不同时期干旱胁迫对甘薯内源激素的影响及其与块根产量的关系

在人工控水条件下, 以抗旱品种济薯21和不抗旱品种济紫薯1号为试验材料, 设置全生育期干旱胁迫(DS)、发根分枝期干旱胁迫(DS1)、蔓薯并长期干旱胁迫(DS2)、快速膨大期干旱胁迫(DS3) 4个处理, 全生育期正常灌水(WW)为对照, 研究其对甘薯内源激素及块根产量的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, 2个品种不同年份的所有干旱胁迫处理的鲜薯和薯干产量均显著下降。其中, DS薯干产量减产幅度最大, 济薯21和济紫薯1号3年平均分别减产44.62%和56.21%; 其次是DS1, 减产32.03%和44.03%; 再次是DS2, 减产30.41%和39.39%; DS3的减产幅度最小, 为13.66%和17.88%。抗旱品种济薯21的减产幅度小于不抗旱品种济紫薯1号。干旱胁迫抑制了甘薯地上部生长及块根的形成和膨大, 两个品种的单株叶片数、蔓长、地上部干重、地下部干重和块根淀粉率, 与对照相比, 各时期均表现为, DS的减少幅度最大, 其次是DS1和DS2, DS3的减少幅度最小。不同时期干旱胁迫均引起叶片和块根中GA、IAA和ZR含量下降, ABA含量上升。地上部干重与叶片GA、IAA和ZR含量呈显著正相关, 与ABA含量呈显著负相关; 地下部干重与块根GA、IAA和ZR含量呈显著正相关, 与ABA含量呈显著负相关。总之, 不同时期干旱胁迫均导致甘薯产量下降, 且胁迫时间越早, 对甘薯内源激素和块根产量的影响越大, 发根分枝期是甘薯对水分最敏感的时期。     

不同甘薯品种抗旱性评价及耐旱指标筛选

在人工控水条件下,以15个甘薯品种为试验材料,设置干旱胁迫和正常灌水2个处理,研究了干旱胁迫条件下不同甘薯品种产量和农艺性状差异。根据产量抗旱系数法分级,抗旱品种(抗旱系数≥0.6)为济薯21、济薯25、济徐23、济薯15、烟薯25;中等抗旱品种(0.4≤抗旱系数0.6)为徐薯18、济薯26、北京553、济紫薯2号、济薯18;不抗旱品种(抗旱系数0.4)为郑薯20、济紫薯3号、济薯22、济紫薯1号、凌紫。干旱胁迫导致甘薯的叶片数、蔓长、叶面积系数和生物量下降,品种间降幅不同,抗旱性强的品种降幅小,抗旱性弱的品种降幅大。这些农艺性状指标与甘薯品种的抗旱性呈显著正相关,可作为甘薯品种抗旱性鉴定的指标。徐薯18可作为甘薯品种抗旱性鉴定的标准品种。     

不同抗旱性甘薯品种叶片生理性状差异及抗旱指标筛选

在人工控水条件下,以15个甘薯品种为试验材料,设置正常灌水和干旱胁迫2个土壤水分处理,研究了干旱胁迫条件下不同甘薯品种叶片生理特性的差异。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,叶面积系数均不同程度下降,反映了品种抗旱性的差异。通过抗旱系数聚类分析,将15个甘薯品种分为3个抗旱类型,抗旱品种:济薯21、济薯25、济徐23、济薯15、烟薯25;中等抗旱品种:徐薯18、济薯26、北京553、济紫薯2号、济薯18;不抗旱品种:郑薯20、济紫薯3号、济薯22、济紫薯1号、凌紫。叶面积系数与抗旱系数的相关性分析表明,干旱胁迫条件下抗旱性强的甘薯品种可维持较高的叶面积系数;而正常灌水条件下的叶面积系数不能反映甘薯品种抗旱性。干旱胁迫导致功能叶叶绿素含量和相对含水量下降,叶片相对电导率升高。干旱胁迫条件下,功能叶叶绿素含量和相对含水量与甘薯品种的抗旱性呈显著正相关关系,而功能叶相对电导率则与甘薯品种抗旱性呈显著的负相关关系。因此,叶面积系数以及功能叶叶绿素含量、相对含水量和相对电导率等指标可作为甘薯品种抗旱性鉴定的评价指标。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对耐旱型与干旱敏感型甜菜种质形态指标的影响

探讨不同程度干旱胁迫对甜菜苗期生长状况的影响,旨在为耐旱甜菜种质选育与抗逆性研究提供理论依据。本研究以两种耐旱型BGRC16137(V₁)、依安一号(V₂)和两种干旱敏感型92011/1-6/1(V₃)、7412/823-3(V₄)的甜菜种质为材料,采用PEG模拟干旱,以差异显著性检验和逐步回归分析的方法来衡量干旱胁迫对甜菜的影响。随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,4个甜菜种质的幼苗地上部指标、地下部指标与叶片相对含水量都有显著的降低,根冠比逐渐升高。在各种浓度的干旱胁迫下,耐旱型V₁、V₂种质的叶鲜重、叶干重、叶饱和鲜重、根长和根鲜重的下降程度都低于旱敏感型V₃、V₄种质。重度干旱胁迫下,旱敏感型V₃、V₄种质的叶片相对含水量分别比对照组下降37.33%、43.90%,而耐旱型V₁、V₂种质仅下降14.94%、20.45%。结果表明耐旱型甜菜种质通过增加叶鲜重、叶干重、叶饱和鲜重、根长、根鲜重和叶片相对含水量来适应干旱胁迫。     

加工专用型紫色甘薯品种的筛选与鉴定

为筛选适宜连城县种植的加工专用型紫色甘薯新品种,采取随机区组设计,以‘龙岩7-3’为对照,2012年秋季引进5个紫色甘薯新品种进行品种比较试验,从农艺性状、经济性状、薯块的营养品质、甘薯干和油炸脆片产品的加工品质等方面进行筛选鉴定。结果表明：各品种表现不同。其中,‘伟祥1号’鲜薯产量最高达41.9 t/hm²,比对照‘龙岩7-3’增产25.8%。‘济薯18号’鲜薯产量为31.6 t/hm²,与‘龙岩7-3’相当。‘济薯18’和‘伟祥1号’加工的甘薯干,不仅在工艺稳定性、口感、色变等综合指标,均接近‘龙岩7- 3’,而且在产品的形态、色泽、透明度、口感和质地等方面均表现优异,可作为加工甘薯干的紫薯品种。‘济薯18’和‘伟祥1号’加工的油炸薯片,含油率适中,膨化度高,产品品质与对照‘龙岩7-3’相当,可作为加工油炸薯片的紫薯品种。‘福薯9号’、‘泉紫薯1号’和‘宁紫薯1号’的薯形美观,营养品质高,食味粉香,适合优质鲜食和加工甘薯全粉用。     

Drought stress tolerance in common bean: what about highly cultivated Brazilian genotypes?

Drought stress on reproductive stages constitute a major problem for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production because it affects flowering and pod-filling processes which are highly drought-sensitive. In this study, we used a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the response to drought stress in ten highly cultivated Brazilian genotypes in response to moderate intermittent drought during flowering and pod-filling periods (R7 and R8 stages). Morphological, biochemical, physiological and agronomic traits were used to identify tolerant cultivars and elucidate their strategies to cope this stress. The drought intensity index for the experiment reached 0.63. The cultivar IAC Imperador can be defined as a tolerant cultivar, presenting the lowest grain yield reduction (43%) and a reduced drought susceptibility index (0.65). This cultivar elevated their level of proline in roots under stress, which allowed the osmotic adjustment and the maintenance of an intermediate stomata closure during the day, which maintained the intrinsic WUE stable in NS and DS conditions. In addition, this cultivar was able to mobilize the assimilated carbon for the production of pods and grains, evidenced by the high harvest index and the high grain filling index. In this way, IAC Imperador can be used as a check in breeding programs to identify and select lineages with drought tolerance in common bean.     

甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱胁迫是抑制甜菜生长发育和影响产量的重要非生物因素。以耐旱型甜菜种质依安一号（V1）和干旱敏感型种质92011/1-6/1（V2）为试验材料,探讨不同耐旱品种甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应。研究了干旱胁迫对甜菜幼苗生长发育、总叶绿素含量和表观光合指标的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下2种甜菜幼苗的茎粗、根长、株高、叶鲜重、根鲜重、叶干重和根干重均呈下降趋势,V1下降幅度不明显且各指标降低幅度均小于V2;干旱胁迫降低了2种甜菜幼苗的叶绿素含量,叶绿素含量在第7天降到最低,且V1的含量明显高于V2;干旱胁迫使甜菜幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度显著下降,V1受到的影响比V2要小。不同耐旱性甜菜品种对干旱胁迫的响应机制存在一定差异,可以进一步分析其抗旱能力,为甜菜的育种、抗逆栽培和稳产提供理论依据。     

保持系稻株对孕穗期干旱胁迫伤害与补水修复的育性响应

以负压式土壤湿度计和取土烘干法双重监控盆栽试验的土壤水势变化,观测我国14个常用水稻保持系的孕穗期耐旱性,并以干旱胁迫指数人为划分钝感、耐旱、不耐旱与敏感4个等级,其中K22-B、金23-B为孕穗期干旱胁迫钝感材料,珍汕97-B、中9-B为孕穗期干旱胁迫敏感材料,比较研究它们对干旱胁迫伤害的育性响应与补水修复的特征。结果表明,钝感或敏感保持系稻株主穗耐旱性均强于分蘖穗,粒位间强势粒耐旱性均高于弱势粒。这一生物学现象似"植物顶端优势"的逆境生理学表现。比较孕穗期中花粉母细胞减数分裂期、花粉粒形成期与花粉粒充实期的耐旱性,花粉粒充实期耐旱性最弱,花粉母细胞减数分裂期耐旱性较强。孕穗期干旱后补水对结实伤害的恢复效果明显,尤其对耐旱性强的保持系稻株修复更明显,主要途径是降低秕谷率而不降低空壳率,表明干旱胁迫育性损伤是不可逆的。     

Soil drought duration and severity affect cotton boll biomass by altering recovery times and carbon dynamics of subtending leaf

Drought appears at flowering and boll formation for cotton frequently. However, reports on the impact of carbon dynamics in the subtending leaf on boll biomass under periodic droughts are limited. To investigate this, experiments were carried out with two cultivars (drought-tolerant: Dexiamian 1; drought-sensitive: Yuzaomian 9110), three water levels [soil relative water content (SRWC): control (75 ± 5)%, moderate drought (60 ± 5)%, severe drought (45 ± 5)%] and five drought durations (10, 17, 24, 31 and 38 days). A 38-day drought declined the net photosynthetic rate of subtending leaf, which could be collectively attributed to the reduction in carboxylation with reduced ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity, and stomal limitation with decreased stomatal conductance, along with the damage of photosynthetic apparatus with depressed maximum and actual photochemical quantum yield, leading to lower starch content. A 38-day drought also increased the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (Susy) and expressions of genes (GhSPS1, GhSPS2, GhSusA and GhSusB) associated with these enzymes, causing the accumulation of sucrose content, finally resulting in lower boll biomass. Some of the above parameters fully recovered under more than 17-day moderate drought or over 10-day severe drought, but boll biomass still decreased after re-watering. Under 10-day moderate drought, all aforementioned indices and boll biomass were completely recovered within 7 days of re-watering, and the recovery capacity of Yuzaomian 9110 was lower than that of Dexiamian 1. Therefore, rapid recovery of photosynthesis and decline in the subtending leaf sucrose content to pre-stress levels are important factors in lessening the impacts of drought on boll biomass and are indicative of cultivar tolerance to short-term moderate water deficit.     

不同提取方法对甘薯花青素含量测定的影响

不同提取方法影响植物花青素的提取效率及稳定性，进而影响含量的测定。本实验分别采用柠檬酸－磷酸氢二钠缓冲液和1%盐酸分别作为提取剂，对两个紫色甘薯品种“济薯18”和“中泰8号”的鲜薯和薯干干粉进行了花青素的提取，并用不同的紫外-可见分光光度计对其吸光度进行了测定。结果表明：两个甘薯品种花青素含量有显著差异，对同一品种不同的提取方法可显著影响花青素含量的测定；延长提取时间可引起花青素的部分降解，1%盐酸作为提取剂有利于花青素的稳定性；同时，测定仪器的精确度或稳定性对测定结果有一定影响。