沙埋对毛乌素沙地沙芥和斧形沙芥幼苗生长的影响

为探讨沙生植物幼苗对沙埋逆境的适应机理,以中国特有种沙芥(Pugionium cornutum L.)和濒危种斧形沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Maxim)为研究材料,取自然生境的沙土,采用人工模拟试验,研究沙埋对沙芥、斧形沙芥幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：遭受沙埋后,沙芥和斧形沙芥幼苗节间伸长的顺序均为T2/3>T1/2>T1/3>T0。沙埋深度在沙芥与斧形沙芥幼苗高度的1/3、1/2时,幼苗存活率100%,地上干重、总生物量、叶面积增长百分率、每天净增加的生物量和每天单位面积所固定的净光合产物均明显高于对照,根冠比显著低于对照;沙埋深度在幼苗高度2/3时,沙芥和斧形沙芥存活率分别为80%、60%,以上各指标均明显低于对照,根冠比显著高于对照;全部沙埋时,均不能成活。本研究说明,沙芥、斧形沙芥幼苗对沙埋具有较强的适应性,当幼苗遭受到沙埋后,沙芥、斧形沙芥延长了节间伸长和分配较多的生物量用于地上部分的生长,这种生长方式和分配模式可能是沙芥和斧形沙芥幼苗对沙埋环境的重要适应对策。     

Recurrent Addition of the Pennisetum americanum Genome in a P. americanum×P. orientale Hybrid

An interspecific hybrid involving Pennisetum americanum (2 n = 14) and a diploid cytotype of P. orientale (2 n = 18) was backcrossed to P. americanum using the hybrid (2 n = 16, 7‘A’+ 9 ‘O’) as the female parent. Pollen mother cells of 13 BC₁ plants contained a complement of 14‘A’+ 9 ‘O’ chromosomes. Five BC₂ plants obtained through further backcrossing to P. americanum had 21‘A’+ 9 ‘O’ chromosomes revealing another addition of the P. americanum genome. The role of such recurrent additions of parental genomes in the evolution of polyploid species has been discussed.     

Genetic Control of Abnormal Seedling Development in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. vulgaris×P. acutifolius A. Gray Hybrids

Abnormal hybrid seedling development hinders attempts to introgress diverse germplasm in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding programs. In this study, the hypothesis that DL₁ and DL₂ loci control abnormal seedling development both in Phaseolus vulgaris L. intraspecific hybrids and in P. vulgaris×P. acutifolius A. Gray interspecific hybrids was tested. Hybrids from crosses between six P. vulgaris lines (two Andean dl₁ d₁, DL₂DL₂, two Mesoamerican DL₁DL₁ dl₂ dl₂, and two facilitators dl₁dl₁, dl₂dl₂) and P. vulgaris cultivar Ex Rico 23 developed normally, indicating that Ex Rico 23 has the facilitator genotype dl₁, dl₁, dl₂dl₂. Previous studies have shown that Ex Rico 23 ×P. acutifolius results in abnormal seedlings, but ‘ICA Pijao’, also dl₁, dl₁ dl₂dl₂, ×P. acutifolius results in normal seedlings. Neither the Andean nor the Mesoamerican lines crossed successfully with P. acutifolius, but crosses between one of the two facilitators (G3807) and P. acutifolius resulted in normal seedlings. These results support the hypothesis that different loci control intra- and interspecific hybrid seedling development.     

Is the European plum,Prunus domestica L., a P. cerasifera EHRH. x P. spinosa L. allo-polyploid?

Summary The mode of origin of the hexaploid (6x=48) European plum Prunus domestica has been re-examined. It is argued that the evidence in support of an allo-polyploid origin and the participation of 4x P. spinosa in the formation of this fruit tree is far from being satisfactory. Instead, the morphological affinities between P. domestica, P. spinosa and P. cerasifera (= P. divaricata) and the available cytogenetic evidence seem to implicate 2x, 4x, 6x P. cerasifera as the sole wild stock from which the cultivated 6x European plum could have evolved.     

Analysis of reproductive isolation between pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) and P. ramosum, P. schweinfurthii, P. squamulatum, Cenchrus ciliaris

Crosses between pearl millet lines and Pennisetum ramosum, P. schweinfurthii, P. squamulatum or Cenchrus ciliaris were observed for the frequency and development of zygotes, the possibility of embryo rescue, and the fertility of F1 hybrids obtained. Eight per cent of the ovules from diploid millet × P. ramosum crosses showed small embryos which could not be rescued. However, 59% of the ovules from tetraploid millet × P. ramosum crosses showed well-developed embryos that were easy to rescue 14 days after pollination. F1 hybrids were male sterile but female fertile when pollinated by diploid millet. Both diploid and tetraploid millet ovules showed the presence of hybrid zygotes after pollination with P. schweinfurthii at rates ranging from 25% to 45%. The diploid millet× P. schweinfurthii hybrid zygotes often developed almost normal seeds giving, without embryo rescue, totally sterile plants. The tetraploid millet × P. schweinfurthii hybrid embryos were normal but the endosperm was severely defective. A hybrid obtained by embryo rescue was totally sterile. A diploid millet-P. schweinfurthii amphidiploid was obtained by somatic embryogenesis associated with colchicine treatment during callogenesis. This amphiploid plant was male sterile, but gave many seeds when pollinated by a tetraploid millet and few seeds when pollinated by a diploid millet. P. squamulatum pollinating diploid millets produced proembryos with large undifferentiated endosperms in 73% of the ovules. A normal seed set was observed on tetraploid millets pollinated by P. squamulatum and the resulting F1 hybrids were partially male and female fertile. Backcrosses of these hybrids were much more fertile when pollination was from a tetraploid millet rather than from a diploid millet. C. ciliaris pollinating a diploid millet showed, in 60% of the ovules, proembryos and endosperms similar to those observed with P. squamulatum and no hybrid could be rescued. Crosses with a tetraploid millet could not be attempted due to the pistil-pollen incompatibility of tetraploid millets available with C. ciliaris. Ploidy levels of mating partners do not seem to influence pistil-pollen compatibility, but play a major role in post-zygotic abortion. With adequate ploidy levels of parents, and embryo rescue, it seems that the pearl millet gene pool can be considerably enlarged by germplasm from many other species.     

小麦(T.aestivum L.)D基因组的研究进展

普通小麦是一个异源六倍体物种,具有ABD三个染色体组,D染色体组在来源和进化过程中都与A、B染色体组不同,D染色体组来自于粗山羊草,含有丰富的抗病、抗虫、抗寒、优质等有益基因,因此D染色体组的研究对小麦的产量、品质改良具有重要意义。但是由于长期的定向遗传改良,我国普通小麦的遗传差异较小,遗传基础狭窄,特别是在D染色体组上尤为突出。一些对作物产量和品质有益的基因未被挖掘利用。本文对小麦D基因组的起源、遗传多样性和拓宽遗传基础的方法及基因定位等进行了综述,并结合本实验室的研究工作对其研究前景进行展望。     

杂种小叶杨叶片外植体离体再生体系的建立

为了开发新的小叶杨基因保存技术并提高其抗病虫害能力,本研究以杂种小叶杨(Populus simonii Carr.× P. deltoides cv. ‘Shanhaiguanensis’)无性系的叶片作为外植体,研究了杂种无性系的的离体培养及叶片再生体系,探讨了不同激素组合对杂种无性系不定芽的诱导、分化以及生根的影响。结果表明：最适于杂种小叶杨叶片分化的培养基是MS+0.1 mg/L 6-BA+0.04 mg/L NAA+0.005 mg/L TDZ,不定芽分化率和平均分化芽芽数分别达到最高的90%和6.8,芽长为2.14 cm;最佳生根培养基为1/2 MS+0.1mg/L IBA,生根率达90%。最后将这些再生植株成功驯化并移栽到温室。10 mg/L的卡那霉素可以抑制杂种小叶杨的诱导分化,20 mg/L的卡那霉素可以抑制杂种小叶杨不定芽的生根。本研究结果将有助于小叶杨抗病虫害等方面的遗传转化及相关研究,同时也将为小叶杨基因库的保存提供重要技术支撑。     

山新杨组织培养快繁技术研究

山新杨冬季枝条经FC处理,选择萌发新枝的茎段和叶片为接种外植体;诱导茎段产生腋芽的培养基为1/2MS 6-BA0.2~0.5mg/L NAA0~0.5mg/L,诱导叶片产生不定芽的培养基为1/2MS或MS 6-BA0.5mg/L NAA0.5mg/L;丛生芽快繁培养基MS 6-BA0.3mg/L NAA0.3mg/L,每20天继代一次,繁殖倍数20左右;生根培养基为1/2MS或MS,附加0.1~0.5mg/L的多效唑,对生根有促进作用。     

山新杨组织培养快繁技术研究

山新杨冬季枝条经FC处理,选择萌发新枝的茎段和叶片为接种外植体;诱导茎段产生腋芽的培养基为1/2MS+6-BA0.2~0.5mg/L+NAA0~0.5mg/L,诱导叶片产生不定芽的培养基为1/2MS或MS+6-BA0.5mg/L+NAA0.5mg/L;丛生芽快繁培养基MS+6-BA0.3mg/L+NAA0.3mg/L,每20天继代一次,繁殖倍数20左右;生根培养基为1/2MS或MS,附加0.1~0.5mg/L的多效唑,对生根有促进作用。     

Cytology of Phleum sp. affin. P. montanum C. Koch

Diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid plants occurred in foreign plant introductions of P. sp. affin. P. montanum from Turkey and Iran. Within-progeny variations in polyploid levels indicate that divergent races occurred as interspersed but natural populations. One to six B-chromosomes of varying sizes in addition to the normal chromosome complement were present in some plants. Their behaviours appeared essentially similar to those recorded for other species. Certain of the plants examined exhibited cytological features similar to those observed in known hybrids. These included prophase pycnosis, stickiness, split metaphase I plates, unoriented chromosomes at M-1, and low levels of pollen stainability. These features were absent in microsporocytes of other plants. Low open-pollination seed set characterized all plants examined. This may be due to hybridity or possibly to response to ecological conditions of the new environment.Results of co-operative work of the Crops Research Division, A.R.S., U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, Madison, Wisconsin.Former Graduate Student, Department of Agronomy, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, and Geneticist, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

红叶李与安哥诺李及其杂交子代的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA分子标记（RAPD）技术对红叶李与安哥诺李及其杂交子代中的10株植株进行遗传多样性分析。从100个随机引物中筛选出15个引物,然后对所有子代进行分析。利用PopGene3.2软件分析所得图谱的多态位点数、多态位点百分率、Shannon信息指数(I)、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)、遗传距离和遗传一致度。用DPSv2.0软件依据所得到的遗传距离,按照非加权平均距离法（UPGMA）构建树状图。结果表明：15个随机引物共扩增出多态条带89个,总的多态位点百分率为93.54%,平均Shannon信息指数为0.4298,平均Nei's基因多样性指数为0.3574,说明杂交后代具有较丰富的遗传多样性。从树状图可以看出杂交子代的遗传变异较丰富,其中1号植株与母本亲缘关系最近,最有可能稳定遗传母本的红叶性状。     

五味子及其栽培技术

五味子,别名北五味子,是著名的药用植物.由于它是北温带森林的层间植物,因此,对森林环境有较强的依附性.在我国,五味子一直处于野生状态.论述了五味子的资源现状、栽培历史、生物特性、生态特性、栽培技术和采收贮藏.     

新疆块根芍药种子萌发特性研究

通过生物鉴定（白菜籽萌发实验）、赤霉素（GA3）溶液浸种和层积处理等方法探讨引起块根芍药种子休眠原因和解除体眠的措施,研究决根芍药种子萌发条件。结果表明,块根芍药种子的种皮和种胚都含有萌发抑制物质,通过赤霉素（GA3）溶液浸种后层积处理,可以有效解除其对块根芍药种子休眠的影响,使其萌发。     

多花黄精组织培养快繁技术的研究

[目的]:建立多花黄精组织培养快速繁殖体系。[方法]:以多花黄精带芽根茎为外植体,消毒后将其置于富含不同激素配比的培养基中培养,筛选各阶段合适的培养基。[结果]:在附加有2,4-D的诱导培养基上出现不定芽,增殖培养以MS+6-BA4.0 mg/L+2,4-D0.2 mg/L为好,增殖倍数可达10倍。在增殖培养基中加入GA3有利于壮苗。6-BA、2,4-D、GA3组合更加有利于形成粗壮无根苗。培养基1/2 MS+IBA0.7 mg/L最适合用于诱导黄精不定芽生根,生根率可达95%。[结论]:2,4-D比NAA更有利于多花黄精的不定芽诱导。该繁殖体系可在短时间内提供大量黄精种苗。     

Genetic gains for yield after two back-crosses of the interspecific hybrid Libusta (Coffea canephora P. × C. liberica Bull. Ex Hiern) to C. canephora P.

The Libusta (Coffea canephora P. × C. liberica B.) programme initiated in the seventies in Côte d'Ivoire aims at improving the quality of coffee grown in low altitudes, with a yield comparable to current commercial C. canephora clones. The second generation of back‐crosses to the C. canephora (CAN) parent, BC2, are now likely to be commercially exploited as far as yield is concerned. The best BC2 progeny yielded 1386 kg of green coffee/ha/y, averaged over five harvest years. On average, the genetic gain for yield from BC1 to BC2 reached 22%. In a factorial mating design, no interaction was observed between BC1 and CAN parents, while both main effects were highly significant. This explained that observed genetic gains and further genetic gains may be achieved with appropriate strategies.     

茴香胺值在植物油储藏中变化的研究

食用植物油在储藏过程中易变质酸败。在试验中，使用ISO6885中的方法测定油品中的茴香胺值，并研究了茴香胺值在储藏中的变化规律，证明茴香胺值随储藏时间的增长和储藏温度升高而上升。