重金属镉对甜菜中几种微量元素吸收的影响特点

以甜菜作为供试材料,在营养液中添加不同浓度的Cd~(2+),研究重金属镉对甜菜微量元素营养吸收影响,为进一步研究镉污染对甜菜生长的影响提供基础数据,为甜菜安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)随着Cd~(2+)浓度增加,甜菜幼苗逐渐褪绿变黄,幼苗干鲜重降低;(2)镉胁迫后甜菜幼苗吸收Cd~(2+)浓度呈增加趋势;(3)在营养液中添加Cd~(2+),致使根、茎、叶中的硼、铜、锌、铁、锰、钼都发生不同程度的改变,其含量有的增加、有的减少。在营养液中由于镉元素的存在,影响甜菜的营养吸收,破坏了营养平衡致使甜菜生长发生改变,产生不同程度的危害。随着营养液中Cd~(2+)浓度增加,甜菜幼苗受到危害变重,镉影响明显。     

腐植酸钠对铅、镉胁迫小麦种子萌发及生长的影响

为研究不同浓度腐植酸钠对主要重金属(铅,镉)胁迫下小麦种子萌发及生长的影响,以小麦品种‘鲁麦21号’为材料,用不同浓度Pb~(2+)溶液、Cd~(2+)溶液处理小麦种子,观察记录不同浓度Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)溶液对小麦种子萌发和生长的影响,筛选出Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)胁迫浓度,在胁迫浓度下观察不同浓度的腐植酸钠对小麦种子的萌发及生长的影响。研究结果表明:铅、镉胁迫会降低小麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,使小麦幼苗的芽和根的生长受到抑制,其中以400 mg/L(Pb~(2+))、100滋mol/L(Cd~(2+))处理最明显。一定浓度的腐植酸钠处理提高了该Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)胁迫下小麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标,促进了小麦幼苗芽和根的生长,部分缓解了铅、镉对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的破坏和抑制作用。但随着腐殖酸钠浓度的增大,其对铅、镉胁迫的缓解效应逐渐减弱,甚至与铅、镉起协同作用,反而加重了对小麦的毒害。本研究初步阐明了腐植酸钠对铅镉胁迫下小麦种子萌发及生长的影响,可为重金属污染农田的作物生产活动以及相关基础研究提供一定参考。     

镉胁迫对河岸带草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本研究以青葙、紫花地丁、酸模叶蓼、短叶水蜈蚣、含羞草、白花鬼针草种子为材料,通过测定发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长等指标,研究不同浓度镉胁迫对这6种河岸带草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)除低浓度Cd~(2+)(10 mg·L~(-1))处理组,酸模叶蓼的发芽势小幅上升(p0.05),含羞草活力指数有所上升(p0.05)外,其他所有处理组植物的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均随着Cd~(2+)浓度升高而出现不同程度的下降,其中,青葙、酸模叶蓼在镉胁迫条件下表现相对稳定。2)高Cd~(2+)浓度明显抑制6种草本植物幼苗根、芽的生长,低浓度Cd~(2+)(10 mg·L~(-1))有利于含羞草和外来植物白花鬼针草幼苗的生长,Cd~(2+)浓度超过100 mg·L~(-1)后,短叶水蜈蚣已达到致死剂量。综上所述:青葙、酸模叶蓼、含羞草、白花鬼针草等草本植物可作为河岸带生态恢复优先考虑的物种。     

NAA浸种对镉胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨萘乙酸(NAA)浸种对镉胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以郑单958玉米种子为试验材料,采用培养皿滤纸发芽法,研究了不同浓度NAA浸种对Cd~(2+)胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,与单独Cd~(2+)胁迫相比,一定浓度NAA浸种缓解了Cd~(2+)胁迫对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,使其发芽势和发芽率升高,苗高、根长、侧根数和鲜重增加,以NAA浓度为5 mg·L~(-1)缓解效果最好,过高浓度NAA浸种抑制玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

稀土镧缓解玉米镉胁迫的生理生化反应及其转录组分析

为了找到玉米缓解重金属镉胁迫的方法,采用稀土镧缓解玉米镉胁迫的生理生化反应,结合转录组分析,研究其缓解机理。试验发现:Cd~(2+)处理会抑制玉米幼苗的根长和地上部分的正常生长,并且这种抑制作用会随着Cd~(2+)浓度的升高而变的愈发明显。低浓度的La~(3+)溶液(10,20 mg/L)会对玉米幼苗的生长产生一定的促进作用,而较高浓度的La~(3+)溶液(40 mg/L)则会对玉米幼苗的生长产生抑制作用。喷施镧溶液会使Cd~(2+)胁迫下的玉米幼苗生长状况得到改善,SOD、POD、CAT的活性与镉胁迫相比显著降低,但是与对照相比还是略高。采用二代测序技术,对镧处理下镉胁迫玉米根部样品进行转录组分析。以单独镉处理为对照,分析其差异表达基因,发现差异表达基因主要富集在淀粉和蔗糖代谢、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢以及植物激素信号转导4条通路。通过试验得出,喷施镧溶液可以缓解玉米幼苗受到的镉胁迫,但不会使其恢复到正常状态。通过转录组测序推测出稀土缓解重金属胁迫的原因可能与以上4条通路的相关基因有关,为后续针对稀土响应重金属胁迫的相关研究提供了候选分子资源。     

不同浓度褪黑素对豆瓣菜镉积累的影响

为提高豆瓣菜对镉胁迫抗逆性的同时有效降低其镉含量,采用盆栽试验,研究了在镉(5 mg/kg)胁迫下,不同浓度褪黑素(0,25,50,100,150,200μmol/kg)对豆瓣菜生物量、镉含量、光和色素含量、抗氧化酶活性以及土壤酶活性、p H、有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,褪黑素有效提高了豆瓣菜叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,且均随着褪黑素浓度的升高呈现上升的趋势。豆瓣菜根、茎、叶的生物量及叶片光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)的含量均随着褪黑素浓度的升高出现先上升后下降的趋势,并在褪黑素浓度为50μmol/kg时达到最大值;而豆瓣菜根、茎、叶的镉含量随着褪黑素浓度的升高出现先下降后上升的趋势,并在褪黑素浓度为50μmol/kg时最低,分别较对照降低了9. 82%,7. 42%,8. 19%。另外,与对照相比,褪黑素显著提高了种植过豆瓣菜的土壤有效态镉含量及土壤蔗糖酶的活性,且随着褪黑素浓度的升高出现上升的趋势;而随着褪黑素浓度的升高,土壤p H值则出现下降的趋势。综上,适宜浓度的褪黑素可以在提高豆瓣菜对镉胁迫抗逆性的同时有效降低豆瓣菜对土壤镉的吸收,其中褪黑素浓度为50μmol/kg时效果最好,可为镉污染地区豆瓣菜的栽培生产提供参考。     

镉胁迫对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长和淀粉酶活性的影响

以水稻秀水11为材料,采用室内培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明,镉对水稻种子萌发的影响较小,只有在高浓度镉胁迫下发芽率才受到明显影响。随着镉胁迫浓度的提高,发芽指数、活力指数、根长、淀粉酶活性明显降低。镉胁迫对水稻种子根生长的抑制作用大于芽,α-淀粉酶大于β-淀粉酶。     

Cd、水分单一及复合胁迫对异叶天南星叶片抗氧化酶的活性影响

为探讨Cd、水分单一及复合胁迫条件下对异叶天南星叶片伤害及其抗氧化酶活性的响应,研究并比较了不同浓度Cd (200、400、800 mmol/L)和水分胁迫（PEG6000模拟,浓度分别为10%、20%、40%）条件下异叶天南星叶片的丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：在单一、复合胁迫条件下,相对于对照来说,MDA含量呈上升趋势,SOD、POD、CAT整体呈现先升高后降低趋势。同时,对于比较同水平浓度下单一因子胁迫而言,复合胁迫MDA含量体现出协同效应,SOD、POD、CAT则体现协同或拮抗效应。     

镉及镉与铁、锌互作对水稻生长的影响

为了研究铁、锌与镉在吸收运转上的互作效应及其对苗期水稻生长的影响,采用木村B溶液培养试验,以水稻品种威优46和C两优266为材料,应用随机区组设计,添加0.0,0.1,0.5,1.0,2.0 mg/kg Cd~(2+)处理,以及CK(1.0 mg/kg Cd~(2+))、TFe(CK+5.0 mg/kg Fe~(2+))和TZn(CK+5.0 mg/kg Zn~(2+))处理。结果表明,随着镉浓度的增加,2个水稻品种地上部干质量和根部镉转运系数呈下降趋势,而地上部和根部镉含量、总镉含量和根部镉净吸收量呈上升趋势,且威优46的地上部干质量和镉含量均高于C两优266。外源添加Fe~(2+)显著提高了C两优266的地上部干质量,显著降低了威优46根部镉含量,但对2个水稻品种其他部位的镉含量以及镉转运的影响不大,表明Fe~(2+)处理后可以抑制威优46根部对镉的吸收。Zn~(2+)处理增加了2个品种水稻的根部和地上部分干质量以及地上部镉含量,但是降低了威优46根部镉含量,这表明Zn~(2+)处理后促进了Cd~(2+)从根部到地上部的转运,且通过抑制水稻根部发育从而降低水稻对Cd~(2+)的吸收。由此可见,外源添加Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)可以缓解镉对水稻生长发育的毒害作用,且缓解程度存在明显的品种差异。     

3种草本植物种子萌发及幼苗初期对镉胁迫的生理响应

通过溶液培养探讨了不同浓度镉胁迫下,韭菜、凤仙花和紫云英种子萌发及幼苗初期叶绿素、丙二醛含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明:低镉浓度(≤50 mg/L)促进种子萌发,中高浓度(≥100 mg/L)抑制种子萌发;发芽指数和活力指数均随着镉浓度增加而下降;当镉≥50 mg/L时,根长和芽长均与对照差异显著(p＜0.05),明显阻碍幼苗生长,且根比芽对胁迫敏感;高浓度镉明显阻碍叶绿素的合成;丙二醛含量及抗氧化酶活性均随着胁迫浓度提高呈先升后降的趋势,说明低浓度镉激活植物自身的保护系统发挥作用,高浓度镉抑制其发挥作用.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.