我国水稻常用保持系穗期耐旱性测评及育性分析

以负压式土壤湿度计和取土烘干法双重监控盆栽试验的土壤水势变化,观测我国15个常用水稻保持系的穗期耐旱性和育性特征。结果表明,K22-B、金23-B及II-32-B等保持系为穗期干旱胁迫钝感材料,而珍汕97-B、中9-B及协青早-B等为穗期干旱胁迫敏感材料;参试保持系在开花期(花粉粒充实期到小穗灌浆初期)比孕穗期(花粉母细胞分裂期到花粉粒充实期,15 d)对干旱胁迫更敏感;保持系孕穗期干旱胁迫主要伤害颖花育性,其胁迫指数与空壳率正相关(r = 0.6988^**), 开花期干旱胁迫不仅伤害颖花育性并影响小穗充实,其胁迫指数与空壳率正相关(r = 0.7660^**),也与秕谷率正相关(r = 0.5230);穗期耐旱性与其正常生育条件下的穗部结实性状不具直接相关性。     

花期干旱胁迫钝感与敏感水稻保持系的生理特性

以负压式土壤湿度计和取土烘干法双重监控盆栽试验的土壤水势变化,观测我国14个常用水稻保持系的花期耐旱性,并以干旱胁迫指数人为分为钝感、耐旱、不耐旱与敏感4个耐旱等级,其中K22-B、金23-B为花期干旱胁迫钝感材料,珍汕97-B、中9-B为花期干旱胁迫敏感材料,选此4个典型保持系,研究它们对花期干旱胁迫的生理效应。结果表明:(1)花期干旱胁迫钝感保持系稻株比之敏感保持系稻株剑叶与小穗(颖花、籽粒)具有较高水势,缺水引发水稻器官水势下降,剑叶蒸腾速率也因干旱而下降,但下降程度小于敏感材料。(2)钝感与敏感保持系稻株的光合速率并无明显差异,但因干旱胁迫而下降的程度有明显不同,钝感保持系光合速率下降程度小于敏感材料。(3)花期干旱胁迫钝感与敏感保持系花粉数/花药相似,也不因花期干旱胁迫而明显下降(P0.05),花粉粒充实度与柱头着粒花粉的发芽率也不因花期干旱胁迫而明显变化(P0.05),干旱胁迫敏感保持系稻株的花药开裂度与柱头上花粉着粒数均低于钝感保持系稻株。总之,对花期干旱胁迫钝感的保持系稻株比之敏感保持系稻株经干旱胁迫,保持较高的器官水势与蒸腾速率,有利于花药开裂与柱头着粉受精,维持相对较高的光合效率与物质转移效率,有益受精籽粒灌浆成熟。     

春季低温对小麦花粉育性及粒数形成的影响

小麦拔节后遭遇春季低温,每穗粒数下降,产量降低。为探明春季低温引起每穗粒数减少的生理原因,以春性小麦扬麦16和半冬性小麦徐麦30为供试品种,研究小麦倒二叶出生期(昼夜5℃/–3℃)、孕穗期(昼夜8℃/–1℃)和开花期(昼夜12℃/4℃)分别进行低温处理对小麦花粉育性及每穗粒数形成的影响。结果表明:倒二叶出生期和孕穗期低温均导致2个小麦品种在二胞花粉期和三胞花粉期花药中的多糖物质淀粉和蛋白质的代谢异常,绒毡层解体延迟;孕穗期低温还造成花粉母细胞减数分裂中染色体配对异常、出现微核等情况,影响正常雄配子体形成;花粉败育率表现为倒二叶出生期低温处理>孕穗期低温处理>开花期低温处理,徐麦30败育率高于扬麦16;3个时期低温均显著降低了2个小麦品种结实小穗数、每小穗结实粒数和每穗粒数,以倒二叶出生期低温处理穗粒数降低的幅度最大。相关分析表明,春季低温引起花粉母细胞减数分裂异常、绒毡层延迟解体、花药营养物质供给不足导致的花粉育性下降,是春季低温导致小麦每穗粒数减少的主要原因。     

水分胁迫对甜玉米主要农艺性状及产量的影响

在大棚内采用人工供水的方法,研究不同水分胁迫下甜玉米品种主要农艺性状与产量的关系。结果表明,轻度干旱胁迫下可用株高、茎粗、散粉至吐丝间隔期(ASI)、穗粗、每穗粒数、千粒重等6个性状耐旱系数作为品种耐旱性鉴定的指标,而中度干旱胁迫下可用穗位叶面积、散粉至吐丝间隔期(ASI)、穗粗、每穗粒数、出籽率、千粒重这6个性状耐旱系数预测品种产量的耐旱系数。在不同程度水分胁迫下,散粉至吐丝间隔期(ASI)、穗粗、每穗粒数、千粒重等4个性状耐旱系数是不同品种耐旱性鉴定的重要指标,除此之外,株高、茎粗、穗位叶面积等决定植株形态的性状指标也对甜玉米耐旱性起一定作用。     

大白菜CMS96不育系和保持系电镜观察

为了研究大白菜CMS96不育系花药败育机理,采用透射和扫描电镜,观察大白菜CMS96不育系和保持系的花药发育过程、花药和花粉表面结构。透射电镜结果表明,与保持系相比,在减数分裂期,大白菜CMS96不育系绒毡层与花药壁中层分开,不育系花粉母细胞皱缩,形状不规则,空隙较大,严重影响减数分裂正常进行;在单核小孢子时期,小孢子开始液泡化,直至成熟花粉期完全液泡化为空细胞,细胞壁严重萎缩,堆积在一起,最终花粉失去功能,导致败育。扫描电镜结果表明,大白菜CMS96不育系药室内的花粉畸形,花粉粒空瘪,表现为凹陷、扁平等形状,表面纹饰也呈多种不规则形状。花粉囊不开裂,没有花粉散出。初步认为,大白菜CMS96不育系花粉的败育从减数分裂开始到成熟花粉,伴随花粉发育整个过程。大白菜CMS96不育系药室内花粉粒虽具有花粉壁的结构,但扁平、空瘪,重叠堆积在药室壁上,失去了活力,无法散开。     

开花和灌浆初期高温胁迫对国稻6号结实的生理影响

为研究杂交稻对开花结实期高温胁迫的生理生态适应性,选用具代表性的主栽杂交稻组合国稻6号、协优46,人工设计极值高温40~42℃,自始穗期至此后15 d每天6 h行热害处理,以自然气候条件为对照,比较研究高温胁迫对国稻6号与协优46结实的生理影响。结果表明,国稻6号具较高的受孕小穗成粒效应,即不仅不孕小穗率低,而且秕谷率也低。国稻6号对开花结实期高温较协优46钝感,两者在小穗育性和热害指数上的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。究其生理原因, (1)成熟期间稻株剑叶光能转化效率及光合效率较高,茎鞘储藏物质较丰;(2)成熟期间稻株仍具较强根系吸水能力与叶片蒸腾水平,维持蒸腾流利于光合物质运输;(3)成熟灌浆期稻株自动调节粒间顶端优势,增进迟开花的弱势粒充实成实粒。     

干旱胁迫时期对水稻产量及产量性状的影响

为了明确干旱胁迫对水稻产量及产量性状的影响,以粳稻品种农大3号为材料,利用盆栽的方式人工控制土壤水分（水势）,研究了不同生育阶段干旱胁迫对产量及产量性状的影响。结果表明：任何时期干旱胁迫都会导致减产,孕穗中期、后期减产幅度最大,其次是分蘖中期、前期。分蘖后期（无效分蘖期）干旱虽然穗粒数有所增加,但是祢补不了由于穗数下降造成的产量损失,出穗前各阶段干旱胁迫的减产幅度大于出穗后各阶段。分蘖期干旱使单穴有效穗数减少,孕穗期干旱穗粒数减少;孕穗期、产量形成期（出穗—乳熟期）干旱千粒重、成熟粒率降低;孕穗中期干旱结实率下降,混合千粒重降低。干旱胁迫条件下,提高单穗平均粒数和混合千粒重有助于提高产量,提高饱满千粒重和混合千粒重有助于提高成熟粒率。     

不同耐旱玉米品种(系)雌穗分化对干旱胁迫的反应差异

干旱胁迫是玉米生产上产生空秆的重要原因之一。本试验以对干旱胁迫具有不同耐性的玉米自交系D 88-34R、PB 08-5S和玉米杂交种丹玉39、D 06为试材,通过盆栽干旱胁迫试验,研究不同耐旱品种雌穗幼穗分化对干旱胁迫的反应差异。结果表明,不同耐旱材料在干旱胁迫下雌穗发育均受到很大影响,但材料之间表现差异很大。杂交种对干旱胁迫的耐受程度较自交系高。干旱胁迫下的行粒数、总小花数、败育粒数反应比较敏感,是导致玉米干旱胁迫下产生高空秆率的主要原因。     

春萝卜雄性不育系4-05A小孢子败育的细胞学观察

为了确定其花粉败育的时期和细胞学特点,采用石蜡切片法,对春萝卜雄性不育系4-05A及其保持系4-05B小孢子发生和花粉发育过程进行观察、比较。结果表明:不育系和保持系小孢子母细胞都能正常进行减数分裂,四分体可以释放出小孢子,不育系4-05A败育发生在单核靠边期,解体后的绒毡层原生质团急剧而彻底地进入花粉囊,渗入花粉母细胞周围,并与花粉母细胞黏连在一起。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育花药败育过程中内源激素的变化

利用酶联免疫检测（ELISA）技术,研究了棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系、恢复系和杂种一代花药在造孢细胞增殖期、花粉母细胞减数分裂期、四分体至小孢子释放期、花粉发育期和花粉成熟期内源吲哚乙酸（IAA）、赤霉素（GA₃）、玉米素核苷（ZR）和脱落酸（ABA）含量的动态变化。结果表明,在保持系、恢复系和杂种一代可育花药间内源激素含量差异不明显,但在可育与不育花药间差异显著。在IAA、GA₃和ZR含量上,不育花药低于可育花药,但在ABA含量上,不育花药高于可育花药,这种差异在花粉母细胞减数分裂时期达最大值。根据内源激素的功能推测,不育花药IAA含量过低使花药淀粉积累受阻,GA₃含量不足影响花粉母细胞和绒毡层细胞的膨大,过低的ZR含量使花粉母细胞不能分裂形成四分体,过高的ABA含量促进花粉母细胞退化和死亡。     

栽培稻叶结构、水分生理与抗旱性关系研究

摘 要：增强栽培稻品种的抗旱性是稻作节水生产的重要途径。稻作种质资源抗旱相关指标的研究是改良稻作品种抗旱性的重要依据。选择抗旱性差异明显的四种类型稻作种质,采用三种干旱胁迫方式,对孕穗期植株叶片的叶肉厚、中脉粗、叶片相对含水量及叶片保水率进行了考察,分析稻作种质在三种处理下各性状相互之间的内在关联及其与品种抗旱性的关系;结果表明叶肉厚、中脉粗、叶片相对含水量及叶片保水率在干旱胁迫下均表现为旱稻类型高于水稻类型。轻度干旱下的叶肉厚与成熟期生物量抗旱指数DRIm2-B极显著相关,与孕穗期生物量抗旱指数DRIm2-H显著性相关。重度干旱下的中脉粗与DRIm2-B极显著相关,重度干旱下的叶片保水率与重度干旱产量抗旱指数DRIm2-Y显著相关,中脉粗和叶片相对含水量在四种种质类型中差异不明显;孕穗期叶肉厚和叶片保水率可分别作为稻作种质抗旱性研究和评价的两个指标。     

小麦不同生育期水分胁迫对产量的影响及干旱诊断方法初探

两年的盆栽试验表明,小麦孕穗期对水分胁迫最为敏感,其次为开花期.干旱主要是通过减少籽粒数来影响产量的.用红外测温仪测定干旱麦田和湿润麦田的叶丛温差,是诊断小麦干旱之简便而有效的方法.     

孕穗抽穗期低温对水稻植株、产量性状及脯氨酸含量的影响

低温是东北稻区常见的气象灾害。此试验以北方主栽粳稻品种辽星1号和辽优5218为试材,采用盆栽试验,人工控温在孕穗期、抽穗开花期进行低温胁迫,处理后立即测定叶片脯氨酸含量,成熟后调查植株和产量性状的变化,探讨生殖生长关键期低温伤害机理及叶片脯氨酸含量的变化在低温逆境中的作用。结果表明：植株性状中,株高在抽穗开花期对低温更敏感;穗抽出度则在孕穗期更敏感,穗抽出度与单株实粒数及结实率呈显著或极显著正相关,可作为抗性鉴定指标应用。产量性状中,穗粒数、单株实粒数、千粒重指标在孕穗期对低温更敏感。低温胁迫下,叶片脯氨酸含量随温度的降低、处理时间的延长而迅速上升,辽星1号最大增加2.65倍,辽优5218增加7.66倍。孕穗期低温,辽优5218叶片脯氨酸含量与穗抽出度、单株实粒数及单株结实率呈显著负相关;抽穗开花期低温,两品种叶片脯氨酸含量与株高、单株实粒数及单株结实率均呈显著负相关,辽星1号脯氨酸含量还与单株秕粒数呈极显著正相关。脯氨酸含量的变化是低温伤害程度的直观反映,把它单独作为抗性评价指标会有失真的可能。     

不同生育期干旱对冬小麦根冠生长发育的影响

用盆栽对冬小麦不同生育阶段进行不同程度水分调亏试验结果表明：拔节－孕穗期、抽穗－杨花期和灌浆－成熟3个阶段内土壤相对含水量（RW）上限为40％、50％、60％的水分亏缺均对作物的根冠发育产生了影响，拔节－孕穗期RW40％的水分亏缺处理使株高降低很多，低于不施肥的ck1，复水后也无法恢复。不同生育期的干旱均引起根冠干重的下降，根长则不同，水分亏缺有时会使根长增加，要看具体亏缺程度而定。根系不如冠部对干旱敏感，干旱促进营养物质向根的分配，减少了向冠部的运输，导致根冠比增大，另外，随生育期的推移，干旱对根冠比的影响减小。     

Application of natural plant extracts improves the tolerance against combined terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat

Drought and heat are among the main abiotic stresses causing severe damage to the cereal productivity when occur at reproductive stages. In this study, ten wheat cultivars were screened for combined heat and drought tolerance imposed at booting, heading, anthesis and post‐anthesis stages, and role of the foliage applied plant extracts was evaluated in improving the performance of differentially responding wheat cultivars under terminal heat and drought stresses. During both years, wheat crop was raised under ambient temperature and 70% water holding capacity (WHC) till leaf boot stage. The plant extracts (3% each) of sorghum, brassica, sunflower and moringa were foliage applied at booting, anthesis and post‐anthesis stage; and after one week of application of these plant extracts, combined heat and drought was imposed at each respective stage. Heat and drought stresses were imposed at each respective stage by placing pots in glass canopies with temperature of 4 ± 2°C above than the ambient temperature in combination with drought stress (35% WHC) until maturity. Combination of drought and heat stresses significantly reduced the performance of tested wheat cultivars; however, stress at the booting and heading stages was more damaging than the anthesis and post‐anthesis stages. Cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and Chakwal‐50 remained green with extended duration for grain filling, resulting in the maintenance of number of grains per spike and 100‐grain weight under stress conditions and thus had better grain yield and water‐use efficiency. However, in cultivars Fsd‐2008, and Shafaq‐2006, the combined imposition of drought and heat accelerated the grain filling rate with decrease in grain filling duration, grain weight and grain yield. Foliar application of all the plant extracts improved the wheat performance under terminal heat and drought stress; however, brassica extract was the most effective. This improvement in grain yield, water‐use efficiency and transpiration efficiency due to foliage applied plant extracts, under terminal heat and drought stress, was owing to better stay‐green character and accumulation of more soluble phenolics, which imparted stress tolerance as indicated by relatively stable grain weight and grain number. In crux, growing of stay‐green wheat cultivars with better grain filling and foliage application of plant extracts may help improving the performance of bread wheat under combined heat and drought stresses.     

不同时期干旱胁迫对甘薯生长和渗透调节能力的影响

Field experiments were conducted using two sweet potato cultivars (Jishu 21, a drought-tolerant cultivar, and Jizishu 1, a drought-sensitive cultivar) with four water treatments to investigate the effects of drought treatments at different growth stages on growth and the activity of osmotic adjustment in sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], including well-watered treatment during the whole growth period (WW, control), drought stress during the establishment stage (DS1), drought stress during the storage root initial stage (DS2), and drought stress during the storage root bulking stage (DS3). Drought stress resulted in significant decrease of fresh weight of storage roots in sweet potato. Compared with drought stress in different periods, drought stress during the establishment stage (DS1) decreased the fresh weight most. Compared between cultivars, drought-sensitive cultivar decreased the fresh weight most. The average in three years, compared with the control, the fresh weight of drought-tolerant cultivar (Jishu 21) and drought-sensitive cultivar (Jizishu 1) decreased 28.59% and 38.77% in DS1 treatment, respectively, while 25.20% and 33.50% in DS2 treatment, respectively and 14.55% and 19.56% in DS3 treatment, respectively. Drought stress resulted in significant decrease of biomass of storage roots in sweet potato. One hundred days after planting, compared with the control, the biomass of aboveground part of Jishu 21 in DS1, DS2, and DS3 decreased 32.68%, 20.79%, and 11.72%, respectively, while Jizishu 1 decreased 46.45%, 31.89%, and 18.43%, respectively. The biomass of underground part of Jishu 21 in DS1, DS2, and DS3 decreased 37.69%, 25.86%, and 10.67%, respectively, while Jizishu 1 decreased 54.34%, 33.48%, and 14.20%, respectively. Under drought stress, the relative water content of functional leaves decreased, and the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, free amino acid and proline in functional leaves, fibrous roots and storage roots increased. The earlier the application of drought stress, the greater the decrease or increase. The effects of drought stress applied at early stages on osmotic adjustment could not be effectively recovered after re-watering, while the osmotic adjustment could be recovered to the control level after re-watering when drought stress was applied at later stage.     

冬小麦灌浆期光合参数及产量对土壤高湿和干旱变化的响应

为研究土壤湿度变化对冬小麦光合参数和产量变化的影响机制,在防雨棚人工控制灌水,设置土壤高湿、中度干旱、重旱、对照4个处理的田间冬小麦试验,研究土壤水分变化对灌浆期冬小麦光合参数及产量的影响。结果表明：冬小麦灌浆期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度随土壤水分降低而降低。重旱处理冬小麦叶片胞间CO₂浓度与对照相近,引起光合作用下降的主要原因是非气孔因素限制。土壤高湿冬小麦叶片有效利用光强区间拉大,而土壤干旱胁迫叶片有效利用光强的区间缩小,土壤高湿和干旱胁迫叶片夜间呼吸作用都提高,干旱逆境胁迫白天光合作用受限减弱,夜间呼吸作用增强,消耗营养增多,“一减一增”是其籽粒瘪秕,产量低的生理原因。土壤高湿和干旱影响冬小麦灌浆期籽粒干物质输送、积累的源库匹配。高湿处理叶片的绿色器官光合产物输送籽粒占主导,开花前营养器官干物质转运、贡献率变小;干旱逆境胁迫下,叶片等绿色器官光合产物少,输送籽粒干物质减少,但花前营养器官干物质转运、贡献率相对增大;收获指数土壤高湿和对照基本相近,干旱处理较对照明显偏小。     

水稻孕穗期和开花期的旱害及其和体内水分分配的关系

本文比较了两个水稻品种在孕穗期和开花期的旱害,并联系株内的水分状况的改变来说明品种差异的原因。从本试验结果可看出体内水分的重新分配是植株对干旱的适应反应之一,器官生长发育速度的调节是抗旱的一个有效方式。