Rht8、Rht10、Rht12矮杆基因对小麦营养生长和生殖生长发育的影响

两年、两地的试验结果证明,Rht8半矮秆基因对地上部生物产量较Rht10和Rla12有显著的正向作用,并且生长发育较早,较接近目前推广种的生育时期,对不良环境有较强的适应性,利于产量性状的形成.Rht10的降秆作用最强,但由于节间缩短太多,造成地上部生物产量明显降低,使籽粒形成时提供营养的"源"太少,不利于高产.Rht12矮秆基因的降秆程度显著高于Rht8,但生物产量亦太低、成熟太晚和对环境条件的不适应,影响籽粒产量的提高,在以降秆为主要目标的育种中利用价值较大.     

不同Rht基因对小麦子粒品质的影响

多年结果证明Rht1、Rht2、rht3个近等基因系之间的子粒蛋白质含量差异不显著，而Rht3基因系的蛋白质含量显著高于前三者。Rht3基因系的子粒赖氨酸含量显著高于Rht2和rht系统，Rht10显著高于Rht1系，其他基因系之间无显著差异。Rh10基因系的面粉的沉降值显著高于Rht1,Rht8和Rht12,Rht3显著高于Rht1,Rht2和rht。Rht10和Rht3基因系面粉的湿面筋显著高于其他基因系。此外，同一基因系在不同的年限之间的品质性状表现有差异。     

Rht12导入八倍体小黑麦及其对小黑麦株高、单株分蘖数和种子饱满度的影响

Rht12是位于5A染色体上的显性矮秆基因.用带有该基因的普通小麦Bezostaya 1、Mercia作矮源与八倍体小黑麦杂交、回交,经自交和染色体数镜检及田间、室内选择,将Rht12基因导入八倍体小黑麦,获得了染色体数56的矮秆八倍体小黑麦株.在八倍体小黑麦遗传背景下,基因型纯合(Rht12Rht12)时降秆能力约为41.2%,杂合(Rht12rht12)时约为31.0%.小黑麦遗传背景对该基因有修饰作用.该基因增强了八倍体小黑麦的分蘖力,延迟了熟期,对籽粒饱满度有不利影响,尚需继续回交和选择.     

春小麦和硬粒小麦主效矮秆基因近等基因系的全球适应性

小麦和硬粒小麦中Rht—B1和Rht—D1主效矮秆基因的效应随环境而变化。我们在全球81个试验中种植了国际适应性试验（IAT）中的6个春小麦矮秆近等基因系。在产量大于3Mg／ha的56个试验中，有54％的试验的半矮秆品系平均产量显著高于高秆品系；在产量低于3Mg／ha的27个试验中，仅有在24％的试验中为半矮秆品系的产量占优势。     

不同Rht基因在冬小麦育种中的利弊分析

利用携带不同的Ｒｈｔ矮秆基因的６个冬小麦近等基因系,进行了两年试验,研究了不同矮秆基因在育种中的利用价值,结果表明,Ｒｈｔ１和Ｒｈｔ２两个半矮秆基因提高了单株（或单穗）粒数和粒重,经济系数和倒二叶面积。产Ｒｈｔ３和高秆系显著降低了千粒重,Ｒｈｔ３矮秆基因对单株粒数,单株产量和穗粒数均负向作用,显著提高了千粒重;Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２较高秆系和Ｒｈｔ２＋Ｒｈｔ３系比较显著提高了经济系数,Ｒｈｔ２＋Ｒｈ５     

小麦矮杆基因的分子检测及遗传效应研究

利用矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8的特异性分子标记对202份普通小麦材料进行了分子检测,连续两年观测了供试材料的重要农艺特性,分析了不同矮秆基因的遗传效应。结果表明:在202份供试材料中,22份供试材料含有基因Rht-B1b,分布频率为10.89%;基因Rht-D1b、Rht8和不含3种矮秆基因的材料分布频率分别为73.76%、65.84%和6.93%,其中有12份材料含基因Rht-B1b+Rht8,有104份材料含Rht-D1b+Rht8,分布频率分别为5.94%和51.43%。矮秆基因对农艺特性的影响不同。3个矮秆基因均可以显著地降低株高,其降秆效应分别为Rht-D1bRht-B1bRht8,就基因组合而言,降秆效应则是Rht-D1b+Rht8Rht-D1bRht-B1b+Rht8Rht-B1bRht8,说明矮秆基因具有累加效应,同时含有2个矮秆基因要比只含有其中1个矮秆基因株高更低。矮秆基因在有效分蘖、穗长、小穗数和穗粒数等方面不存在显著差异,但矮秆基因对有效分蘖有一定的负效应,有利于穗长和穗粒数的增加。基因Rht8可以显著提高千粒重,而Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b对千粒重存在一定的负效应。试验中含有基因Rht-D1b和Rht8的部分材料在农艺性状中表现良好,应进一步加以利用。     

小麦显性矮秆基因Rht10“微突变”的发现

以4D染色体携带Rht10而极度矮化的小麦显性矮秆系“矮变1号”与中、高秆的现代小麦改良品种杂交，选育出了一批植株较矮变1号显著提升、以至达到小麦育种理想株高的半显性衍生矮秆系，已将其应用于杂交小麦及小麦常规育种。对半显性衍生矮秆系与起始矮秆系矮变1号矮秆主基因之间的同一性进行了研究。以此提出了小麦显性矮秆基     

Rht12导入八倍体小黑麦及其对小黑麦株高、单株分禁数和种子饱满度的影响

Rht12是位于5A染色体上的显性矮秆基因。用带有该基因的普通小麦Bezostaya1, Mercia作矮源与八倍体小黑麦杂交、回交,经自交和染色体数镜检及田间、室内选择,将Rht12基因导入八倍体小黑麦,获得了染色体数56的矮秆八倍体小黑麦株。在八倍体小黑麦遗传背景下,基因型纯合(Rht12 Rht12)时降秆能力约为41.2%,杂合(Rht12rht12)     

用微卫星标记鉴定中国小麦品种中Rht8矮秆基因的分布

利用微卫星Xgwm261标记对中国小麦主产区近30年小麦主栽品种进行Rht8矮秆基因的鉴定,同时进行系谱分析加以验证,结果表明:就全国范围而言,约42.3%的品种含有Rht8,但不同生态区的分布频率不同;结合赤霉酸(GA3)反应实验,约20.6%的品种同时含有Rht8和对GA3不敏感矮秆基因.根据系谱分析,中国小麦品种Rht8的供体品种主要是来自意大     

20对大麦株高近等基因系农艺与产量性状差异及相关性分析

为培育高产优质啤酒大麦提供理论依据,以20对二棱啤酒大麦株高近等基因系为试材,通过测定其农艺性状和产量性状,探讨近等基因系中半矮秆基因uzu对株高、穗长、地上部干质量、单穗粒数、单株粒重和千粒质量等的影响,并进行20个高秆基因系之间、20个矮秆基因系之间的性状差异比较及相关分析。结果表明:除地上部干质量和单穗粒数性状外,高秆基因系(无半矮秆基因uzu)其他性状均显著或极显著高于矮秆基因系(含半矮秆基因uzu),即半矮秆基因对较多的农艺性状和产量性状能够产生降低作用。相关分析表明:20个高秆基因系中,千粒质量之间的差异最为显著,说明千粒质量对于产量的提升潜力较大;株高与穗下节间长度、穗长呈极显著正相关,与产量性状均呈负相关,但无显著相关性。在20个矮秆基因系中,千粒质量同样差异最为显著;株高与其他性状均无显著相关性,但与千粒质量、单穗粒数呈负相关,与单株粒重呈正相关。     

矮杆基因对春小麦植株生长发育的影响及对子粒产量的间接作用

利用以春小麦品种ＡｐｒｉｌＢｅａｒｄｅｄ为背景的含有不同矮秆基因Ｒｈｔ１、Ｒｈｔ２、Ｒｈｔ３、Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２和Ｒｈｔ２＋Ｒｈｔ３的５个近等基因系,研究了不同矮秆基因对小麦生长发育的作用。结果表明：Ｒｈｔ１半矮秆基因显著缩短了小麦植株生长发育进程,促进了地上部干物质积累,加大了旗叶面积和倒二叶面积,提高了单株成穗率,减少了无效分蘖;Ｒｈｔ２半矮秆基因显著增大了倒二叶面积,提高了单株成穗率和穗长,减少了无效分蘖;Ｒｈｔ３矮秆基因显著加大了旗叶面积,但对地上部干物质的积累、单株成穗和穗长均有显著的负向作用;Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２基因结合没有突出的优势存在：Ｒｈｔ２和Ｒｈｔ３基因结合对有利于提高小麦产量性状的作用均为负向最大;上述３种矮秆基因及其不同的结合形式均有显著的使茎秆矮化的作用。因此认为Ｒｈｔ１半矮秆基因在小麦育种中利用价值较大,Ｒｈｔ３矮秆基因利用价值则较小。     

不同矮秆基因对冬小麦农艺性状的影响

利用以冬麦品种ＭａｒｉｓＨｕｎｔｓｍａｎ为背景的含有不同矮杆基因Ｒｈｔ１,Ｒｈｔ２和Ｒｈｔ３及其不同结合形式的６个近等基因系,研究了不同矮秆基因对小麦农艺性状的作用,结果表明,Ｒｈｔ１半矮秆基因显著提高了单株穗数,粒数和粒重,地下部生物产量,经济系数和倒二叶面积,Ｒｈｔ２半矮秆基因显著提高了单株（或单穗）粒数和粒重,经济系数和倒二叶面积,显著降低了千粒重,Ｒｈｔ３矮秆基因对单株粒数,地上部生物产量     

The effect of major dwarfing genes on yield potential in spring wheats

Summary A composite convergent cross of 16 spring wheat parents produced a set of unselected progeny lines among which the major dwarfing genes, Rht1, Rht2 and Rht3, were distributed against a common random genetic background. Random subsets of these lines were grown under irrigation and optimal conditions in 4 experiments with replicated bordered plots in southern New South Wales in order to measure the dwarfing gene effect on yield potential. The dwarfing gene composition of each line was determined by test crossing and seedling responsiveness to gibberellic acid.Lodging was negligible in the two experiments in 1982. While present in the two in 1983, it was not strongly associated with yield. Grain yield levels were appropriately high (mean 5.9 t/ha). In all but 1 experiment the Rht1+Rht2 dwarf genotypes gave highest yields while the Rht3 group yielded on average 3% lower, Rht2 9% lower, Rht1 11% lower, and the non-dwarf or tall group yielded 24% lower. These yield differences were positively associated with harvest index, kernels per m² and kernels per spike, but negatively associated with mature plant height. Even within major dwarfing gene classes, grain yield was significantly and negatively associated with height.     

Effects of dwarfing genes on yield and yield components under irrigated and rainfed conditions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Near-isogenic tall (no dwarfing gene), semidwarf (Rht1 or Rht2) and dwarf (Rht1 + Rht2 or Rht3) spring wheat lines were evaluated for yield and yield components under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Under irrigated conditions, the dwarf and the semidwarf lines exhibited a significant yield advantage over the tall lines. Under rainfed conditions, the semidwarf lines outyielded the tall as well as the dwarf lines. Percent yield reduction in response to drought stress was highest with the dwarfs and lowest with the tall lines. Dry matter production of the tall lines and that of the semidwarf lines did not differ significantly and both produced significantly more dry matter than the dwarf lines under irrigated as well as rainfed conditions. Plant height and kernel weight decreased with increasing degree of dwarfness while number of kernels per spikelet, harvest index and days to heading increased under both moisture regimes. The dwarfing genes did not have any significant influence on number of tillers/m² and spikelets per spike in either moisture regime.     

黄淮南片麦区新育成品种（系）中3个矮秆基因分子标记检测及其与农艺性状的关系

利用矮秆基因RhtB1-b、RhtD1-b和Rht8特异分子标记对郑麦583和2015-2016年度参加河南省区域试验、河南省品种比较试验、国家黄淮南片区域试验及国家黄淮麦区品种比较试验的共630份小麦材料的基因型进行检测。结果表明,供试材料中检测到549份材料含有RhtB1-b基因;592份材料含有RhtD1-b基因;513份材料含有Rht8基因;422份材料同时含有3个矮秆基因,169份材料仅含有2个矮秆基因,说明3个主要的矮秆基因在河南小麦育种过程中被聚合使用。此外,分析发现,矮秆基因Rht8与株高和每公顷穗数,以及千粒重具有显著相关性。郑麦583等小麦品种聚合了这3个矮秆基因,具有优良的丰产性,通过选择和利用矮秆基因对于培育具有丰产性优点的小麦品种具有一定价值。     

Pleiotropic Effects of Genes for Reduced Height (Rht) and Day-Length Insensitivity (Ppd) on Yield and its Components for Wheat Grown in Middle Europe

Under field conditions in Germany over three growing seasons the pleiotropic effects on yield and its components of four sets of near isogenic lines carrying the GA insensitive dwarfing alleles Rht1, Rht2, Rht3, Rht1+2, Rht2+3 or rht (tall) in four different genetical backgrounds were examined together with 24 single chromosome recombinant lines segregating for the GA sensitive dwarfing gene Rht8 and the gene for day-length insensitivity Ppd1 in a ‘Cappelle-Desprez’ background. For the GA insensitive semi-dwarfs it was shown that in all three years a higher number of grains per ear was accompanied by a lower grain weight. Depending on the climatic conditions in a particular year, the increase in grain number was sufficient to compensate for the reduction in grain size and resulted in higher yields. For the Ppd1 allele yield advantages were found for wheats grown under environmental conditions of middle Europe.     

The Genetics and Breeding Potential of Rht12, a Dominant Dwarfing Gene in Wheat

Rht12, a dominant dwarfing gene of wheat, was shown to be located distally on the long arm of chromosome 5A. Lack of recombination with the awn inhibitor B1 suggested that Rht12 is cither tightly linked to this gene or is, in this material, a pleiotropic expression of the gene. Linkage to β-Amy-A1 was also very tight, indicating that Rht12 is present on the segment of chromosome SAL ancestrally translocated from 4AL. The close linkage to β-Amy-A1 also suggests that Rht12 is not a homoeoallele of the commercially important GA-insensitive dwarfing genes. Analysis of near-isogenic lines in a number of genetic backgrounds showed that Rht12 reduces height without altering ear size and significantly increases spikelet fertility. However its successful utilization in breeding programmes will require careful selection since in some backgrounds the gene reduces grain numbers and grain size. In all backgrounds, Rht12 delayed ear emergence time by around 6 days. A delay of this magnitude could, in many environments, adversely affect yield if it is not neutralized by altering the balance of other genes determining ear emergence time.     

不同矮秆基因小麦农艺性状的遗传差异

对含有不同主效矮秆基因（Ｒｈｔ１，Ｒｈｔ２和Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２）的三组春小麦进行了两年，两地试验。结果表明，具有半矮秆基因Ｒｈｔ１的小麦表现出较高的生物产量，穗粒数和容重，它们以此获得较高的籽粒产量；具有矮秆基因Ｒｈｔ１和Ｒｈｔ２的小麦，则表现出较高的千粒重，通过半大收获指数获得高产；在两个半矮秆组内，籽粒产量与株高之间，粒数／ｍ＾２与千粒重之间均为显著负相关，就矮秆组而言，在籽粒产量与粒数／ｍ＾     

直接导入农林10号矮秆基因于八倍体小黑麦的研究

用杂交、回交方法,将农林10号的矮秆基因导入八倍体小黑麦Y1139F_7中。和预期的一样,在不涉及R组染色体重组的情况下,导入后的八倍体小黑麦种子饱满度并未下降,还略有提高。这是利用直接导入法导入普通小麦有利基因于八倍体小黑麦的第一个实例.为“未经改良的R组染色体对八倍体小黑麦的种子饱满度有干扰作用”提供了间接的证据。