植物油替代二甲苯配制的甲维盐EC对“上海青”的安全性影响

作者在观察以精制松树油+棕榈油、精制松树油、棕榈油等三种植物油替代二甲苯为溶剂的1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC对“上海青”（Brassica campestris L.）的药害情况的基础上,测定了“上海青”体内蛋白质、氨基酯和叶绿素等营养物质的含量以及对植株株高的影响,以探讨植物油替代二甲苯配制的甲维盐EC对”上海青”的安全性。结果表明,精制松树油+棕榈油、精制松树油两种溶剂配制的甲维盐EC对“上海青”无明显药害;二甲苯、棕榈油两种溶剂配制的甲维盐EC高浓度处理会引发“上海青”药害。二甲苯溶剂配制的甲维盐EC造成“上海青”新叶畸形且不可恢复;棕榈油溶剂配制的甲维盐EC造成“上海青”叶片叶缘枯白、植株萎蔫,但在植株的后续生长中症状消失。植物油溶剂配制的甲维盐EC施用后,高浓度处理会引起“上海青”体内蛋白质含量的明显下降,三种浓度处理均会引起“上海青”体内的氨基酸含量上升,但对“上海青”的叶绿素含量无明显影响。植物油溶剂配制的甲维盐EC施用后对“上海青”的生长无明显影响。     

高产小麦品种绵麦37号灌浆特性及冠层结构研究

本文研究了绵麦37号籽粒灌浆干物质积累模型及灌浆特性与粒重的相关性。结果表明:小麦籽粒干重变化呈"S"曲线,灌浆速率和籽粒水分含量均呈正态曲线。最大灌浆速率Rmax,渐增期(R1)快增期(R2)和缓增期速率(R3),渐增期持续天数(T1)是影响粒重的重要参数,各阶段灌浆速率与持续时间呈显著负相关。同时,绵麦37号具有植株叶型紧凑,通风透光好,光合作用强,整个灌浆过程千粒重较高等特性。因此在栽培和育种中可通过选育高灌浆速率,尤其是高快增期灌浆速率的品种;通过适当的栽培措施协调灌浆速率与持续时间的矛盾,增加缓增期灌浆速率而提高粒重。     

新型生物制剂“易丰收”对大豆产量促生效应及根际微生物影响研究

通过大豆‘辽豆20’盆栽试验,研究新型生物制剂“易丰收”对大豆的促生效应以及对根际微生物的影响,并结合芸薹素内酯、复合肥料与其进行对比。此文调查了大豆株高、茎粗、根瘤数等生长指标以及产量构成因素,另外还有根际细菌、放线菌和真菌数量。通过SPSS 13.0统计软件分析数据,可以得出结论。“易丰收”较之芸薹素内酯,更能明显促进大豆的生长发育和产量,显著提高大豆根瘤数量,增加根际细菌数量,尤其配合肥料效果更好。     

基于GIS技术的“三品”基地适宜性评价研究

运用GIS技术构建评价单元,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行“三品”基地适应性评价,在此基础上,采用层次分析法从周边环境情况、道路交通情况、农田土壤质量、产业发展基础、经济社会水平等方面构建“三品”基地适宜性评价体系,为“三品”基地的规划和布局提供参考。     

逻辑思维在“三农”问题研究中的应用

逻辑思维是学术研究的基石,研究者应掌握基本的逻辑方法。本文在对逻辑学基础理论知识进行梳理的基础上,就逻辑思维在“三农”问题研究中的实际应用简明扼要地进行了分析。     

花生新品种“福花4号”的选育及其高产生理基础

2001年秋季以泉花327为母本,国际半干旱研究所ICGV94449A作父本,有性杂交,混合系谱法选择,育成了丰产、耐旱、适应性广的花生新品种。该品种2007-2008年参加本省春花生区域试验,2009年春季进行生产试验,同年7月通过了福建省非主要农作物品种认定委员会花生专业组现场验收。荚果亩产281.02kg,比对照增产12.33% ,籽仁亩产189.65kg,比对照增产12.65%。粗脂肪含量51.56%,蛋白质含量29.08%。感病（S）青枯病,生育期125d左右。福花4号花量适中,花期较集中,有效花率高;幼苗期和饱果成熟期的LAI比对照低,其余时期比对照高,苗期,结荚期这两个与产量形成重要时期比对照有较高的净同化率。开花下针期营养生长同时,生殖生长已较旺盛,结荚期干物质积累多,向荚果转移快。保持一定的干物质积累率和较高的经济系数,是福花4号高产的一个重要生理基础。库大、源大,而且库/源比率高,库源的协调性好,因而产量较高。     

国审小麦新品种“花培5号”的选育及其特征特性

花培5号是利用 “豫麦18×花4-3”F1代花药培养诱导出单倍体花粉植株,经染色体加倍选育成功的国审冬小麦新品种,具有高产、稳产、抗寒、抗旱、抗病、适应性广等优点,参加国家黄淮南片区试及生产试验产量均获第一,区试混合样籽粒品质指标均超过国审中筋麦标准。     

现代生物学研究中的“组学”

当代生物学研究中,形形色色的“组学”不断诞生,主导并推动了系统生物学的快速发展。组学研究涉及核酸、蛋白、代谢物、表型等各个层次,主要包括基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学、离子组学、相互作用组学、表型组学等。该文结合国内外最新研究动态,对上述组学的概念、研究技术及进展等进行系统论述。     

人工模拟“庇护所”和“非庇护所”条件下棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性演变

 人工饲料中添加转Bt基因杂交棉品种中棉所29棉仁粉,建立杂交和自交品系分别模拟“庇护所”和“非庇护所”条件,连续多代进行棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性筛选。结果表明：经11代筛选,棉铃虫自交品系和杂交品系的幼虫死亡率下降,体重和体长增加,幼虫历期缩短,化蛹率和羽化率增加。依据幼虫死亡率、体重、体长、幼虫历期以及化蛹率、羽化率等生命参数的演变,相较杂交品系,自交品系对Bt棉能更快地产生适应性。11代筛选后,利用不同抗性品系棉铃虫进行转基因棉抗虫性评估,结果表明：相比敏感品系,杂交品系测定4个转基因棉品种的抗虫性等级未发生变化,而中棉所29等3个转基因棉品种对棉铃虫自交品系的抗性下降了1个等级。对Bt制剂的抗性测定结果表明,杂交品系的抗性倍数为2.5215,自交品系的抗性倍数为9.3876。据本研究初步结果,利用“庇护所”策略延缓棉铃虫对转Bt基因棉的抗性产生是可行的。     

“2014年青岛世园会”百果山园区岩壁景观的生态恢复与重建

由于长期开采花岗岩建筑石材,“2014年青岛世园会”百果山园区的花岗岩丘陵上遗留有6处开采石材形成的岩石崖壁。在园区建设过程中,将这6处岩石崖壁分为坡度70°以下的岩石崖壁和坡度70°以上的岩石崖壁2类,并遵循可行性原则、地域性原则和美学原则,分别提出了2类岩石崖壁景观的生态恢复与重建措施。其中,坡度70°以下的岩石崖壁可采取底层采石坑回填、“钻孔植绿”与“筑巢复绿”等措施进行生态恢复与重建;坡度70°以上的岩石崖壁可采取布鲁特罩面网垂直绿化技术、人工植生槽与顶部筑营养槽相结合,建造人工流水景观,建造人造雾喷景观,融入雕塑艺术等措施进行生态恢复与重建。     

Effect of floral morphology on pollination in Brassica rapa L

Summary Flower structure, especially the anther–stigma separation (ASS), is well known to affect pollination efficiency, and thus to potentially increase or decrease seed production in crops. Therefore, investigating the relationship between flower characteristics and pollination ability is crucial to a full understanding of mechanisms to improve F₁ seed production in Brassica rapa. We used image analysis to measure three flower characteristics: short stamen height (SSH); long stamen height (LSH); and pistil height (PH) in seven cultivars. We calculated the ratio of PH to LSH as an index of anther–stigma separation (ASS). We investigated the number of pollen grains (NPG) deposited on the stigma and the seed-set percentage (SSP) under open-pollination and self-pollination conditions (with and without insects, respectively). Nested ANOVA indicated significant differences between the seven cultivars in the floral characteristics except for PH. Moreover, much larger variation was observed in NPG and SSP than in floral characteristics. Although stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that plants with relatively high PHs produced more seed under self-pollination, the number of seeds that resulted from self-pollination did not affect seed production because of incompatibility. Therefore, the effect of the spatial position of pistils on the F₁ seed production was low. Possibly other factors such as the total pollen production and visiting times of pollinators were important factors in the low yields observed in some cultivars     

Effect of Tillage and Plant Residue Management Practices on Shrinkage of a Vertisol

A study was carried out to determine the effects of different tillage and plant residue management practices on different soil moisture and shrink-swell properties of a Vertisol (very fine, semctitic, thermic, chromic Haploxerert (with less than 1 % slope). The core samples were collected in July (after harvesting of lentil) and in November (after planting of wheat) 1993. The two tillage methods were moldboard (T1) and chisel (T2). The two plant residue incorporation dates were in August (R1) and in October (R2). Results indicated that T2 tends to give higher water holding capacity and available moisture than T1. Immediate incorporation of plant residue (R1) tends to increase the bulk density and to decrease soil specific volume and void ratio when compared to late incorporation treatment (R2). In general, the two tillage treatments tend to decrease moisture availability, shrinkage characteristics, soil specific volume, and void ratio. They also tend to increase the soil shrinkage (subsidence and cracks volume) and bulk density. Chisel plough is recommended in Vertisols, if it is to be used before the rainfall.     

Effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal colour in resynthesized amphidiploids and sesquidiploids derived from crosses between Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea

The effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal colour was studied in Brassica. Three accessions of yellow‐petalled B. rapa (2n= 20, AA) were crossed with a white‐petalled B. oleracea var. alboglabra (2n= 18, CC) and with three cream‐yellow‐petalled B. oleracea var. gongylodes (2n= 18, CC) to produce resynthesized B. napus (2n= 38, AACC or CCAA) and sesquidiploids (2n= 29, AAC or CAA). Petal colour was measured with a Hunter automatic colour difference meter. The results revealed that petal colour in Brassica is controlled by nuclear genes and by cytoplasmic factors. Additive and epistatic gene effects were involved in the action of nuclear genes. When crosses were made between yellow‐petalled B. rapa and white‐petalled B. oleracea var. alboglabra, significant additive, epistatic and cytoplasmic effects were found. White petal colour was partially epistatic over yellow petal colour. When crosses were made between yellow‐petalled B. rapa and cream‐yellow‐petalled B. oleracea var. gongylodes, only epistatic effects were detected. Yellow petal colour was epistatic over cream‐yellow.     

小白菜根肿病的接种方法及条件研究

十字花科作物根肿病是一种重要的世界性植物土传病害,该病引起的损失占世界十字花科作物总量的10%以上。探索病害的最佳接种方法是开展相关或同类研究的重要基础。试验比较了5种根肿病的人工接种方法,并探索了种子预浸、病原菌浓度和土壤pH等接种条件对接种效果的影响。结果表明,密封菌土法优于菌土法,而浸种加密封菌土法的接种效果最为显著。对比不同接种条件的试验结果得知,无菌水预浸种1天破胸后再进行接种处理会降低接种效果;用于接种处理的根肿病菌浓度越高,发病的效果越明显;而土壤条件为酸性时更利于根肿病的发生。     

利用DH和IF2群体检测甘蓝型油菜株高相关性状QTL

株高是油菜重要的农艺性状之一。以油菜品种Express、SWU07构建的包含261个株系的DH群体和由其构建的包含234个株系的IF₂群体为材料, 分析2年环境下株高及其相关性状QTL表明, 在2个群体的各年份环境中总共检测到41个株高及其相关性状QTL, 分布于甘蓝型油菜的13条染色体上, 其中9个与株高相关的QTL, 分布于A02、A09、C01、C02和C06连锁群, 分别揭示了3.85%~13.34%的表型变异, 15个与主花序长度相关的QTL, 分布于A01、A02、A05、A08、A09、C01、C03和C05连锁群, 分别揭示了3.82%~9.52%的表型变异; 11个与第1分枝高度相关的QTL, 分布于A01、A03、A09、C01和C03连锁群, 分别揭示了4.01%~16.54%的表型变异; 4个与分枝区段长相关的QTL, 分布于甘蓝型油菜的A07、A09、C03和C04连锁群, 揭示了4.79%~8.10%的表型变异; 2个与平均节间长相关的QTL, 分布于A07和C05连锁群, 分别揭示了4.29%~6.04%的表型变异。其中5个QTL在不同年份环境或不同群体中被重复检测到。这些QTL为油菜株高的遗传改良提供了有用的信息。     

精油制剂中油水混溶剂对精油抑菌效果的影响

为探讨基于油水混溶剂的复方精油对空气中沉降菌的抑制作用,本研究测定了复方精油A的抑菌效果、精油型抑菌制剂的抑菌效果和油水混溶剂对精油抑菌效果的影响。通过平板沉降法测定复方精油A的抑菌效果,并选取PEG-40氢化蓖麻油(PEG-40)、吐温80、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、司盘85、双脱乙醇5种油水混溶剂,在复方精油A和油水混溶剂比例分别介于1:1～1:6时配制精油抑菌制剂,并验证该均匀水溶液的抑菌效果,同时采用棋盘稀释法测定油水混溶剂对复方精油A抑菌效果的影响。结果表明,复方精油A的抑菌率达到80%以上,精油抑菌制剂在平板暴露6 h的抑菌率最佳,为48.92%。油水混溶剂中PEG-40的增溶效果最佳,复方精油浓度为1%时,精油、PEG-40、双脱乙醇的最佳比例为1:2:2;浓度为3%时,精油、PEG-40、双脱乙醇的最佳比例为1:3:3。PEG-40对空气中沉降菌无抑制效果,双脱乙醇和复方精油对空气中沉降菌的抑菌效果表现为相加作用。研究对植物精油应用于产业化生产时,油水混溶剂的种类和比例对精油类产品实际效果的影响有一定的参考价值。     

Variations in chlorosis and potential usefulness of alloplasmic Brassica rapa with the cytoplasm of male sterile Brassica juncea

To select superior seed parents for vegetable hybrid seed production, we conducted interspecific crosses between male sterile Brassica juncea (2n = 36, AABB) and eight inbred lines of Brassica rapa (2n = 20, AA). Alloplasmic lines of B. rapa with the cytoplasm of B. juncea were developed from B. juncea × B. rapa hybrids by repeated backcrossing using B. rapa as the recurrent male parent until the BC₃ generation. Seed fertility, male sterility and chlorophyll content were investigated in these plants cultivated under four different temperature conditions (5, 10, 12 and 20°C). At 10°C, the alloplasmic lines of B. rapa with the cytoplasm of B. juncea were male sterile with partly chlorotic leaves. The alloplasmic B. rapa had lower chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents than those of the original B. rapa. The leaves recovered from chlorosis when the plants were cultivated at 20°C. An alloplasmic line of B. rapa (A6) is available as a seed parent for vegetable hybrid seed production and contributes seed fertility, slight chlorosis and stable male sterility.     

番茄红素的溶剂残留去除及其延缓衰老作用的研究

番茄红素的提取方法一直存在着溶剂残留严重与萃取成本过高的问题。对超临界二氧化碳流体萃取法去除番茄红素中的有机溶剂残留,以及番茄红素对果蝇寿命的影响、对老龄小鼠心肌脂褐素和血清SOD的影响进行了研究。结果表明：超临界二氧化碳流体萃取法去除溶剂残留的最佳工艺参数为：压力20．67MPa,提取温度35℃,二氧化碳流量0．5L／min,提取时间为2h。试验还证实番茄红素可以显著延长果蝇寿命,同时可以降低老龄小鼠心肌脂褐素的含量,提高其血清SOD的活性。