氮素供应对不同小麦品种产量和品质的影响

研究了氮肥用量对不同强筋小主品质和品种产量的影响。试验结果表明,增施氮肥能促进不同强筋小麦群体发育,提高产量。在0～300kg/hm~2施氮范围内,随施氮量增加产量逐渐提高,强筋小麦蛋白质含量和面筋含量提高,但其他品质指标却因品种不同受施氮量影响不一致。在本试验中,济麦20的平均产量最高,临优145的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和面包评分均最高。     

农艺措施对中优9507小麦蛋白组分和加工品质的调节效应

通过不同栽培措施对小麦蛋白质组分及面包加工品质影响的研究,结果表明,在小麦生长中、后期减少浇水次数,可以提高球蛋白、谷蛋白质和总蛋白含量,并可提高沉降值,延长面团形成时间和稳定时间,使面包体积有所增加.增施氮、磷肥使谷蛋白和总蛋白含量有所增加.适当叶面喷氮可以增加球蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量,并可提高籽粒硬度     

提高小麦品质的氮肥运筹技术(二)

1.8　施氮时期对小麦子粒蛋白质含量的影响不同时期追施相同氮肥,对子粒蛋白质含量的影响也不尽相同。一般情况下,随追氮时期的后移,子粒蛋白质含量有逐渐提高的趋势。据试验在返青、起身、拔节、孕穗、扬花、灌浆6个时期分别进行相同数量的施氮处理,其子粒蛋白质含量逐渐增加。蛋白质产量受子粒蛋白质含量和子粒产量两个因素制约,也就是说,蛋白质产量等于子粒产量和蛋白质含量的乘积。在上述的试验中,在拔节期~孕穗期追肥时达到高峰,以后追肥虽使蛋白质含量继续增加,但是子粒产量下降,导致蛋白质产量逐渐降低。一般在拔节期追施氮肥增产效果最好,故子粒蛋白质产量也最高。我们在不同浇水条件下,……     

华北农牧交错区两种土壤类型下青饲玉米的施氮效应

针对华北农牧交错区饲草量少质差的现实问题, 在区域草甸栗钙土和沙质栗钙土条件下, 研究了氮肥不同施用量对青饲玉米产量与品质形成及肥水利用效果的影响。结果表明, 草甸栗钙土田和沙质栗钙土田施氮比不施氮青饲玉米生物产量分别增加36.1%和106.0%, 植株氮素含量分别提高108.0%和81.9%, 且在草甸栗钙土田出现氮素的奢侈吸收现象; 施氮使草甸栗钙土田玉米植株磷素含量提高10.9%, 但沙质栗钙土田玉米磷素含量降低; 玉米植株粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量和产量均随施氮量增加而显著增加, 草甸栗钙土田分别增产1.60倍和2.10倍, 沙质栗钙土田分别增产2.74倍和1.36倍; 施氮显著提高青饲玉米的水分利用效率, 草甸栗钙土田增幅为27%~45%, 相当于多供水82.5~135.7 mm; 沙质栗钙土田增幅为95%~97%, 相当于多供水294.9~258.5 mm。故华北农牧交错区青饲玉米施氮是快速提高饲草产量和营养品质以及高效利用肥水资源的有效技术手段, 草甸栗钙土田不超过200 kg hm^-2、沙质栗钙土田不少于135 kg hm^-2, 是兼顾玉米产量、品质与肥水高效利用的适宜施氮量。     

寒地水稻不同施氮水平对水稻产量、品质的影响

采用单因素重复试验研究不同施氮水平对龙稻5号和东农428产量及品质的影响。结果表明：不同施氮水平对龙稻5号和东农428的平方米穗数、穗粒数、空瘪粒、千粒重及产量影响差异显著,龙稻5号的平方米穗数随施氮量的增加而增加,穗粒数、千粒重、产量在施氮水平0-135kg/hm2范围内随施氮量的增加而增加,但施氮量达到175kg/hm2时,穗粒数下降,空瘪粒高;东农428也具有相同的变化趋势。蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量随施氮量增加而增加;但东农428直链淀粉含量在施氮量为175kg/hm2时含量下降。龙稻5号和东农428的糙米率、精米率和整精米率以135kg/hm2施肥水平最高。龙稻5号垩白度和垩白率处理间差异显著,东农428胶稠度处理间差异显著,随施氮水平的提高,胶稠度降低。     

氮钾配施对强筋小麦济麦20产量和品质的影响

为了给强筋小麦品种济麦20优质高产配套栽培提供理论依据及技术支撑,在大田高产栽培条件下,研究了氮钾肥施用量及其配比对强筋小麦品种济麦20产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮和钾及其互作对小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响均达到显著或极显著水平,以每公顷施氮225kg、K2O150kg的处理产量最高。随着氮和钾肥的增加出粉率和容重均呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量、沉降值均随施氮量增加而增加,籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量在每公顷施K2O 0-150Kg范围内随施钾量的增加而增多,到每公顷施K2O 210kg的处理反而降低,而沉降值随着钾肥的增加而降低。氮钾配比对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响未达到显著水平,但对湿面筋含量、沉降值的影响达到显著水平。氮肥能提高小麦面团的弹性,钾肥则提高了面团的延伸性,氮钾配比极显著提高了拉伸面积。     

氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响

为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^–25个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,施氮显著提高冬油菜籽粒产量及氮含量,与不施氮相比,氮肥施用后平均增产1548 kg hm^–2,平均增产率达32.9%,在施氮量为0～270 kg N hm^–2范围内,油菜籽产量随氮肥施用量显著增加,继续增施氮肥,油菜籽产量无明显变化或有下降趋势,施氮主要通过提高单株角果数来提高油菜籽粒产量。施氮显著增加了籽粒蛋白质含量,当施氮量达270 kg N hm^–2时籽粒氮含量和蛋白质含量最高。施氮显著降低籽粒含油量,氮肥用量每增加100 kg N hm^–2,籽粒含油量下降1.6个百分点。随着氮肥用量的增加,籽粒硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸以及饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸和硬脂酸)呈升高趋势,亚油酸呈降低趋势,油菜籽粒品质整体呈降低趋势。综上所述,以...     

不同春小麦品种对氮肥处理的响应

为探究春小麦品种对氮肥的响应特征,采用盆栽方式,选用来自埃及的Egypt1和Egypt2、来自我国天津的津强6号和津强11号4个春小麦品种,设不施氮（B1）、施尿素1g/盆（B2）和施尿素1.5g/盆（B3）3个施氮处理,于小麦成熟期测定植株性状、产量和籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量。结果表明,Egypt2的穗长、穗粒数、小穗数、千粒重、产量均高于津强6号,但津强6号的籽粒总蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高;随着拔节期施氮量的增加,小麦穗粒数、千粒重、产量、蛋白质及其组分含量均逐渐增高,其中B3处理最高;不同处理组合中,施氮量较高处理下Egypt2的千粒重和产量最高,施氮量较高的津强6号的籽粒总蛋白质及其组分含量最高,拔节期施氮量增多,有利于提高小麦产量、总蛋白质及其组分含量。由此可知,不同品种中,Egypt2的产量最高,津强6号的总蛋白质含量最高;合理施氮肥可以提高小麦的产量和品质,施尿素1.5g/盆的氮肥处理小麦生长最好。品种和施氮量对小麦的产量和品质有较大影响。     

水氮耦合对济麦20籽粒蛋白质组分及品质的影响

在高肥条件下,研究了不同水氮组合对强筋小麦品种济麦20籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质组分和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明影响小麦籽粒品质的主导因素是灌水。相同施氮水平下,各灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量、单体蛋白含量均显著低于不灌水处理,但不同灌水处理间无显著差异。随灌水次数增加,不溶性谷蛋白(高分子量谷蛋白)含量呈下降趋势,可溶性谷蛋白(低分子量谷蛋白)含量呈上升趋势,谷蛋白聚合指数（不溶性谷蛋白含量/谷蛋白总量）降低,粉质仪参数（面团稳定时间和形成时间）也相应降低,表明灌水次数增加导致籽粒品质变劣的主要原因是不溶性谷蛋白积累减少。施氮168 kg/hm²条件下,氮肥拔节期全量追施处理的籽粒产量不降低,而其籽粒品质显著优于分次施肥处理（50%基施、50%拔节期追施）,且与240 kg N/hm²分次施用处理差异不显著。因此,在高产水平下,氮肥全量追施可作为兼顾籽粒产量和品质的推荐运筹模式。     

氮肥运筹对江淮麦区饲料大麦籽粒产量与品质的影响

为给江淮麦区饲料大麦生产氮肥合理施用提供参考,于2012－2014年连续2年以盐丰1号和扬饲麦1号2个饲料大麦品种为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥用量与运筹比例对大麦籽粒产量与品质的影响。结果表明,氮肥用量增加使2个品种的产量随之增加,施氮量从A1（90 kg／hm2）增至A2（210 kg／hm2）时,盐丰1号、扬饲麦1号平均产量分别增加16．4％,31．6％,施氮量从A2增至A3（330 kg／hm2）时,处理间产量差异不显著;相同施氮量不同运筹比例对2个品种产量影响不明显;对于籽粒品质,施氮量从A1增至A2时,盐丰1号与扬饲麦1号籽粒蛋白质含量增幅分别为8．6％～10．2％和8．8％～10．8％,施氮量从A2增至A3时,籽粒蛋白质含量也有增加,但未达显著水平;施氮量的增加使2个品种籽粒淀粉含量略有下降,但降幅不明显;相同施氮量不同运筹比例对2个品种籽粒品质影响不显著。氮肥处理下产量与农艺性状相关分析表明,用氮肥来调控大麦产量可能主要是通过调控穗粒数与穗数来实现增产。综合考虑,建议在江淮麦区生产上大麦氮肥施用方案为,总施氮量为210 kg／hm2,氮肥运筹比例为基肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥以5∶2∶3或6∶2∶2为宜。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.