玉米热激蛋白基因ZmHSP90-1的克隆及表达分析

HSP90是普遍存在于原核和真核细胞中的一种高度保守的分子伴侣。本研究从玉米中克隆了一个HSP90同源基因, 命名为ZmHSP90-1基因, 并对其进行了初步的序列分析。该基因cDNA序列全长2 371 bp, 开放阅读框2 094 bp, 编码697个氨基酸, 蛋白质分子量约79.98 kD。蛋白结构预测及同源比对分析表明, ZmHSP90-1基因编码蛋白含ATPase位点和HSP90保守结构域, 并与拟南芥、水稻等多种物种的热激蛋白高度同源; 进化树分析表明ZmHSP90-1与拟南芥AtHSP90.1基因关系较近, 蛋白序列相似性达88.3%。目的蛋白亚细胞定位显示, ZmHSP90-1蛋白在细胞质中表达。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明, ZmHSP90-1对非生物胁迫高温、高盐、ABA、低温、干旱均具有明显的应答反应。推测ZmHSP90-1是玉米的一个胁迫相关基因。     

梭梭热激因子家族基因HaHsfA5的鉴定及其在高温胁迫记忆中的表达

植物能够对经历过的高温胁迫产生"胁迫记忆",从而更好地适应反复发生的高温胁迫。鉴定梭梭热激因子基因HaHsfA5序列和结构特征,分析其在梭梭幼苗高温胁迫记忆中的表达规律,对梭梭高温胁迫适应性研究有重要理论价值。本研究内容包括:以反转录PCR克隆HaHsfA5读码框全长序列;以在线生物信息学工具预测HaHsfA5的蛋白理化参数、蛋白结构域和基元;进行HaHsfA5的序列比对和进化树分析;以qRT-PCR分析HaHsfA5在高温胁迫记忆中的表达。生物信息分析显示HaHsfA5为分子量较小、不稳定、亲水的HSFs家族A亚族蛋白,与甜菜、菠菜、藜麦的Hsf A5有较近亲缘关系。qRT-PCR分析显示经过高温胁迫锻炼的梭梭幼苗在高温胁迫处理下HaHsfA5表达显著上调,而正常条件下生长的梭梭幼苗在高温胁迫处理下其表达并未显著上调。综合Ha HsfA5的结构特征和表达规律,提示HaHsfA5功能可能与梭梭幼苗的高温胁迫记忆有关。本研究为进一步分析Ha Hsf A5在梭梭幼苗高温胁迫记忆中的功能提供研究基础,对梭梭耐高温品系选育和耐逆机制研究可能具有推动作用。     

玉米分子伴侣基因ZmBiP2在逆境下的功能分析

BiP(binding protein)基因编码的蛋白是一类重要的分子伴侣,在动植物的逆境胁迫响应过程中具有重要的作用。从玉米抗旱自交系旱21中分离到分子伴侣基因ZmBiP2,序列分析结果显示,该基因开放阅读框长1989 bp,编码含663个氨基酸的蛋白,包含热激蛋白家族特有的TVIGIDLGTTYSC保守结构域和ATP结合位点。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,Zm Bi P2基因在玉米的雄穗和子房中表达量最高;在盐、甘露醇胁迫条件下,该基因在植株的地上部分上调表达。过量表达Zm Bi P2基因的拟南芥转基因株系在种子萌发时期对盐和甘露醇胁迫的耐受能力减弱,在苗期对盐胁迫敏感。推测在植物响应非生物胁迫的过程中,过量表达的ZmBiP2蛋白可能发挥负调节蛋白的功能。     

玉米热激转录因子基因ZmHSF-Like对逆境胁迫响应的信号途径

在前期对玉米热激转录因子基因ZmHSF-Like克隆、表达特性和亚细胞定位分析的基础上,对基因响应不同逆境胁迫的信号途径进行了研究。结果显示,H₂O₂处理能显著上调ZmHSF-Like基因的表达,42℃热激上调ZmHSF-Like基因的表达依赖于H₂O₂的存在,ABA上调基因表达部分依赖于H₂O₂的存在,而PEG-6000诱导基因表达不依赖于H₂O₂;外源Ca²⁺处理也能上调ZmHSF-Like基因表达,而螯合胞外钙离子并阻断其内流并不能降低上述逆境胁迫诱导的ZmHSF-Like基因的表达水平。表明ZmHSF-Like基因通过H₂O₂信号途径实现对热激和ABA胁迫的响应。在H₂O₂处理过程中,热激蛋白基因HSP704的表达与ZmHSF-Like基因的表达同步,可能是该途径中ZmHSF-Like结合的下游热激蛋白。单独钙离子诱导处理,热激蛋白基因HSP701、HSP702和HSPeu701的表达均与ZmHSF-Like基因的表达同步,可能是ZmHSF-Like基因响应Ca²⁺反应的下游结合蛋白。ZmHSF-Like通过与下游不同热激蛋白的结合实现对不同逆境胁迫的响应。     

水稻锌指蛋白基因OsBBX24响应热胁迫的研究

环境因子光和温度对植物生长发育起重要调控作用,OsBBX24基因属于光温信号途径重要的调控元件B-box(BBX)家族基因成员。OsBBX24基因启动子序列分析发现其含有HSE热胁迫相关元件,水稻基因芯片数据分析发现其表达受热诱导,实时定量PCR分析进一步证明OsBBX24基因受热胁迫表达上调。热胁迫处理发现OsBBX24-RNAi转基因水稻材料株系苗期的耐热性比野生型Kitaake要弱,且超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性比野生型低,脯氨酸含量也低于野生型,丙二醛含量比野生型高;热激转录因子HsfA2a及热激蛋白Hsp16.9、Hsp60热胁迫处理后野生型中的表达水平比OsBBX24-RNAi株系高。由此证实,OsBBX24基因在水稻响应热胁迫表现为正调控,为深入研究其响应热胁迫分子机理及作用机制奠定基础。     

优质面包小麦品种济南17和豫麦34灌浆期高温胁迫差异表达基因的分离

选用品质相对不稳定的小麦品种济南17和品质较稳定的品种豫麦34,于开花后15~18 d（灌浆中期）及30~33 d（灌浆后期）分别进行连续3 d的高温胁迫处理（昼夜温度为38℃,25℃）。提取籽粒总RNA,通过cDNA-AFLP分析获得差异条带。回收差异条带,再经过克隆、测序、BLAST比对,济南17、豫麦34分别获得85个和99个高温胁迫下差异表达基因片段的序列。经过反向Northern杂交验证后,济南17获得25个信号明显的序列,其中22个来自热诱导表达的基因,主要与小麦的胁迫响应基因、热激蛋白等同源;豫麦34获得31个信号明显的序列,其中25个来自热抑制表达的基因,主要与乙烯合成酶、吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶等同源。说明高温胁迫总体上诱导品质不稳定品种的基因表达,而抑制品质稳定品种的基因表达。济南17的序列有15个来自灌浆中期样本、10个来自灌浆后期样本,豫麦34的序列则分别有29个来自灌浆中期样本、2个来自灌浆后期样本,说明高温胁迫对灌浆中期基因表达的影响比灌浆后期显著,在品质稳定品种中则比品质不稳定品种中更为明显。2个品种在高温胁迫下的基因表达模式存在显著差异,济南17诱导表达胁迫响应基因,豫麦34抑制表达乙烯合成酶和吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶及胁迫响应基因,这可能是二者品质稳定性不同的重要原因。     

热激信号转导中的钙-钙调素途径

大量证据证明钙-钙调素(Ca2+-CaM)信号系统参与植物的热激信号转导.用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜研究小麦胞内Ca2+浓度的变化,37℃热激可引起小麦胞内自由Ca2+浓度的迅速提高.在Ca2+存在条件下,热激也引起小麦CaM基因CaM1-2的表达及细胞内CaM蛋白含量的提高.用CaCl2处理小麦幼苗明显提高小麦热激基因hsp26和hsp70的表达和热激蛋白的合成,而Ca2+的螯合剂EGTA,Ca2+通道阻断剂异博定和LaCl3、CaM抑制剂W7、TFP和CPZ明显降低了热激基因hsp26和hsp70的表达和热激蛋白的合成.EGTA、易博定、TFP或CPZ的处理也阻止小麦耐热性的获得.小麦CaM基因与热激基因的表达动力学研究表明CaM位于热激信号转导的上游,而Ca2+是热激启动的胞内关键因子.凝胶阻滞分析提出Ca2+-CaM在热激信号转导中的作用是通过激活热激转录因子的DNA结合活性来实现的.提出在植物细胞内存在一条新的热激信号转导途径钙-钙调素途径.     

等位变异Vrn-B1a和Vrn-B1b的春化效应及其在黄淮冬麦区小麦品种中的分布

春化基因Vrn-B1是决定黄淮冬麦区小麦品种冬春性的主要基因之一, 研究其不同显性等位变异的低温春化作用效应及分布, 对该区小麦品种选育和推广具有重要意义。以等位变异Vrn-B1a品种皖麦33与等位变异Vrn-B1b品种豫麦34为亲本构建杂交组合, 对其F₂代进行5~35 d的低温春化处理, 并在温室(22±3℃,16 h昼/8 h夜)鉴定抽穗期, 结合分子标记分析低温春化处理时间对各等位变异型抽穗期的影响。同时对228个黄淮冬麦区小麦品种进行相关位点分子检测, 分析该基因等位变异的分布特点。各春化处理均使两种等位变异小麦植株的抽穗期提前, 但Vrn-B1a抽穗时间比Vrn-B1b晚约2 d。从春化处理当天至处理后25 d, 2种等位变异类型的抽穗时间均随春化时间的延长而缩短; 继续延长春化时间, 抽穗期不再缩短, 表明满足两种等位变异完成春化的低温时间为20~25 d。在228个品种中, Vrn-B1位点有214个(93.9%)隐性和14个(6.1%)显性等位变异。其中, 显性等位变异Vrn-B1a有6个, 占总品种数的2.6%; Vrn-B1b有8个, 占总品种数的3.5%。在黄淮冬麦区小麦品种中, 春化基因Vrn-B1位点至少存在Vrn-B1a和Vrn-B1b两种显性等位变异类型, 两种等位变异类型纯合小麦植株的抽穗时间不同。     

The National BioResource Project (NBRP) Lotus and Glycine in Japan

The objective of the National BioResource Project (NBRP) in Japan is to collect, conserve and distribute biological materials for life sciences research. The project consists of twenty-eight bioresources, including animal, plant, microorganism and DNA resources. NBRP Lotus and Glycine aims to support the development of legume research through the collection, conservation, and distribution of these bioresources. Lotus japonicus is a perennial legume that grows naturally throughout Japan and is widely used as a model plant for legumes because of such advantages as its small genome size and short life cycle. Soybean (Glycine max) has been cultivated as an important crop since ancient times, and numerous research programs have generated a large amount of basic research information and valuable bioresources for this crop. We have also developed a “LegumeBase” a specialized database for the genera Lotus and Glycine, and are maintaining this database as a part of the NBRP. In this paper we will provide an overview of the resources available from the NBRP Lotus and Glycine database site, called “LegumeBase”.     

Molecular and cytogenetic identification of new wheat-Dasypyrum breviaristatum additions conferring resistance to stem rust and powdery mildew

Two cytologically stable wheat-Dasypyrum breviarisatatum addition lines, Y93-1-6-6 and Y93-1-A6-4, were identified by integrated molecular and cytogenetic techniques. C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) showed that Y93-1-6-6 and Y93-1-A6-4 were different wheat-D. breviaristatum additions. A total of 51 markers (primer/enzyme combinations), including 6 PCR-based Landmark Unique Gene (PLUG) markers and 45 Sequence-Tagged-Site (STS) markers, were selected from 3,774 primer/enzyme combinations to further characterize these two additions. Marker haploytpes suggested that both D. breviaristatum chromosomes in Y93-1-6-6 and Y93-1-A6-4 were rearranged. Stem rust resistance screening indicated that both additions were highly resistant to race RKQQC, whereas only Y93-1-6-6 was resistant to race TTKSK (Ug99). Powdery mildew resistance screening showed that only Y93-1-6-6 was resistant. Pedigree analysis suggested that the stem rust and powdery mildew resistance of Y93-1-6-6 was derived from D. breviaristatum, indicating that the D. breviaristatum chromosomes in Y93-1-6-6 possess a new powdery mildew resistance gene(s), and new stem rust resistance gene(s). These two additions could be used as stem rust or powdery mildew resistance sources in wheat breeding programs.     

Postharvest application of gum arabic and essential oils for controlling anthracnose and quality of banana and papaya during cold storage

Management of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is the most important issue for the tropical fruit industry because of resulting financial losses. Antifungal effects of gum arabic (GA) (10%), lemongrass oil (LG) (0.05%), cinnamon oil (CM) (0.4%), and their combinations were investigated in vitro and in vivo for controlling postharvest anthracnose of banana and papaya. LG at 0.05% and 0.4% CM showed fungicidal effects against Colletotrichum musae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, causal organisms of banana and papaya anthracnose, respectively. GA alone did not show any fungicidal effects while the combination of 0.05% LG and 0.4% CM with Ten percent GA alone showed more fungicidal effects. However, potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium modified with 10% GA combined with 0.4% CM showed the most promising results among all treatments against C. musae and C. gloeosporioides in suppressing the mycelial growth (73.4%) and (70.0%) and spore germination inhibition (88%) and (85%), respectively. In vivo studies also revealed that 10% GA combined with 0.4% CM was the optimal concentration in controlling decay (80%) and (71%), showing a synergistic effect in the reduction of C. musae and C. gloeosporioides, respectively, in artificially inoculated bananas and papayas. The results regarding quality evaluation also confirmed the efficacy of 10% GA combined with 0.4% CM coatings since ripening was significantly delayed, in terms of percentage weight loss, fruit firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity. The results suggest the possibility of using 10% gum arabic combined with 0.4% cinnamon oil as a biofungicide for controlling postharvest anthracnose in major tropical fruit such as banana and papaya.     

甘蓝自交不亲和基因MLPK与SSP的FISH定位

利用FISH技术, 对自交不亲和基因MLPK与SSP在甘蓝有丝分裂前中期染色体、减数分裂早粗线期染色体以及伸长DNA纤维等3种分辨率水平的靶DNA载体上进行物理定位。结果表明, 在有丝分裂前中期, MLPK探针信号位于一对近中着丝粒同源染色体的短臂中部, 距着丝粒的百分距离约为53.41±3.16;SSP探针信号位于一对具有随体的近端着丝粒同源染色体的长臂端部, 距着丝粒的百分距离约为78.36±4.26。综合3种载体上的FISH结果表明, MLPK与SSP在甘蓝染色体组中可能都只有一个同源序列座位, 具有在单倍体基因组中的单拷贝性。重复FISH杂交表明, MLPK与5S rDNA位于同一对染色体。依据Armstrong的核型分析标准, 初步判断MLPK与SSP分别位于甘蓝的2号和7号染色体, 与S位点不存在连锁关系。另从比较基因组学角度对定位结果进行了讨论。     

Morphological and chemical characteristics of doubled haploids of flue-cured tobacco combining resistance to Thielaviopsis basicola and TSWV

Thielaviopsis basicola and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are the most important problems in a moderate climate zone. Previously obtained doubled haploids (DH) of F₁ hybrids of the flue-cured line WGL3 resistant to Th. basicola and the dark-cured line PW-834 carrying RTSW-al gene provided the research material. Biological tests and SCAR markers linked with TSWV were applied to confirm resistance of DH. Lines combining resistance to TSWV and Th. basicola were evaluated for morphological and chemical characteristics. Most of DH were significantly shorter than parents but two lines, 31/A/2 and 31/B/3, were close to the flue-cured WGL3. Usually DH possessed fewer leaves while one of them 31/B/3, exceeded parental forms. The doubled haploids flowered later than their parents. The most negative effect was reduced area of mid-position leaves of DH. It might be explained by a recombination during microsporogenesis in F₁, however the influence of ‘Polalta’-derived RTSW-al gene cannot be excluded. Extensive line to line variation for nicotine and sugars content was not associated with the genes for TSWV and Th. basicola resistance. Biological tests and field performance of DH revealed potential to overcome the negative effect of coupling between the RSTV-al gene and genes responsible for the morphological deformations.     

春化、光周期和矮秆基因在不同国家小麦品种中的分布及其效应

为促进国外种质资源在我国的有效利用,将14个国家的100份代表性小麦品种在国内的8个代表性地点种植,调查抽穗期、成熟期和株高,并以4个春化基因(Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3)、1个光周期基因(Ppd-D1a)及2个矮秆基因(Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b)的分子标记检测所有品种的基因型。春化基因Vrn-A1a、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和vrn-A1+vrn-B1+ vrn-D1的分布频率分别为8.0%、21.0%、21.0%和64.0%;显性等位变异Vrn-A1a、Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1主要存在于来自中国春麦区及意大利、印度、加拿大、墨西哥和澳大利亚的品种中,这些品种一般为春性类型;春化位点均为隐性等位变异或vrn-A1+vrn-D1+Vrn-B1的品种主要分布在中国冬麦区、美国冬麦区、俄罗斯冬麦区,以及英国、法国、德国、罗马尼亚、土耳其和匈牙利,这些地区的小麦均为冬性类型。秋播时,供试品种均能正常抽穗,且携带春化显性变异的材料较隐性类型抽穗早,显性等位变异表现加性效应,4个春化位点均为隐性变异的一些欧美材料因抽穗太晚在杨凌和成都不能正常成熟;而春播时,显性等位变异基因型抽穗的频率高,隐性等位变异基因型基本不能抽穗。光周期不敏感基因Ppd-D1a的分布频率为68.0%,主要分布在中国、法国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、墨西哥、澳大利亚和印度,而光周期敏感等位变异Ppd-D1b主要分布在英国、德国、匈牙利和加拿大等中高纬度地区;携带Ppd-D1a的品种较携带Ppd-D1b的品种抽穗早,大多数Ppd-D1a品种在长日照和短日照条件下均能成熟,大部分Ppd-D1b品种在短日照条件下不能成熟。Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因的分布频率分别为43.0%和35.0%,其中Rht-B1b主要分布于美国、罗马尼亚、土耳其、意大利、墨西哥和澳大利亚,Rht-D1b主要分布于中国、德国、英国、意大利和印度。一般来说,一个国家的品种携带Rht-B1b或Rht-D1b之一,而这2个基因在高纬度地区分布频率较低。Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Ppd-D1a的降秆作用均达显著水平,Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的加性效应突出。     

Mapping three new interspecific hybrid sterile loci between Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima

Hybrid sterility hinders the transfer of useful traits between Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima. In order to further understand the nature of interspecific hybrid sterility between these two species, a strategy of multi-donors was used to elucidate the range of interspecific hybrid sterility in this study. Fifty-nine accessions of O. glaberrima were used as female parents for hybridization with japonica cultivar Dianjingyou 1, after several backcrossings using Dianjingyou 1 as the recurrent parent and 135 BC₆F₁ sterile plants were selected for genotyping and deducing hybrid sterility QTLs. BC₆F₁ plants containing heterozygous target markers were selected and used to raise BC₇F₁ mapping populations for QTL confirmation and as a result, one locus for gamete elimination on chromosome 1 and two loci for pollen sterility on chromosome 4 and 12, which were distinguished from previous reports, were confirmed and designated as S37(t), S38(t) and S39(t), respectively. These results will be valuable for understanding the range of interspecific hybrid sterility, cloning these genes and improving rice breeding through gene introgression.     

番茄果实成熟相关基因SlPEL和SlAPL的表达特性

分析27个代表番茄不同发育阶段和生物反应的组织特异性、含有152 635个独立EST数据库的数码表达,发现果胶裂解酶基因 (pectate lyase, SlPEL) 和番茄AP2 Like (SlAPL)的转录受果实成熟的调节。以授粉后不同发育时期的番茄(品种为美味樱桃)果实为试材, 用半定量PCR和荧光实时定量PCR分析SlPEL的表达模式,结果表明,授粉后12 d,其表达水平明显上升;授粉后16~18 d,达到第一个小高峰;28 d到最高峰;从28 d到完全成熟逐步下降到第一个小高峰的水平。SlAPL的表达模式与SlPEL类似,但其表达启动的时期迟于SlPEL。从授粉后25 d,SlAPL转录启动;授粉后28~32 d,其转录水平上升到第一个小高峰;39 d达到最高峰,以后到完全成熟略有下降。该研究也印证利用EST的数据库进行基因数码表达分析的可行性。     

Genetic relationships of soybean cyst nematode resistance originated in Gedenshirazu and PI84751 on Rhg1 and Rhg4 loci

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most damaging pests of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Host plant resistance has been the most effective control method. Because of the spread of multiple SCN races in Hokkaido, the Tokachi Agricultural Experiment Station has bred soybeans for SCN resistance since 1953 by using 2 main resistance resources PI84751 (resistant to races 1 and 3) and Gedenshirazu (resistant to race 3). In this study, we investigated the genetic relationships of SCN resistance originating from major SCN resistance genes in Gedenshirazu and PI84751 by using SSR markers. We confirmed that race 1 resistance in PI84751 was independently controlled by 4 genes, 2 of which were rhg1 and Rhg4. We classified the PI84751- type allele of Rhg1 as rhg1-s and the Gedenshirazu-type allele of Rhg1 as rhg1-g. In the cross of the Gedenshirazu-derived race 3-resistant lines and the PI84751-derived races 1- and 3-resistant lines, the presence of rhg1-s and Rhg4 was responsible for race 1-resistance. These results indicated that it was possible to select race 1 resistant plants by using marker-assisted selection for the rhg1-s and Rhg4 alleles through a PI84751 origin × Gedenshirazu origin cross.