花粉管通道转基因技术及在水稻分子育种中的应用

中国学者创立花粉管通道法转基因技术以来,在多种农作物分子育种中得到应用。广泛的研究表明,花粉管通道法转基因技术与其他转基因方法相比,具有能直接得到转化种子,转化频率高,操作简便经济,大量快捷,性状稳定快和导入材料多样性等优点。同时重点介绍了花粉管通道法转基因技术在水稻分子育种中的研究和应用,采用该方法将多种植物外源DNA导入水稻,获得了包括植株形态,产量性状,抗病虫性,稻米品质和生理生化等方面的变异,是一种简便有效的水稻分子育种方法。     

利用花粉管通道法将外源DNA导入水稻之研究进展

外源DNA直接导入技术以DNA片断杂交假说为理论基础，直接将目的基因或带有目的性状供体遗传物质（总DNA）通过花粉管通道法导入水稻植株，创造大量的变异材料，通过筛选获得目的性状的后代和新品种。由于简单、易行、不受受体植物种类的限制，已被越多的育种者所接受，在水稻的抗病、米质、丰产性上等各方面广为应用。介绍了外源DNA导入方法、外源基因导入类型、后代遗传变异特点及影响花粉管通道法导入的因素，优点、局限性进行了分析，同时提出了问题和展望。     

辣椒总DNA花粉管通道法遗传转化小麦的T_1代IRAP分析

利用花粉管通道法将辣椒总DNA导入小麦,获得T_0代种子。T_1代播种后表型总变异率为21.3%,对照组为4%;变异谱有9种,对照组只有2种。无论在变异谱上还是变异率上,经辣椒总DNA转化的小麦材料与对照组有着明显的差异。随机选取转化材料中的47株材料主茎旗叶(尖部1/4),提取DNA进行IRAP分析,共扩增条带6条,有5条存在多态性。花粉管通道法向小麦中导入远缘辣椒总DNA能够在当代引起多种变异,并且也可以在分子水平上检测到基因组的差异。进一步还要测定单株麦粒的Vc含量,并且对变异材料进行遗传情况评估,以期得到稳定遗传的、新的小麦种质资源。     

花粉管通道转基因技术及在小麦分子育种中的应用

文章首先简要回顾了花粉管通道法转基因技术的发展历程,并从花粉管通道法转化的发育及分子证据的提出出发,详细介绍了转化的作用机理和操作技术,提出花粉管通道法转基因技术是一种十分有效的转基因技术,并以变异频率高,性状变异广泛,类型丰富,稳定快,一次导入片段多及低成本等优点而受到科研工作者的亲睐;其次,就花粉管通道转基因技术在小麦分子育种中的应用进行了综述,指出花粉管通道转基因技术在小麦品质创新及分子育种中具有特殊的意义,主要体现在品质改良育种和抗性育种方面,并且取得了可喜的成就,选育出了一系列新品系,如春小麦89122,丰富了品质资源;最后,就花粉管通道法转基因技术存在的问题和应用前景进行了探讨和展望。     

外源DNA导入水稻后代变异性的SSR分析

采用花粉管通道法,将高粱DNA导入水稻,获得了34个稳定的变异品系,从60对SSR引物中筛选出17对,对供体高粱、受体水稻及其外源DNA导入后代稳定材料进行了SSR分析,结果表明,高粱DNA导入水稻可以引起广泛的变异,在分子水平上产生了遗传多样性,聚类分析可将其分为五类,各类有其特有的遗传变异性。接受外源DNA三个片断,两个片断及一个片断的株系分别被聚成一类,与其他类的遗传差异分别为0.467,0.389及0.347,变异程度依次递减;未接受外源DNA两个片断的株系被聚成另一类。因此,接受外源DNA片断的多寡是水稻后代稳定品系变异程度的基础,也是它们分类的标准。     

水稻外源DNA导入系的创建及主要性状分析

通过花粉管通道法将稗草总体DNA和玉米总体DNA导入水稻受体R122中,获得的D1代变异频率分别高达1．487％和3．81％。对稳定的3个玉米DNA导入系和4个稗草DNA导入系研究表明,与受体R122相比,导入系在株型、株高、生育期、分蘖力、着粒密度、粒形、稃尖颜色、稻瘟病抗性、稻米品质、恢复力和耐储藏性等生物学性状方面发生了广泛的变异。同时讨论了外源DNA导入水稻的变异频率和在水稻育种中的应用前景。     

马铃薯二倍体杂种资源的育种利用研究

本试验研究了用能产生2n配子的二倍体杂种作父本，与四倍体栽培种进行杂交以及普通栽培种之间进行杂交其后代在产量上的表现，从而评述了能产生2n配子的二倍体杂交种在马铃薯育种工作中的重要价值。在试验中，采用4X-2X与4X-4X两个系统，各有5个品系，采用随机区组设计，通过其后代产量性状的表现来进行比较，研究4X-2X的后代在产量上的潜力；用年度间的产量比较，分析了各品系的产量稳定性，从而筛选符合育种目标的品系。试验结果表明：4X-2X杂交后代的产量明显高于4X-4X杂交后代的产量，在年度比较中发现，各吕系的稳定性都比较好，高产的品系产量仍然很高，说明4X-2X杂交后代保持了2X杂种的优良性状，入选品系有B5、B3、B1。     

玉米DNA导入水稻变异后代的研究

利用花粉管通道法将以玉米DNA导入水稻品种龙粳4中,以提高水稻的光合效率。对生育中、后期叶绿素a、b和叶绿素含量、净光合速率、DNA差异、过氧化物酶及脂酶同工酶电泳和农艺性状的研究表明：与受体相比,外源DNA导入引起变异后代在生理、DNA、蛋白质和形态性状上发生改变,从而引起光合特性表现不同程度的变异。证明通过导入可以将玉米的高光效特性传递到水稻中,为常规育种与生物技术相结合选育高光效水稻新品种提供依据。     

分子标记结合田间观察快速鉴定外源DNA导入玉米的变异后代

本研究通过花粉管通道导入技术将甜高粱总DNA导入优良玉米自交系4112和8902中,并应用RAPD标记技术从导入后代中筛选出变异后代。从306个RAPD引物中筛选出79个引物对供受体及导入后代进行鉴定,其中10个随机引物在供、受体和导入后代间有多态性。对D1和D2代进行田间茎秆糖分调查,并对D2代室内考种,发现糖分含量和穗长、穗重、轴粗、穗粒重等穗部性状都发生了明显变异。结合分子鉴定结果,最终获得了一批变异材料。     

外源DNA直接导入甜玉米自交系后代性状变异

提取糯质玉米DNA利用花粉管通道法导入甜玉米自交系，其后代植株产生了变异，主要表现在株高、穗位高、叶面积等性状上的差异。经三代种植观察，D3代各变异性状趋向稳定。经品质分析，可溶性糖含量基本保持不变，蛋白质，淀粉含量有所提高。从而为今后玉米不同种之间的DNA导入创造新的变异品系，提供可参考的理论依据。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.