Examining the Global Machine Tool Industry: Transitions or Continuity?

Examining and comparing a country's machine tool industry often can be used to gauge its quality, productivity, and innovation in manufacturing as a whole. It can also indicate wider trends in global manufacturing. This paper, accordingly, examines changes in the global machine tool industry since 1990 in terms of several metrics, including production, industrial concentration, exports, and lastly, firm‐level leadership patterns. A broad framework entailing evolutionary economic geography, specifically, path dependence, and global production networks, informs this research. Several noteworthy patterns emerge from the data, including the sustained dominance of a select number of national machine tool industries; several former manufacturing powers in decline; and the emergence of a few national machine tool producers, notably China. The article concludes with a discussion of these changes, possible implications for manufacturing at large, and avenues for future research.     

雷州半岛夏季休闲耕作制度初探

为了探索适合雷州半岛推广的休耕制度，为促进当地耕作制度的改革提供理论参考，本研究分析了雷州半岛的自然环境条件、农业生产现状及其存在的问题：自然灾害严重；连作，病虫害严重；部分农作物产品上市期与其他地方同类农作物产品的上市期重叠，致使农民生产经济效益不高等。由此认为：雷州半岛具有得天独厚的热带气候资源，发展农业很有优势。但是，该地区农业生产也面临着很多限制因素，其耕作制度也存在很多问题。雷州半岛农业应以冬春季为主要生产季节，使其逐渐成为当地的农业主导季节，而在夏季则对其耕地实行休耕与培肥措施相结合，避免恶劣天气对作物生产的危害，也使农田得到休养生息、快速恢复和提升耕地生产力，推行“秋、冬种春收”的生产模式，有利于提高当地农业生产效益。     

池塘循环流水养殖模式(IPA)应用现状及发展潜力

为了进一步推进中国池塘养殖模式的转型升级,大力发展环境友好型养殖模式,本文归纳了中国淡水鱼养殖业发展现状,总结了近年中国池塘循环流水养殖模式(IPA)的示范应用情况,分析了IPA系统的组成及其优势,指出了该模式在不同养殖品种应用过程中存在的问题及工艺缺陷,提出了优化方案和建议。笔者认为该模式适合规模化经营,可降低管理成本提升养殖效益,在推广应用时应根据养殖品种特性对IPA系统组件和养殖工艺进行调整和再创新,以便于适应不同名特优品种的需求。由于IPA模式具有节水、生态、高效、环保等优势,符合中国水产养殖的未来发展要求,因此,在中国淡水养殖产业中具有广阔的应用前景和发展空间。     

需求为导向“三位一体”推广模式研究——基于设施蔬菜物联网技术研究、推广和应用

以研究者与企业联合申请的基于物联网设施蔬菜生产关键技术研究与应用世行食品安全课题为载体,开展需求为导向的“三位一体”的研究-推广-应用模式研究;从课题组组织管理体系构建、技术开发沟通机制建立、需求为导向“三位一体”设施蔬菜物联网技术产品应用的软硬条件,进而提出需求为导向“三位一体”农业研究与推广模式的作用,表现在：（1）有利于实现技术创新与技术应用的有机整合,缩短信息传播的链条,提高研究的效率和效果;（2）有利于构建以全产业需求为导向的专业化农业推广服务体系;（3）有利于改变研究者的价值取向,促进科研组织激励的学术化向实用化转型;（4）有利于推动公益性的农业推广向多元化化服务模式转变,提高农业推广组织管理运行效率和效果。以期能够为中国现代农业发展阶段农业推广体系的转型,提供有价值的参考。     

浅谈“光伏+农业”产业的发展模式

农业在中国经济发展中起着重要作用,是中国社会经济发展的基础。近年来,随着农业机械化以及科技现代化不断推进,多种现代科学技术逐渐在农业产业中得到应用,其中光伏发电技术在农业上的应用对于农业产业转型有着重要意义,是中国农业产业发展的强有力推手。光伏农业是将光伏发电与农业生产相结合的一种绿色、环保的全新产业模式,是集太阳能光伏发电、智能温控系统、现代高科技种植、养殖为一体的农业产业,有着非常广阔的应用前景。本研究综述了光伏农业中主要的几种结合形式：“光伏+种植业”、“光伏+畜禽业”以及“光伏+渔业”的业态,分析了各结合形式的研究现状和面临的问题,并对光伏农业发展趋势进行了合理展望,以期为未来光伏农业的发展提供参考。     

Rethinking Technology‐Oriented Business Incubators: Developing a Robust Policy Instrument for Entrepreneurship,Innovation, and Regional Development?

ABSTRACT Today, technology‐oriented business incubators are a worldwide phenomenon, although empirical research evidence clearly suggests that they tend to fail in supporting entrepreneurship, innovation, and regional development and, therefore, do not fulfil their expected role as policy instrument. The paper focuses on this obvious antagonism. It deliberates upon political rationales, reviews evaluation literatures, and delineates suggestions for the future of the incubation industry. The main conclusion is that technology‐oriented business incubators should be run as private organisations without public funding.     

影响农户安全农产品生产因素探讨

农户的生产行为是影响农产品安全的重要源头因素之一,笔者简述了农户安全农产品生产中存在的主要问题,分析了影响农户安全农产品生产的主要因素,进而提出保证农户安全农产品生产的对策建议。     

制约中国水产业经济发展方式转变的因素及对策——以青岛市为例

改革开放以来中国水产业发展取得了巨大成就，近几年各主产区也在积极转换发展方式，取得了一定成效，但目前水产业还没有摆脱依靠生产规模扩张和大量消耗自然资源为主的粗放型经营方式。本研究以青岛市为例分析了制约水产业经济发展方式转变的因素，提出了体制创新、科技创新、提高劳动者素质等加快水产业经济发展方式转变的对策。     

Poverty and livelihoods after full‐time farming: A South‐East Asian view

Abstract: Drawing on Harold Brookfield's seminal interventions on intensification and disintensification in tropical agriculture, the paper argues that a de‐linking of poverty and livelihoods in rural areas from farming and agricultural resources is occurring in rural South‐East Asia. This is often driven as much by changes in lifestyles and life views than by economic and environmental imperatives. The paper proposes that farming is in the process of losing its resonance and significance for the rural poor. Emerging patterns of change in the South‐East Asian countryside are used to construct a generalised framework of agrarian transition where the current trend towards pluriactivity is likely to be replaced by a mixed landscape of agrarian entrepreneurs, neopeasants and remnant smallholders. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implications of this trajectory for understanding poverty and pro‐poor interventions in the countryside.     

农村流动人口对农业经济影响初探——基于上海市的实证研究

为了了解农村流动人口对农业经济的影响,维护区域粮食安全,以上海市为例,依据1992—2012年上海市种植业、林业、畜牧业、渔业的总产值和农村流动人口数据,采用灰色关联度和改良道格拉斯生产函数分析对农村流动人口与种植业、林业、畜牧业、渔业的关系以及农村流动人口对种植业、林业、畜牧业、渔业的贡献度进行分析。结果表明农村流动人口与4 个子行业的关联度都非常高,对种植业和畜牧业贡献值为正,对林业和渔业贡献值为负。在此基础上,建议引导农村流动人口向种植业和畜牧业流动将有利于农业经济发展。     

物联网和PLC技术在鱼菜共生系统中的应用

物联网技术作为工业4.0的核心,成为全球的热点词汇。中国作为一个农业大国,在农业生产上,我们需要引用新型的技术,在有限的资源构造出消耗少、避污染、成本低、可量产的生产模式。本文介绍了物联网IOT技术结合西门子S7-1500控制器、Node-RED等物联网工具,连接传感器与PC站组成一套PLC控制的鱼菜共生系统。以TIA Portal作为编程组态软件,对传感器和被控对象进行组态、测试,对系统进行电气设计,组装外部控制系统电气柜,实现对鱼菜共生系统的自动控制。该设计改变了传统高密度养殖模式,是新型仿自然的种养一体复合农业模式,具有低能耗、高产出、高利润、产品好、无污染的特点。     

基于生物技术的集约农业—未来农业的希望

Future challenges of agriculture inevitably demand knowledge and technology based revitalization of farm-ing. A strategic and rational resource management approach has to be adopted for achieving the productivity enhancement goals without compromising on natural resources. Intensive fanning system characterized by intensive use of chemical inputs, though made it possible to significantly increase the productivity during 20th century assuring proper food for the growing population, created several health and environmental concerns, compromised on crop quality and has become cost intensive. Its potential is exhausted. However, these problems are not the inevitable consequences of intensive fanning system. These problems can be readdressed and their intensity can be alleviated by shifting-over to “Biotechnological-intensive Fanning System“. Biotechnology and genetic transformation techniques in combination with conventional breeding methods can produce better quality and high yielding novel crops with enhanced nutritional level, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses leading to less use of chemicals thereby lowering the production cost and ameliorating the problems affiliated with intensive fanning system. Biotechnological-intensive Fanning System has a greater potential to meet the future challenges of food production in 21^st century for burgeoning population. It is compatible with the objective of integrated resource management for sustainability of agricultural resource foundation and is human and environment friendly. Combiningbiotechnological innovations and genetic modification of crops with fanning under a suitable policy framework is our best hope for the future.     

Emerging geography of technological innovation in China's ICT industry: Region,inter‐firm linkages and innovative performance in a transitional economy

This study critically evaluates the relevance of the existing theory of technological innovation to the case of China's information and communications technology industry. Based on a large‐scale questionnaire survey conducted in China's three most important city‐regions, namely, Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, where the core of China's information and communications technology industry is located, this study reveals a significant regional variation in technological innovation in a political economy undergoing marketisation and globalisation. This research has found no significant relationship between the innovative performance of firms and the extent of production linkages; nor was there a significant knowledge exchange among firms. A further analysis has identified the significant role played by government purchases, research and development capital input and export propensity in the process of technological innovation. The findings of this research cast doubts over the prevailing theory of ‘new economic geography’ in which soft and unbounded relational assets have been overemphasised at the expense of some solid and bounded actors and agents that are pivotal to technological innovation in a developing economy.     

Agrarian change and diversity in the light of Brookfield,Boserup and Malthus: Historical illustrations from Sulawesi,Indonesia

Abstract: This paper uses historical sources to examine the relationship between demography, economy and ecology in three parts of the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia) over a long time period. Broadly speaking, these case studies suggest both the density of population and the intensity of agricultural activity at any given time and place were controlled by two factors. The first was the agricultural potential of the natural environment in terms of soil, climate and topography: populations were denser, and farming more area‐intensive, in naturally fertile areas. The second was the extent to which the local economy was commercialised rather than subsistence‐oriented: when commerce grew, so did both the population and the intensity of its farming systems. In terms of ecological sustainability and resilience, densely populated enclaves of intensive, commercialised agriculture tended to perform better than did sparsely populated and economically isolated areas of subsistence production, where progressive deforestation and land degradation sometimes occurred. Although one reason for this was simply that the former were located on better soils than the latter, other reasons included the greater use of tree crops, and the greater availability of labour for investment in what Brookfield called ‘landesque capital’, which characterised the more populous and commercialised areas.     

循环水养殖系统水净化装备技术研究

循环水养殖系统为当前水产养殖先进生产力的发展方向,其具养殖水环境高度可控、产品质量安全可靠、节水、节地等特点,符合国家转变经济增长方式,节能减排的战略需求。循环水养殖水净化装备是循环水养殖系统核心组成。其为循环水养殖生产中的水产养殖对象提供良好水生态环境,提高水产养殖品产量及质量,提升资源利用率。本文以循环水养殖系统水净化典型工艺为主线,对其主要环节包括悬浮物去除、溶解性有机物降解、杀菌消毒、增氧、调温等所涉及的装备技术进行探讨及总结,并提出发展建议,以期为精准、高效、节能循环水养殖系统构建,推进其进一步应用提供支持。     

西南地区乡村衰落具体表现及诱发问题研究

为研究乡村衰落问题,以重庆3个村庄为研究对象,采用案例分析的方法对西南山区乡村衰落进行研究。调研发现,受地理地貌、生产条件、居住方式等条件制约,西南地区乡村衰落的现象与问题更加突出,表现出人口大量外流、耕地撂荒增加、农房闲置率提高、务农人员老龄化、农民务农意不高、农业经营收入占家庭收入比重下降、义务教育外移、村自治组织弱化等多重现象,并诱发了严重的乡村养老问题、农业产业发展问题、乡村治理问题和乡土文明断裂问题。研究提出,推进乡村振兴,应充分考虑地区差异,因地施策;应重视乡土文化和乡村养老问题;应激活农村资源,丰富农业形态,兴旺农村经济。     

Regional Innovation Clusters: A Critical Review

In this paper, we present a critical assessment of recent economic development policy directions centered on the concept of regional innovation clusters. We begin by investigating the rationale underlying the Obama administration's promotion of regional innovation clusters (RICs) and their introduction to the policy arena in its Strategy for American Innovation. The connections among RICs and existing research and policies in industry and occupational clusters, regional innovation systems and regional economic development are identified and analyzed to highlight those most critical challenges to conceptualizing and theorizing RICs. While we applaud the long overdue focus of economic development policies on sub‐national regions, we identify several major conceptual shortcomings and programmatic difficulties associated with RICs as a centerpiece for economic development strategies.     

稻渔综合种养技术研究进展

稻渔综合种养可使农业从单一经营转变为复合经营,从平面生产转变为立体生产,是农业转方式、调结构的重要发展方向。为进一步促进稻渔综合种养研究的深入开展和稻渔综合种养模式的推广应用,综述了中国稻渔综合种养技术的发展概况,阐明了稻渔综合种养模式的增产增效作用及与之配套的稻田工程技术、安全植保技术、安全施肥技术、鱼病防治技术、水质管理技术的实施过程,指出了稻渔综合种养模式对产业的支撑作用,展望了稻渔综合种养模式的发展前景,并提出了稻渔综合种养模式的重点研究方向。     

民族水产种业转型升级政策路径探讨

中国是水产养殖产量大国,但与大多数发达国家相比中国水产种业不强。为应对国内外新形势,亟需做强民族水产种业,进而推进中国渔业的转型升级,笔者从法律法规与理论体系、科技创新与人才体系、工程建设与核心示范体系、产业发展与进出口状况4 个方面系统梳理了当前民族水产种业的基本情况;从顶层设计、扶持政策、科技创新、经营主体、市场环境5 个角度分析了当前民族水产种业发展中存在的主要问题。最后探讨并提出了民族水产种业转型升级的政策路径,即优化顶层设计、丰富扶持策略、转变评价方法、坚持以人为本、加强种业监管,以期为产业发展和相关政策完善提供参考。     

基于卓越计划的食品工程创新人才培养模式构建与实践

以培养食品工程卓越工程师为指引,分析了食品产业发展前景及对应用型创新人才的需求,提出了以产业为导向的食品工程创新人才培养模式,构建了产业导向型"3+1"学历运行模式与教学运行机制。旨在专业贴近产业,教学贴近企业,按通用标准与产业标准培养人才。