气相色谱法测定蔬菜和水果中有机磷及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留不确定度分析

本文旨对气相色谱法测定蔬菜和水果中有机磷及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的不确定度进行评定。以NY/T 761—2008标准方法为研究对象,选择毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯分别代表方法的第一部分和第二部分,从样品前处理过程、仪器测定、标准溶液配制等7个方面对方法的测量不确定度进行了评估。毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯农药残留的相对扩展不确定度分别为0.9%和1.0%(k=2),其中气相色谱仪峰面积、标准溶液配制和加标回收率引入的不确定度分量是主要来源。为降低检测结果的不确定度,在实际检测工作中应从提高设备稳定性、简化标准溶液配制过程和提升检测人员操作能力等方面改善,并将不确定度结果应用于检测数据处于限量临界值的判断中。     

有机磷农药混合标准溶液配制不确定度评价

标准溶液的不确定度对农药残留检测起着非常重要的作用,影响着检测结果的准确性。笔者以实际应用的14种有机磷农药混合标准溶液为例,采用配制混合标准溶液过程单元操作的不确定度计算方法(top down),分析了在配制混合标准溶液过程中的所有影响因素,得到了最终的扩展不确定度。最终结果显示使用精准的移液器将储备液配置为混合标液,得到最终的扩展不确定度相对小。     

不同产地的六号溶剂对溶剂残留测定结果的影响

大豆油的生产一般采用“浸出法”。虽产品最终经溶剂脱除，但仍有少量的溶剂残留在油品中。因为六碳烷这类溶剂能麻醉呼吸中枢，因而国家GB1535—86标准中规定：允许残留量不得大于50mg／kg。我们在进行溶剂残留的测定实践中发现，采用不同产地、不同厂家生产的六号溶剂配制的溶剂标准液，其测定结果有较大的差异。例如1996年6月对秦皇岛第四粮库一批大豆油反复测试溶剂残留量为：85mg／kg。为了慎重起见，我们将此批大豆油送沈阳市监测站进行对照检验，其测定结果为＆sing／kg，差异较大，引起了我们的重视。为此，我们认真分析了产生测试…     

压榨食用植物油溶剂残留量超标分析

压榨食用植物油是用物理压榨方式生产的食用植物油,生产加工过程不加入六号溶剂。实验得出,压榨食用植物油出现溶剂残留超标现象的原因是,压榨油生产过程中干燥脱水环节温度过高,会使压榨油产生烷烃类物质,而检验中又会将烷烃类物质误认为是"溶剂残留"。     

GC-MS/MS法测定蔬菜中苯醚甲环唑残留量的不确定度评定

建立气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定蔬菜中苯醚甲环唑不确定度评定的数学模型,全面分析和评估测定全过程的不确定度来源,并对各个不确定度的分量进行量化、合成,得出其主要的不确定度因素来源于标准溶液的配制、样品的稀释和样品的处理等过程,整体评定方法清晰合理,可用于蔬菜中苯醚甲环唑农药残留的不确定度评定。     

大豆油,葵花油中戊烷含量的气相色谱分析

本分析方法对大豆油、葵花油中戊烷测定,选择了气相色谱最佳实验条件,得到了样品密封在一定容器内在一定温度条件下与不同时间对戊烷量变的函数关系,探索出了测定油脂中戊烷含量方法。在应用本法测定分析戊烷的同时可分析出浸出植物油中残留6号溶剂量。本分析最小检出量,戊烷和溶剂残留量各为1×16~(-6)g。     

植物油替代二甲苯对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在“上海青”中的残留影响

本文测定了3种植物油（精制松树油、棕榈油及精制松树油和棕榈油混合油）和二甲苯分别配制的甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油在上海青上的残留差异。结果表明：药后1d、3d,以3种植物油配制的甲维盐乳油在上海青中的残留量均比用二甲苯配制的甲维盐乳油的残留量高,其中棕榈油作为溶剂的甲维盐的残留量最高; 药后7d,三种植物油柄制的甲维盐乳油在上海青中均未能检测到残留,而二甲苯配制的甲维盐在上海青中仍有少量的残留,说明利用植物油替代二甲苯配制甲维盐乳油能在药后7天有效降低甲维盐在蔬菜中的残留量。     

不同厂家六号溶剂油对植物油中溶剂残留量测定结果影响的研究

扦取５份大豆油样品,分别使用两个厂家的六号溶剂油制备标准样品,利用峰高定量法和峰面积定量法测定溶剂残留量,测定结果不同。大多数情况下,植物油样品种六号溶剂油组成与标准样品的不同,采用较高的记录仪纸速和峰面积定量,才能使溶剂残留测定结果较为准确。     

三氯吡啶醇钠市场前景看好

<正>三氯吡啶醇钠又名乙羟基-3,5,6-三氯吡啶醇钠,作为低毒、广谱、低残留的有机磷杀虫杀螨剂毒死蜱和甲基毒死蜱等品种农药的合成主要中间体。三氯吡啶醇钠目前工业化生产工艺主要采用丙烯腈和三氯乙酰氯在催化剂和溶剂存在下进行加成反应,加成产物在溶剂存在下进行环合得到三氯吡啶酚,然后在氢氧化钠溶液中成盐     

马铃薯品种中薯3号杂交后代熟性分析

早熟马铃薯品种熟期短,经济效益高,已经成为农民增收致富的重要作物之一。为了解马铃薯熟性的遗传规律,为早熟品种选育的亲本选配提供依据,以早熟品种中薯3号为亲本分别与早熟、中早熟和晚熟亲本品种杂交形成的6个杂交组合后代为材料,对不同类型的杂交组合后代的熟性和产量相关性状进行了分析,结果表明:熟性是由多基因控制的、存在细胞质效应的数量性状;配制早熟×晚熟组合既能保证杂交后代中有较高比例的早熟和中早熟材料,也能保证杂交后代中有较高比例的高产材料;中薯3号是一个优良的、配制早熟杂交组合的育种材料。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.