低氮诱导小麦灌浆期旗叶衰老与膜脂的关系

小麦产量主要来自于小麦灌浆期旗叶的光合产物, 低氮造成的灌浆期旗叶早衰对小麦产量影响极大。本试验以小麦品种“长旱58”为试验材料, 在大田环境下设置低氮(120 kg hm ^-2)和正常氮(180 kg hm ^-2)处理, 研究低氮诱导的小麦旗叶衰老与膜脂的关系。结果表明, 开花14 d后, 低氮处理小麦旗叶的光合速率、叶绿素含量、旗叶总氮含量均显著降低; 旗叶中膜脂各组分含量均显著下降, DGDG/MGDG的比值升高; 以C18:3、C18:2为代表的不饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降, 以C16:0为代表的饱和脂肪酸含量显著增加, 不饱和双键指数显著降低; 此外类囊体蛋白质堆积密度也显著降低。综合分析认为低氮处理导致小麦灌浆期旗叶早衰, 早衰过程伴随着膜脂降解和组分改变, 降低了膜的流动性和通透性, 导致叶绿素降解, 使光合功能受损。同时, 植物通过调整DGDG/MGDG比例来响应低氮胁迫, 利用DGDG的双层特性来部分弥补其它双层膜脂的降解对膜功能造成的损伤。     

甜菜碱预处理对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗类囊体膜脂脂肪酸组分和功能的影响

以2个小麦品系旱丰9703（抗旱性强）和山农215953（抗旱性弱）为材料，研究了对盐胁迫的反应，以及外源甜菜碱在提高小麦抗盐性方面的作用。结果表明，盐胁迫导致小麦幼苗类囊体膜脂脂肪酸组分相对含量发生改变，山农215953的磷脂酰甘油（PG）和磷脂酰胆碱（PC）中亚麻酸（18∶3）相对含量均显著下降，旱丰9703仅PC中亚麻酸（18∶3）相对含量显著下降。甜菜碱预处理能显著缓解盐胁迫导致的山农215953的PG和旱丰9703的PC中18∶3相对含量的下降。盐胁迫导致小麦幼苗类囊体Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、Hill反应活力和叶绿素含量及光合作用的降低，抗旱性较弱的山农215953下降程度较大；甜菜碱预处理能显著缓解其下降程度。抗旱性不同的小麦品系在抗盐性方面具有相同的趋势。     

后期高温条件下小麦旗叶光合参数的变化及其相关性分析

研究了高温条件下小麦旗叶光合参数的变化，结果表明，花后高温处理(超过24h)使后期旗叶光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(C)和水分利用效率(WUE)等参数显著下降，胞间CO2浓度(Ci)明显增大(各参数F值均达到0．001显著水平)。高温持续时间与处理后天数之间存在着极显著的互作效应，这表明高温所引起光合参数的变化随生育期的推进而呈加剧趋势。相关分析结果表明，高温胁迫下旗叶光合参数的变化与细胞膜脂过氧化代谢有密切关系，伴随着旗叶Pn，Tr，C，WUE的下降和Ci的增加，叶片膜脂过氧化产物-MDA含量显著增加，质膜相对透性明显增大；高温条件下旗叶Pn，Tr，C和WUE之间均存在极显著的正相关关系，但均与Ci呈极显著的负相关，表明高温所引起光合参数的下降主要源于非气孔因素。     

不同浓度Cd3+胁迫对小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

以小麦幼苗为试验材料,研究不同浓度的Cd3+对其膜脂过氧化及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长,SOD活性和VC含量先升后降,但在同一胁迫时间里随着Cd3+处理浓度的升高,2者呈逐渐下降的趋势;随着胁迫时间的增加,CAT和POD活性逐渐降低,叶绿素和蛋白质含量也随之逐渐下降,而膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)过量积累,膜透性(电导率)逐渐增大,且电导率在45℃时大于室温的导电率。     

小麦/蚕豆间作条件下磷对作物产量和相关生理指标的影响

试验选择小麦/蚕豆模式,设计不同的磷水平,对小麦/蚕豆系统经济产量和相关生理指标做了初步分析。结果得出：供磷显著提高了小麦和蚕豆的经济产量。与不供磷 (P0) 相比,中磷处理(P1)小麦籽粒增产51.78%,蚕豆增产24.16%;高磷处理(P2)小麦增产58.05%,蚕豆增产23.74%。结果也表明：供磷提高系统经济产量可能是由于磷是光合作用的底物和调节物,有利于小麦抽穗期（蚕豆开花期）作物上位叶片叶绿素含量的提高,同时增加了植株中光合中间产物可溶性糖的积累,促进营养物质向籽粒的转化。供磷也提高了作物叶片游离脯氨酸的含量,但处理间差异不显著。     

干旱对不同品种小麦幼苗的生理生化胁迫以及外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸的缓解作用

黄淮主产区冬小麦生育期干旱灾害发生频繁,造成小麦苗期严重光合生理伤害。为探讨不同小麦品种光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应,以百农207,周麦18以及小麦新品种郑麦1860为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对不同品种小麦幼苗光合生理、抗氧化物酶、相关基因表达水平的影响以及外源ALA的干旱缓解作用。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫下郑麦1860具有较高的根干重和根冠比,与周麦18相比,抗旱能力较强的郑麦1860和百农207叶绿素含量的下降幅度、MDA含量的增加幅度、叶绿素荧光参数和光合作用参数的下降幅度相对较低,但SOD和CAT酶活性的增加幅度相对较大。同时,干旱胁迫显著增加了CAT、SOD-Cu/Zn、MnSOD和FeSOD抗氧化酶相关基因的转录表达水平,且增加程度与小麦的抗旱能力密切相关。外源ALA预处理能够通过对CAT、SOD-Cu/Zn和MnSOD的转录诱导,进一步提高干旱胁迫下SOD和CAT酶的活性,降低膜脂过氧化损伤程度,同时提高ATP酶的活性,缓解干旱对小麦光合生理的伤害。此外,本研究首次发现,小麦叶绿体光合机构相关psb28基因转录表达的维持也与不同品种的抗旱能力有一定联系,且受外源ALA预处理的显著诱...     

铝胁迫对小麦的影响及小麦的抗铝机理

简要概述了铝胁迫对小麦的影响及小麦的抗铝机理。小麦根主要吸收单核铝且主要积累于0～5mm根尖处。在铝胁迫下，小麦细胞对Ca^2＋和Mg^2＋等元素的净吸收量减少，细胞中游离脯氨酸含量增加，液泡膜中Ca^2＋-ATP酶、H^＋-ATP酶活性和磷脂的含量下降。线粒体中Ca^2＋-ATP酶、H^＋-ATP酶和焦磷酸酶活性也下降。小麦通过增加有机酸、磷酸、蛋白质、已糖、糖醛酸的分泌，增加钙、磷的含量，提高根际pH覆保持低水平的渗透势来抵抗铝毒。     

导入外源玉米C_4型NADP-ME基因对小麦光合效能的影响

为研究玉米C_4型NADP-ME基因对小麦光合特性的影响,以T_3代转NADP-ME基因小麦株系10T(9)-1-1和10T(9)-225-4及其对照周麦23为试材,进行了分子特征鉴定、光合生理特性分析和单株产量性状调查,并对其作用机制进行了初步解析。结果表明,外源基因已整合到转基因小麦的基因组中,并能正确转录和翻译;与对照周麦23相比,两个转基因株系在4个测定时期旗叶NADP-ME酶活性均明显提高,而旗叶净光合速率(P_n)则明显下降;尤其在花后第7天,两个转基因株系的酶活性较对照分别提高1.33倍和1.13倍,P_n分别较对照下降17.26%和10.35%;千粒重和籽粒产量较对照均显著下降。与对照周麦23相比,转基因株系10T(9)-225-4利用强光和同化CO_2能力下降,光合效率下降;旗叶气孔张开率和气孔导度均显著下降;苹果酸含量降低了5.6%,丙酮酸含量则提高了17.1%;外施苹果酸可恢复其光合速率。以上研究结果表明,玉米C_4型NADP-ME基因的导入降低了小麦的光合特性,苹果酸含量降低引起的气孔导度下降可能是导致转基因小麦光合效能降低的原因。     

不同灌水方式对砂姜黑土小麦中后期生长及产量的影响

在人工防雨篷下研究了前期不同灌水处理对砂姜黑土小麦中后期生长、光合生理及产量的影响,以期为该区小麦增产和水分高效利用提供科学依据和理论帮助。结果表明,灌1水条件下小麦叶片长宽和单茎干物重随灌水日期的推迟呈先增加后下降的趋势,并以生育前期水分充足处理CK最高,W5100d(出苗后100 d灌水)处理次之,且总灌水量一致下小麦生育前期灌1水和灌2水效果间的差异不显著。生育前期适当推迟灌水日期有利于增加小麦生育中后期的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量,且灌浆中期W5100d处理的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量高于CK。小麦生育前期适当推迟灌水日期亦有利于降低植株蒸腾速率改善小麦光合特性,其中W5100d处理的光合速率比对照CK增加了11.4%。W5100d与CK处理的产量差异不显著,分别为6 955.40,7 102.67 kg/hm2,但两者产量明显高于其他灌水处理。相关分析表明,小麦叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率与单茎干物重和产量间皆呈直线显著正相关关系。研究得出,小麦生育前期适当延长灌水日期有利于改善小麦中后期生长发育、光合特性及产量,且总灌水量一致下灌水次数效果间的差异不显著。     

部分根系供磷对小麦幼苗生长及同化物分配的影响

利用分根技术在水培条件下研究了部分根系供磷对小麦幼苗生长的影响。 研究表明, 部分 根系供磷不仅未影响植株对磷营养的需求, 甚至在处理初期植株的含磷量还略有提高。 同 时, 试验还表明, 部分根系缺磷有利于小麦幼苗的生长并促进同化物向根系的运输。 因 此, 通过部分根系供磷的方式来改善小麦幼苗的生长, 为今后磷     

Altered Fatty Acid Profile of Polar Lipids in Maize Seedlings in Response to Excess Copper

A wide range of cellular responses occur when plants are exposed to heavy metal stress, including changes in the membrane fatty acid composition. In this study, we examined the effect of excess copper (100 μm ) on the degree of unsaturation [double bond index (DBI) of 18‐C fatty acids] and the polar lipid profiles in maize (Zea mays L.). The level of unsaturation of total fatty acids decreased from 1.42 to 1.28 in maize roots. However, copper‐induced compositional changes of polar fatty acid composition show a general trend of increasing DBI. These responses suggest that individual 18‐C fatty acid classes may have specific roles in maintaining optimal membrane function, enabling plant growth under copper stress. The results also reveal key changes including marked decrease in total root phospholipid levels and consistent increase in the steryl lipid/phospholipid (SL/PL) ratio, as well as a decrease in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol/digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG/DGDG) ratio, reflecting alteration of membrane permeability and fluidity. In shoots, the DBI obtained from phosphatidylcholine (PC), sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) was increased. In contrast, these indices were decreased in phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). However, the PI, PC, PG, MGDG and DGDG contents in shoots were significantly decreased, suggesting alterations in the photosynthetic membranes.     

株型对棉株14C同化物生产及运转分配的影响

运用 14 C示踪技术 ,研究了简化整枝与早打主茎顶心、少留果枝改变株型对 14 C同化物生产分配的影响。结果表明 ,简化整枝蕾期、花铃期果枝叶的光合作用强度和14 C同化量均低于对照 ,且　14 C同化物向主茎和果枝的分配比例也较对照降低。简化整枝早打主茎顶心 ,可提高花铃期果枝叶、叶枝叶的光合作用强度和 14 C同化物向叶枝的分配比例。反映到产量和产量构成因素上 ,表现为简化整枝主茎结铃减少 ,叶枝结铃可弥补其损失 ,单铃重和衣分略有降低 ;简化整枝早打主茎顶心增加了叶枝结铃数 ,且单铃重和衣分略有提高。但处理间的皮棉产量均无显著差异     

Characterization of Drought‐Tolerance Traits in Nodulated Soya Beans: The Importance of Maintaining Photosynthesis and Shoot Biomass Under Drought‐Induced Limitations on Nitrogen Metabolism

Drought is the single most important factor limiting soya bean (Glycine max L. Merr.) yields in the field. The following study was therefore undertaken to identify phenotypic markers for enhanced drought tolerance in nodulated soya beans. Leaf and nodule parameters were compared in three genotypes: Prima 2000, glyphosate‐resistant A5409RG and Jackson, which had similar shoot biomass and photosynthesis rates at the third trifoliate leaf stage under water‐replete conditions. When water was withheld at the third trifoliate leaf stage, photosynthesis, nodule numbers, nodule biomass and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) were greatly decreased. Significant cultivar–drought interactions were observed with respect to photosynthesis, which also showed a strong positive correlation with nodule SNF, particularly under drought conditions. Prima leaves had high water‐use efficiencies, and they also maintained high photosynthetic electron transport efficiencies under long‐term drought. Moreover, Prima had the highest shoot biomass under both water‐replete and drought conditions. A‐5409RG was the most drought‐sensitive genotype showing early closure of stomata and rapid inhibition of photosynthesis in response to drought. In addition to classifying the genotypes in relation to drought tolerance, the results demonstrate that the ability to sustain shoot biomass under nitrogen limitation is an important parameter, which can be easily applied in germplasm screening for drought tolerance in soya bean.     

白海棠不同类型枝条光合能力比较研究

为比较不同类型白海棠枝条光合能力的差异,以白海棠为试材,通过试验测定和数学模拟的方法研究长枝、中枝和短枝的光合能力差异。长枝、中枝和短枝的最大光合速率分别为16.3、14.5、9.68 μmol/(m² · s),光量子效率分别为0.053、0.047、0.042 μmol/μmol,这说明长枝的光合能力最强,其次为中枝和短枝。计算表明,在高辐射条件下[PAR=1500 μmol/(m² · s)],单位地面上长枝叶片的。光合总量为18.82 μmol/(m² · s),占整个树冠的73.15%,中枝和短枝只有5.19、1.73 μmol/(m² · s)。研究表明,长枝叶片的光合总量最大,这与其较强的光合能力和较大的叶面积有关。     

接种Glomus mosseae对磷石膏施用烤烟苗期生长及磷、硫、砷吸收的影响

为了研究接种丛枝茵根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）对低硫缺磷土壤上烤烟苗期生长及养分吸收的作用,以及磷石膏在农业上应用的可行性问题,通过盆栽模拟试验研究了添加或不添加磷石膏与接种丛枝茵根真菌Glomus mosseae（GM）对烤烟‘NC297’苗期生长及磷、硫、砷吸收的影响。研究结果表明：无论接种与否,与不添加磷石膏（PG0）处理相比,添加磷石膏40g／kg（PG40）使‘NC297’植株地上部和根系的生物量得到明显增加,地上部和根系的磷含量和磷吸收量以及磷、硫、砷的吸收效率显著增加,因而使其根系砷含量、吸收量和磷砷吸收比及其地上部硫含量和吸收量也有显著增加。同一磷石膏添加水平下,接种GM真菌显著增加了烤烟‘NC297’磷的吸收效率（SAR）和磷砷吸收比、地上部磷、硫含量及吸收量,显著降低了PG0处理下‘NC297’地上部和根系的砷含量及砷吸收量。因此,PG40和接种GM真菌组合处理更有效地促进烤烟‘NC297’植株磷、硫等营养元素的吸收,并在一定程度上抵御砷的胁迫而改善生长。     

Diurnal Changes in Photosynthesis in Wheat Under Different Source-Sink Relationships

The effect of alteration in source-sink ratio by defoliation and ear removal on diurnal changes in photosynthesis was examined in wheat var. Kalyansona. The photosynthesis rate was maximum during initial few hours in the forenoon and decreased towards evening. The increase in sink demand for a particular leaf by excising other sources leaves, sustained higher rate of photosynthesis during the day. On the other hand de-eared plants where sink demand was decreased by removal of main shoot ears and all the tillers, photosynthesis rate showed a more rapid decline towards evening, although, the photosynthesis rates were more or less similar to control plants in the morning. These results indicate the influence of sink demand on sustenance of photosynthesis during the day.     

Dynamics of Growth and Water Relations of Fodderbeet and Seabeet in Response to Salinity

A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with two subspecies of beet, fodderbeet ( Beta vulgaris cv. Majoral) and seabeet ( Beta maritima ), under saline conditions. Growth and physiological parameters (dry weight, leaf area, water relations and net photosynthesis) were recorded. The two subspecies responded differently in terms of growth parameters. Plant growth was significantly reduced at 400 m m NaCl, while no significant growth reduction occurred at 200 m m NaCl. Fairly high values of relative growth rate were associated with the leaf area of the cultivars. The water content of the shoot decreased with plant age. The fodderbeet cultivar Majoral showed a significant increase in dry matter at 200 m m NaCl after 5 weeks. This growth improvement may be related to the better adaptation of the plants under saline conditions.     

棉花耐盐性研究进展

棉花是最耐盐的农作物之一，其耐盐性因品种、生育阶段、器官以及土壤盐分种类等不同而差异较大。盐胁迫对棉花的伤害主要是盐离子对幼嫩器官或发育转换时期的细胞膜结构和功能的伤害，抑制棉苗生长，影响生育进程，减少总果节数，降低产量品质。棉花的耐盐机理在于地上部对盐分的区域化分布，减少光合细胞质中盐离子浓度，增强盐胁迫条件下棉花对Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋、ＮＯ－３、Ｈ２ＰＯ－４等离子的吸收、运输和转化。     

Effects of Cadmium on Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation in Shoots of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Seedlings

Increased cadmium (Cd) uptake from contaminated soils damages plant metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine Cd‐induced time‐related changes in some shoot growth and physiological attributes, and their interrelationships in Cd‐tolerant (NM‐98) and sensitive (NM‐28) mungbean varieties. Shoot Cd and leaf chlorosis increased with a concomitant reduction in shoot dry weight, leaf area, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative leaf expansion rate. Reduction in transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) and increase in substomatal CO₂ level (C_i), indicated that Cd reduced net photosynthesis (P_n) by reducing CO₂ fixation by Rubisco, albeit these changes were less pronounced in NM‐98. A positive correlation of chlorosis with shoot Cd, and negative relationships of chlorosis and shoot Cd with P_n revealed that Cd damages the photosynthetic apparatus in mungbean. Time course decrease in in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and an increase in soluble nitrate in NM‐28 revealed that Cd markedly hampers nitrogen assimilation. Positive correlations of RGR and NAR with P_n and NRA and negative ones with chlorosis, shoot dry weight, shoot Cd and C_i in NM‐98 suggested that mungbean sensitivity to Cd is due to perturbed C and N assimilation.     

Leaf Cell‐Wall Components as Influenced in the First Phase of Salt Stress in Three Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Differing in Salt Resistance

The leaf cell wall (CW) chemical composition of three maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids (salt‐resistant SR 03 and SR 12, salt‐sensitive Pioneer 3906) was investigated in the first phase of salt stress (100 mm NaCl) compared with the control (1 mm NaCl) treatment to investigate whether changes in CW composition were responsible for shoot growth reduction. Salt treatment caused a strong inhibition in shoot growth with a concomitant increase in the ratio between CW dry mass (DM) and shoot fresh mass (FM) and a decrease in CW cellulose concentrations in all hybrids. NaCl caused a large increase in the concentrations of total and non‐methylated uronic acid (UA) in salt‐sensitive Pioneer 3906 and salt‐resistant SR 12. The onset of the accumulation of non‐methylated UA was delayed in SR 12, which indicates that this may be one reason for the better growth performance of this hybrid under salt stress compared with Pioneer 3906. It is concluded that a low accumulation of non‐methylated UA in leaf CW may, among other mechanisms, contribute to salt resistance in the first phase of salt stress.