人工养殖条件下麦穗鱼的生长特性

分析麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)在人工养殖条件下的生长特性,为麦穗鱼养殖提供参考依据。2016年3—11月,于室外水泥池中开展了麦穗鱼养殖试验,分别测量其体重、体长和全长指标,进行生长特性分析。经180天的养殖,麦穗鱼平均全长达到3.96 cm,平均体长达到3.23 cm,平均体重达到0.49 g。特定生长率、日均增量和肥满度均受水温影响变化明显。体长(LB)与全长(LT)之间存在线性回归关系:LT=1.0589LB+0.767(R2=0.8628),体长与体重(W)的回归方程为:W=0.0466LB2.1623(R2=0.8306)。麦穗鱼体长的变异系数范围为6%~14%,体重的变异系数范围为20%~41%,肥满度在1.45~5.31之间变动。综上所述,麦穗鱼在室外水泥池中生长效果良好,适宜进行规模化人工养殖。     

池塘养殖条件下当年口虾蛄生长特性的研究

为了了解口虾蛄在池塘养殖条件下的生长规律,并为其规模化生产提供科学依据。在水温15℃~31℃条件下,通过测量体重、体长等指标,对当年口虾蛄的生长特性进行了研究。结果表明:（1）30日龄口虾蛄经100天培育后,体长从(8.20 ± 0.45)cm增至(11.79 ± 0.67)cm,日均增长0.036 cm,体重从(7.14 ± 1.17)g增至(20.54 ± 3.44)g,日均增重0.134 g。（2）当年口虾蛄的体重与体长的拟合方程为W=0.016L^2.879(R²=0.978),其b值接近于3;体长、体重与养殖日龄的最佳方程均为指数函数。（3）当年口虾蛄的肥满度在30日龄时最高,90日龄最低,肥满度与养殖水温没有明显相关关系;在水温23℃以上时,口虾蛄的瞬时增长率、瞬时增重率指标逐渐升高并在90日龄达到最大值。综上所述,口虾蛄在池塘养殖条件下生长效果良好,其体长与体重的生长基本同步,适宜进行规模化人工养殖。     

黄河鲤在池养条件下的生长特性分析

为了研究黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)在池养条件下的生长特性,探索黄河鲤的生长规律,于2017年5—10月开展了养殖试验,获得其成活率和饲料系数,并通过测量其体长、体质量和体高,对黄河鲤在池养条件下进行生长特性的分析。结果表明:经过约5个月的养殖,黄河鲤成活率92.6%,饲料系数1.38,体长、体质量和体高的平均值分别为21.13 cm,689.21 g和7.73 cm。相应的变异系数范围分别为10.88%~15.53%,9.15%~46.44%和13.82%~22.04%,肥满度在2.84~7.31之间变动。体长(L_S)与全长(L_T)之间存在线性回归关系:L_T=1.721L_S+0.4517 (R²=0.9998),体长与体质量(W)的回归方程为:W=0.0174L^3.2946 (R²=0.9725)。拟合出von Bertallanffy生长方程:L_St=29.354 (1-1.082e^-0.399t)³,W_t=1790.916 (1-1.688e^-0.547t)³,L_Ht=9.352(1-1.688e^-0.54t)³,投入产出比为1:1.19。黄河鲤在池养条件下生长速度较快,且经济效益良好,为皖北黄河鲤规模化养殖提供理论参考。     

黑莓鲈苗种土池生态培育及人工驯食技术研究

为探讨黑莓鲈生态育苗技术,采用了仔稚鱼土池生态培育与室内水泥池的育苗方式,进行了黑莓鲈人工育苗试验。结果显示,土池通过肥水培养饵料生物,添加外源饵料生物,放养黑莓鲈仔鱼76.5万尾/hm~2,经过50天的培育,共培育出平均全长3.37 cm的鱼苗31.4万尾,平均成活率为62.36%,仔鱼开口饵料以轮虫、枝角类为主,其体长(L_T)与日龄(T)的回归方程为:L_T=0.006T2+0.251T+2.875(R2=0.995);幼鱼全长30 mm时开始驯食,以水蚯蚓作为驯食先导饵料,配合饲料驯食成功率达99%~100%,平均驯食成活率93.87%。土池生态育苗,水质稳定,饵料生物种群数量丰富,可以提高黑莓鲈育苗成活率,获得稳定的育苗效果。     

脆化异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)生态、生理学研究

比较研究了标准脆化的脆肉鲫(异育银鲫)与普通异育银鲫的生理生态学特性差异。脆肉鲫的横轴/纵轴、净重/总重、脏重/总重分别为0.5868±0.0301,0.8407±0.0272,0.1612±0.0248,而普通银鲫则分别为0.5107±0.0423,0.8065±0.0097,0.1935±0.0097,脆肉鲫与普通银鲫的形态学指标差异极显著(F值F0.01)。饲料中蚕豆营养成份的摄取是直接导致异育银鲫脆化的原因,并影响银鲫的正常生理生态学指标,脆肉鲫(异育银鲫)与普通异育银鲫体长(L)与体重(W)关系的体征指数方程明显不同,分别为W普通鲫=0.00000016L3.3375,W脆肉鲫=0.00000378L3.9683,肥满度系数分别为K普通鲫=0.0023,K脆肉鲫=0.0035。试验表明,脆肉鲩养殖中混养脆肉鲫的最佳方案为放养规格4cm/尾、密度2250尾/hm2,力争特定生长率在两年内平均值达到1.3488±0.0212水平,脆化度为0.41kg/cm2以上的合格脆肉鲫。此外,脆肉鲩养殖场内几乎所有摄食蚕豆的鱼类都会出现不同程度的脆化现象。文章还就进一步完善脆肉鲫养殖生产规程,合理调控放养密度和养殖水环境因子,提高脆肉鲫混养技术和养殖效益进行了讨论。     

不同养殖密度下吉富罗非鱼生长性状的通径分析

为研究不同养殖密度下吉富罗非鱼(GIFT)成鱼体长、全长、体高和体宽对体重的影响差别,采用单因素方差分析法研究不同养殖密度下罗非鱼生长性状之间的差别。采用通径分析的方法对各养殖密度下变量的重要性进行排序,对不显著变量进行了剔除。结果发现：除在养殖密度为18000尾/hm2和22500尾/hm2时体长和全长之间差异不显著(P＞0.05)外,其他指标在不同养殖密度间差异均极显著(P＜0.01);3个养殖密度下对体重影响最大的变量分别是体长（18000尾/hm2）、体宽（22500尾/hm2）、全长（27000尾/hm2）,回归方程中,在养殖密度为22500尾/hm2时全长和体高被剔除,在养殖密度分别为18000尾/hm2和27000尾/hm2时体长被剔除。不同养殖密度下同日龄吉富罗非鱼的其他生长指标对体重的影响存在差别,在选育时应充分考虑。     

大鳞鲃形态特征及其相关参数分析

为深入掌握大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)生物学特性,进一步为大鳞鲃的分类和种质鉴定提供依据,利用传统形态学方法和解剖学方法,观察和测量了其外部形态特征、可量可数性状及内部组织结构特征。大鳞鲃呈梭型,身体被覆圆鳞,背面银灰色,腹面银白色,头较小,扁而宽,背鳍、胸鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍鳍条数分别为Ⅱ,7、15~17、8~9、6~8、20~22,侧线鳞、侧线上鳞、侧线下鳞数分别为60~75、12~14、9~12,第1鳃弓鳃耙数为17~18,脊椎骨数为46~48。利用统计分析方法建立了全长(LT)和体长(LB)之间的关系模型：LB=0.884LT-1.227(R2=0.994),体质量和体长之间的关系模型：WB=0.008 LB3.158(R2=0.974)。内部组织结构特征：口裂中等大小,咽喉齿发达,食道粗短,无胃,肠道弯曲多,较长,比肠长为2.227,比肝重为0.018,比内脏重为0.158,显示了其杂食性鱼类的消化系统的基本特征。鳃弓5对,第5对鳃弓演变成咽喉齿,鳔一个,分两室。雌雄异体,性腺一个,左右对称分布。一对“矢耳石”呈树叶型,中间厚周围薄,左右对向排列。本研究结果可为大鳞鲃的种质判别、系统分类、人工养殖和育种选育提供基础材料。     

循环水养殖系统中饲养密度对罗非鱼幼鱼生长及经济效益的影响

为探讨养殖密度对循环水养殖系统中罗非鱼幼鱼的影响,选取了同批次的罗非鱼幼鱼进行50天的饲养,测定了4组不同养殖密度梯度下幼鱼的生长指标的变化,并计算了不同工况下的经济效益。结果表明,养殖密度对罗非鱼幼鱼的生长有一定的影响,随着养殖密度的增大,幼鱼的成活率及最终平均体重和体长都呈现出下降的趋势,特定生长率、日平均增重、生长效率、肥满度等生长指标也显示出相似的规律,密度最低的A组各生长指标显著高于密度最高的D组,密度过高会抑制罗非鱼幼鱼的个体生长速度。养殖经济效益分析表明C组产量最高,是较适宜的养殖密度。     

吉力湖鲤鱼生长特性的研究

为了掌握吉力湖鲤鱼的生长情况,为吉力湖鲤鱼的增殖放流、渔业捕捞和生产管理提供技术指导和管理建议,本研究对吉力湖鲤鱼进行了体长、体重、年龄的测定和生长特性研究。研究结果表明:(1)吉力湖鲤鱼的体重-体长方程为W=0.053 9×L~(2.803 3)(R~2=0.967 2)。(2)生长比速、生长常数及生长指标证实吉力湖鲤鱼的生长高峰在1~+~2~+龄和5~+~7~+龄。(3)吉力湖鲤鱼最大体长L_∞=76.76 cm,最大体重W_∞=10 380 g,体长生长方程为L_t=76.76(1-e~(-0.134 4(t-0.072 18)),体重生长方程为W_t=10 380(1-e~(-0.134 4(t-0.072 18)))~3。(4)吉力湖鲤鱼的体长生长速度方程为Lv=10.32 e~(-0.134 4(t-0.072 18)),是一条内弧形、不具拐点、由快到慢的曲线;吉力湖鲤鱼的体重生长速方程为Wv=4 185(1-e~(-0.134 4(t-0.072 18)))~2×e~(-0.134 4(t-0.072 18)),是一条具有拐点的S型曲线。拐点位于8.246龄,体长为51.17 cm,体重为3 075 g。(5)吉力湖鲤鱼体重生长加速度方程为Wa=562.5 e~(-0.134 4(t-0.072 18))×(1-e~(-0.1344(t-0.072 18)))×(3 e~(-0.134 4(t-0.072 18))-1)。在3龄前呈上升趋势,3龄后迅速下降,到达拐点8.246龄时为零。     

液态氧增氧技术养殖大菱鲆的效果分析

以大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）幼鱼为材料,以充空气作对比,分析液态氧增氧对养殖动物生长的影响。设置充空气（6-9mg/L）、液态氧I（6-9mg/L）和液态氧II（15-20mg/L）3个处理,定期检测水环境因子及大菱鲆生长相关指标。溶解氧（DO）含量在6-9mg/L范围内,液态氧增氧系统大菱鲆的体重（37.35g〉34.86g）、存活率（100%〉99%）、肥满度（4.50〉4.33）及饵料转化率（FCE,14.3%〉13.3%）等均高于充空气系统;DO含量为15-20mg/L时,大菱鲆的体重（32.03g）、存活率（94%）、肥满度（4.25）及FCE（11.1%）等均低于两6-9mg/LDO组。说明较低DO含量（6-9mg/L）下,液态氧促进大菱鲆的生长、提高成活率和FCE。7个月的养殖试验发现,液态氧系统中大菱鲆体长（21.71cm〉19.16cm）、体重（500.20g〉305.92g）、成活率（98%〉87%）、肥满度（4.90〉4.35）和FCE（118%〉62%）均显著高于充空气系统。DO含量6-9mg/L范围内,利用液态氧养殖大菱鲆可以加快生长、提高成活率和FCE。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.