转化木薯的研究

旨在获得转淀粉分支酶反义SBEI基因的‘华南木薯8号’转基因植株,为利用转基因技术改良木薯淀粉品质打下基础。在建立了木薯从胚状体子叶到完整植株的再生体系的基础上,用块根特异表达启动子Sporamin驱动的木薯淀粉分支酶SBEI反义基因,通过农杆菌介导法对‘华南木薯8号’进行遗传转化。共接种‘华南木薯8号’子叶517块,获得7株生长良好的转化再生植株,转化再生频率达到1.35%。经PCR检测,其中5株转化再生植株扩增出目的条带,初步证实木薯淀粉分支酶SBEI反义基因已整合进了‘华南木薯8号’基因组中。通过农杆菌介导法可以将淀粉分支酶SBEI反义基因导入到‘华南木薯8号’基因组中,获得了5株转基因植株。     

木薯氰化物合成限速酶CYP79D2基因克隆与序列分析

亚麻苦苷和百脉根甙等氰化物是木薯块茎、茎叶等组织或器官中的剧毒物质,细胞色素p450是调控氰化物生物合成的关键酶基因,克隆有关酶基因对于理解木薯氰化物代谢和通过转基因对木薯氰化物的改良具有重要意义。根据国际数据库中的木薯氰化物合成限速酶基因序列信息,设计特异引物,通过同源克隆法,从木薯中克隆出1626bp cDNA基因序列。序列分析表明,克隆基因共编码541个氨基酸,与数据库中的木薯CYP79D2基因在核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列同源性上均达到99％,并含有相应基因家族的保守区域,确定克隆到木薯CYP79D2全长基因。     

Classification of cassava into ‘bitter’ and ‘cool’ in Malawi: From farmers' perception to characterisation by molecular markers

Cassava roots, a major food in Africa, contain cyanogenic glucosides that may cause toxic effects. Malawian women farmers considered fields of seemingly similar cassava plants to be mixes of both ‘cool’ and ‘bitter’ cultivars. They regard roots from ‘cool’ cultivars as non-toxic. Roots of ‘bitter’ were considered to require extensive traditional processing done by women to be safe for consumption. But curiously, these women farmers preferred ‘bitter’ cultivars since toxicity confers protection against theft, which was a serious threat to the food security of their families. We studied how well these farmers comprehend the effects of genetic variations in cassava when dealing with cyanogenesis in this complex system. Using molecular markers we show that most plants farmers identified as belonging to a particular named cultivar had a genotype typical of that cultivar. Farmers' ethno-classification into ‘cool’ and ‘bitter’ cultivars corresponded to a genetic sub-division of the typical genotypes of the most common cultivars, with four-fold higher cyanogenic glucoside levels in the bitter cultivars. Examining morphology, farmers distinguished genotypes better than did the investigators when using a standard botanical key. Undoubtedly, these women farmers grasp sufficiently the genetic diversity of cassava with regard to cyanogenesis to simultaneously benefit from it and avoid its dangers. Consequently, acyanogenic cassava – the breeding of which is an announced good of some cassava genetic improvement programmes – is not a priority to these farmers. Advances in molecular genetics can help improve food supply in Africa by rapid micropropagation, marker assisted breeding and introduction of transgenic varieties, but can also help to elucidate tropical small-scale farmers' needs and skills. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

5个木薯品种生理特性与主要农艺性状的研究

对木薯品种西选07、桂垦09-11、辐选01、南植199和华南205的生理特性和主要农艺性状进行比较研究。结果表明,5个木薯品种的叶片叶绿素、蔗糖、可溶性糖含量、农艺性状、产量和淀粉含量有显著差异。西选07块根产量最高,其次是桂垦09-11和辐选01;南植199淀粉含量最高,其次是辐选01和西选07;西选07淀粉产量最高,其次是辐选01和桂垦09-11;西选07单株块根数、块根长、块根粗和块根重最高,其次是桂垦09-11和辐选01;南植199叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖含量最高,其次是西选07和辐选01。叶片蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均与块根淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,可作为高淀粉木薯品种评价的生理指标。淀粉产量综合反映木薯淀粉生产能力,可作为木薯品种品质评价的指标。     

Linamarin content and genetic stability of cassava plants derived by somatic embryogenesis

A protocol was established for high frequency cyclic somatic embryogenesis for different varieties of cassava. An efficient plant regeneration system was developed for the high cyanogenic variety PRC60a. Linamarin content and linamarase activity were determined in various tissues of secondary somatic embryos and regenerated plants of PRC 60a. Both linamarin and linamarase activity were not detected in embryogenic callus, roots induced from callus and somatic embryo tissues. The stems and leaves of regenerated plants (in vitro) and storage roots and leaves of mature plants (in vivo), however, contained variable amounts of linamarin and linamarase activity whereas in the non storage root tissues (in vitro) only linamarin was detected. The present study suggested that the linamarin biosynthetic pathway may be absent or not switched on in the embryogenic callus and somatic embryos. The ploidy level and somatic chromosome number of the regenerated plants were found to be same as the source plants. The availability of this regeneration system would be useful not only for investigating cyanogenesis but also for genetic manipulation in cassava. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

木薯不同部位光合同化产物分配的研究

摘要：本试验以南洋红、SC124、GR911、巴西种及GR891为试验材料,分析各木薯品种光合产物蔗糖和淀粉在不同部位的分配。试验结果表明：叶片同化产物蔗糖,直接通过韧皮部的运输到达块根,在块根中通过淀粉合成酶,转化成淀粉,随着块根淀粉含量的增大,叶片、块根中蔗糖含量也有增大的趋势,随着木薯块根淀粉积累的速度增加,叶片、叶柄中淀粉含量呈逐步减少的趋势。     

Variation of quality traits in cassava roots evaluated in landraces and improved clones

About 70 million people obtain more than 500 cal per day from cassava roots. The crop is fundamental as food security of poor rural communities, but little is known about variability of root nutritional and quality traits. Roots from 2457 genotypes comprising landraces and improved clones, were screened for their nutritional (cyanogenic potential, carotene, minerals, and sugars contents) and agronomic (dry matter content, color intensity, and postharvest physiological deterioration) traits. The objective was to assess the range of variation for the traits evaluated to define future research strategies. Results are mostly based on unreplicated measurements. Carotene contents in the roots ranged from 0.102 to 1.040 mg/100 g fresh tissue and correlated positively with color intensity (ρ = 0.860) and cyanogenic potential (ρ = 0.305). Average levels of Fe and Zn were 17.1 and 7.5 mg/kg, respectively. Many clones derived from Meso-America showed high protein levels in the roots, probably as a result of the introgression from wild relatives only found in that region. The observed values for carotene, proteins and minerals contents suggest the potential for improving the nutritive value of cassava.