小麦–华山新麦草异代换系DH2322的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

利用分子标记、细胞学、基因组原位杂交(GISH)等技术,结合田间农艺性状调查,对小麦–华山新麦草七倍体材料H8911与硬粒小麦D4286杂交F4代分离群体中株系DH2322进行了综合鉴定。华山新麦草基因组特异SCAR标记鉴定表明,DH2322含有华山新麦草遗传物质;细胞遗传学观察显示,DH2322染色体构型为2n=42=21 II;有丝分裂和花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I基因组原位杂交(GISH)鉴定表明,DH2322的染色体由40条小麦染色体和2条华山新麦草Ns染色体构成,且2条Ns染色体能完全配对为一个二价体;SSR和STS分子标记分析表明,DH2322缺失小麦D基因组的2D染色体,而含有华山新麦草的2Ns染色体;农艺性状分析结果表明,DH2322具有双亲的形态学特征,结实性好,穗长和穗粒数显著大于亲本。     

四川小麦主栽品种的品质性状表现及其稳定性

2006—2008连续3年,在5个生态点考察了7个四川省代表性小麦品种在两种氮水平下的品质状况及其稳定性,以期为四川小麦品质定位、品质改良和生产指导提供依据。结果表明,3年均值,籽粒容重777 g L^-1,籽粒蛋白质含量12.3%,湿面筋含量25.1%,Zeleny沉降值32.9 mL,降落值326 s,面粉吸水率56.5%,面团形成时间3.0 min、稳定时间4.5 min,面条评分78.5分、面包评分62.2分。几乎所有品质性状均存在显著的基因型、环境及其互作效应。籽粒容重、沉降值、降落值、面粉吸水率和面条评分的年份效应大于地点效应,而籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间和面包评分则地点效应大于年份效应。增施氮肥对籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间、稳定时间和面包评分都有显著的增效作用,但对降落值、面粉吸水率和面条评分无明显影响。品种品质的稳定性因品质性状不同而异,川麦39面包评分高而稳定,川麦37面条总评分高而稳定,二者可被用于四川小麦品质改良。     

10个小麦推广品种戊聚糖含量、若干农艺和品质性状的分析

为了综述安徽小麦推广品种的概况,并为生产优质专用小麦以及从中发掘具有优异农艺性状与品质性状的材料提供参考,选用安徽麦区推广的10个小麦品种,采用地衣酚-盐酸法、近红外谷物分析仪等测定了若干品质性状和农艺性状。结果表明,不同品种间水溶性戊聚糖含量的差异达到了极显著水平,非水溶性戊聚糖含量和总戊聚糖含量品种间差异不显著,不同品种间株高、穗长、总小穗数、千粒重和硬度的差异达到了极显著水平,穗粒数品种间差异达到显著,不育小穗数、蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值含量品种间差异不显著。     

反义trxs基因导入对不同品质类型小麦产量和品质性状的影响

以转反义trxs基因小麦TY18和TY34及其相应未转基因对照为材料,于2007-2009年通过大田试验系统研究了反义trxs基因导入对两种品质类型小麦籽粒产量性状和加工品质指标的影响。结果表明,4个转基因株系的穗粒数和产量较对照显著提高,反义trxs基因对小麦籽粒淀粉品质有一定的正效应。4个转基因株系的淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度均显著提高,直/支比降低。反义trxs基因对小麦籽粒蛋白质品质的影响因品种类型而异,其中弱筋小麦的总蛋白、清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白含量显著减少,醇溶蛋白含量显著增加,面粉的形成时间和稳定时间降低。强筋小麦除清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量减少外,面团的粉质和拉伸参数变化不明显。上述结果说明,反义trxs基因导入有利于两种品质类型小麦籽粒淀粉品质的改善,并在一定程度上改善了弱筋小麦的烘焙品质。     

不同水氮处理对小麦淀粉组成及特性的影响

淀粉是小麦籽粒的主要成分,约占籽粒干重的65%,面粉重量的70%～80%,如此大量的淀粉对面粉品质性状有较大的影响[1].因此,国内外学者围绕淀粉特性开展了一些有益的工作.多数研究表明,小麦淀粉含量及颗粒状况影响面粉的出粉率、白度、α-淀粉酶活性(降落值)和灰分含量;淀粉含量高适于加工饼干与糕点制品,而淀粉的直/支比、凝沉性及黏度等决定着加工产品的外观品质和食用品质[2～5].直链淀粉含量低的面粉,在面条软度、光滑性、口感、膨胀势和综合评分等品质参数上有较好的表现,相反,直链淀粉含量过高,则会导致馒头体积小、韧性差,制成的面条易断、食用品质降低.以上这些研究多是结合品种(基因型)或环境条件进行的[6～10],而围绕农艺措施的研究则相对较为薄弱.     

冬小麦籽粒品质性状与农艺性状间的相关分析

为了给南疆地区小麦育种和品质遗传改良提供参考,对疆内外引进的13个冬小麦地方品种的5个农艺性状和4个籽粒品质性状进行了相关性分析。结果表明:(1)单株粒重与单株穗数、单株粒数呈极显著正相关或偏相关;单株粒数与单株穗数呈极显著正相关或偏相关。因此,在保证单株穗数的前提下,可通过增加单株粒重和单株粒数来提高小麦的产量。(2)干湿面筋含量和沉淀值间存在极显著的正相关关系,而与蛋白含量之间无显著正相关;沉淀值与蛋白含量也无显著相关性。(3)除穗长和蛋白含量在0.1水平上显著偏相关,偏相关系数达0.537外,其余各农艺性状和品质性状间均无显著相关或偏相关关系。因此,在育种中可以适当将高产和优质结合起来,达到高产和优质的统一。     

宁夏春小麦农艺性状与主要品质性状间相关分析

研究了宁夏50年代至今的主栽及新育成品种（系）的农艺性状，主要品质性状表现及其两者的相关性。表明主要农艺性状呈递增或递减规律性变化，品质性状无规律变化。籽粒产量与蛋白质呈显著负相关，与沉降值也呈负相关，但相关系数仅为负0.2012。品质育种的方向应稳定蛋白质含量，主攻沉降值等加工品质。     

氮肥追施时期对强筋小麦产量和面粉品质的影响

为给强筋小麦高产优质栽培中的氮肥合理运筹提供依据,以强筋小麦新品种‘新麦26’为材料,在施氮量为240 kg/hm²的前提下,研究了分别在起身期、拔节期、孕穗期和开花期4个时期追施氮肥对优质强筋小麦产量及面粉品质的影响。结果表明,在施氮量一致的基础上,从起身期到开花期随着氮肥追施时期的推迟,‘新麦26’籽粒产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中孕穗期追施氮肥小麦籽粒产量显著高于其他处理,穗数最多,穗粒数仅次于拔节期追施氮肥,千粒重最高。拔节追施氮处理面团稳定时间最长,粉质评价值最高,籽粒产量次于孕穗氮处理。开花氮处理籽粒产量和粉质评价值最低。‘新麦26’面团吸水率、稳定时间在不同处理间差异较小。建议在生产中将强筋小麦的氮肥追施时期安排在孕穗开始时,既可获得较高的籽粒产量又能保证面粉品质。     

氮肥追施时期对强筋小麦产量和面粉品质的影响

为给强筋小麦高产优质栽培中的氮肥合理运筹提供依据,以强筋小麦新品种‘新麦26’为材料,在施氮量为240 kg/hm2的前提下,研究了分别在起身期、拔节期、孕穗期和开花期4个时期追施氮肥对优质强筋小麦产量及面粉品质的影响。结果表明,在施氮量一致的基础上,从起身期到开花期随着氮肥追施时期的推迟,‘新麦26’籽粒产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中孕穗期追施氮肥小麦籽粒产量显著高于其他处理,穗数最多,穗粒数仅次于拔节期追施氮肥,千粒重最高。拔节氮处理面团稳定时间最长,粉质评价值最高,籽粒产量次于孕穗氮处理。开花氮处理籽粒产量和粉质评价值最低。‘新麦26’面团吸水率、稳定时间在不同处理间差异较小。建议在生产中将强筋小麦的氮肥追施时期安排在孕穗开始时,既可获得较高的籽粒产量又能保证面粉品质。     

黄淮麦区部分推广小麦品种面条加工品质性状的研究

为了探讨黄淮麦区推广小麦品种面条加工品质性状的表现水平、遗传多样性状况并评选优质面条品种,本研究对黄淮麦区42个小麦主栽品种的26项籽粒或面粉品质指标和面条加工品质性状进行了分析,结果表明,供试品种面条总分平均75.3分,最高分为89分,各个单项指标变异幅度均很大,遗传多样性比较丰富,通过遗传改良我国黄淮麦区小麦面条品质有一定的潜力.适合做优质面条的品种有花培5号、周18、周13和邯郸6172.     

人工合成六倍体小麦在黄淮麦区育种中的利用性评价

为了解人工合成六倍体小麦（synthetic hexaploid wheat,SHW）在黄淮麦区育种改良中的应用价值,利用从国际玉米小麦改良中心引进的5份SHW与普通小麦驻麦305进行杂交、回交,对亲本及BC₂群体的主要农艺性状、产量相关指标和籽粒品质进行调查分析。结果表明,与普通小麦相比,SHW的株高、小穗数、穗粒数、收获系数和千粒重等是其不利性状,但具有较多的分蘖。SHW的纤维含量、面筋含量、蛋白含量和硬度都比驻麦305高（PAAAAA0.05）。BC₂的收获系数较SHW显著提升,其产量虽然比SHW有了较大幅度提升,但仍显著低于普通小麦。BC₂的蛋白质和面筋含量相对于普通小麦亲本显著提升,其中仅2018-2019年的BC₂-SHW1和BC₂-SHW2群体未达显著水平。这表明5份SHW可作为重要的品质改良资源应用于小麦育种中。     

黄淮麦区4省小麦种质农艺性状的比较分析

为明确小麦种质资源的遗传差异和特点,提高其利用效率,以株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重5个主要农艺性状为指标,对来自黄淮麦区4省（河北、山东、河南和山西）的263个小麦品种（系）进行统计分析。显著性分析结果表明,除穗粒数外,4个省的小麦种质在其余各农艺性状上差异极显著。变异性分析结果表明,供试材料的5个农艺性状中穗粒数变异系数最大,小穗数变异系数最小;4省中,河北小麦株高、千粒重的变异系数最小,穗粒数变异系数最大;河南小麦穗长、小穗数和穗粒数的变异系数最小,千粒重变异系数最大;山东小麦穗长的变异系数最大;山西小麦株高、小穗数的变异系数最大。相关分析结果表明,株高与穗长呈极显著正相关,与小穗数呈极显著负相关;穗长与小穗数、穗粒数呈极显著正相关;小穗数与穗粒数呈极显著正相关;千粒重与穗粒数呈极显著负相关。因此,在育种实践中,可根据4省小麦种质农艺性状的变异特点筛选符合目标性状的亲本材料,同时加强种质基因库的更新。     

Effects of the 6VS.6AL translocation on agronomic traits and dough properties of wheat

Nineteen common wheat cultivars and advanced lines carrying a 6VS.6AL translocation and five parents were sown at two locations in Jiangsu in 2004–05 season to assess the effects of the translocation on grain yield and dough properties. In general, there were no significant differences between 6VS.6AL lines and their recurrent parents in agronomic, mixograph and starch pasting traits, including grain yield, grains/spike, grain weight/spike, mixing time and peak viscosity. 6VS.6AL lines showed slightly but significantly higher thousand-kernel weight and plant height, and small negative effects on test weight, flour yield and flour colour. However, significant variation occurred for all traits among sister lines from the same cross, indicating that additional selection could lead to further improvement. It was concluded that the 6VS.6AL translocation can be used in wheat breeding programs as a donor of resistance to powdery mildew with no obvious undesirable effects on agronomic and quality traits.     

利用黄褐棉染色体片段导入系定位产量和纤维品质性状QTL

陆地棉的遗传基础狭窄,阻碍了棉花的遗传改良进程。为有效拓宽陆地棉的遗传基础,本试验利用野生种黄褐棉(AD4)为供体亲本,以综合性状优良的B0011品系为受体亲本(国审棉华杂棉H318的亲本之一),构建了含71个株系的导入系BC5S5群体。基于SLAF-seq的基因分型和多年多点田间试验的综合分析表明,该导入系在产量和纤维性状方面具有很大的变异,共检测到48个QTL,其中包含19个产量和29个纤维构成因素相关的QTL。在At亚组检测到9个性状的32个QTL,在Dt亚组为16个。进一步对QTL加性效应方向分析显示,其中有30个QTL的加性效应为正,18个QTL的加性效应为负。本研究结果为利用黄褐棉重要农艺性状有利等位基因改良陆地棉产量和品质奠定了基础。     

普通小麦中国春–簇毛麦易位系T1DL•1VS和T1DS•1VL的农艺和品质特性

为明确普通小麦中国春–簇毛麦整臂互补易位系T1DS?1VL和T1DL?1VS对农艺特性和加工品质的效应, 于2008-2010年在陕西杨凌连续2个生长季对这2个易位系和CS的主要农艺性状和加工品质性状进行了研究, 并采用SDS-PAGE法对簇毛麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因进行了进一步的染色体臂定位。结果表明, 这2个易位系的抽穗期和成熟期相同, 但比CS晚1~2 d, T1DS?1VL其他农艺性状与中国春相似, T1DL?1VS的春季单株分蘖、千粒重和单株粒重显著高于中国春;2个易位系的籽粒蛋白质含量与中国春无显著差异, T1DS?1VL的Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质仪质量指数显著降低;相反, T1DL?1VS的这些性状值显著提高。说明T1DS?1VL易位系对小麦的面团强度有显著的负向效应, 而T1DL?1VS易位系显著增强面筋强度。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明, 簇毛麦的1VS和1VL上均含有簇毛麦的HMW-GS基因Glu-V1, 但该基因在T1DL?1VS中的表达可能强于在T1DS?1VL中。     

Evaluation of the effects of five QTL regions on Fusarium head blight resistance and agronomic traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions for resistance to FHB and estimate their effects on reducing FHB damage to wheat in Hokkaido, northern Japan. We examined 233 F₁-derived doubled-haploid (DH) lines from a cross between ‘Kukeiharu 14’ and ‘Sumai 3’ to determine their reaction to FHB during two seasons under field conditions. The DH lines were genotyped at five known FHB-resistance QTL regions (on chromosomes 3BS, 5AS, 6BS, 2DL and 4BS) by using SSR markers. ‘Sumai 3’ alleles at the QTLs at 3BS and 5AS effectively reduced FHB damage in the environment of Hokkaido, indicating that these QTLs will be useful for breeding spring wheat cultivars suitable for Hokkaido. Some of the QTL regions influenced agronomic traits: ‘Sumai 3’ alleles at the 4BS and 5AS QTLs significantly increased stem length and spike length, that at the 2DL QTL significantly decreased grain weight, and that at the 6BS QTL significantly delayed heading, indicating pleiotropic or linkage effects between these agronomic traits and FHB resistance.     

Variation in cooking and eating quality traits in Japanese rice germplasm accessions

The eating quality of cooked rice is important and determines its market price and consumer acceptance. To comprehensively describe the variation of eating quality in 183 rice germplasm accessions, we evaluated 33 eating-quality traits including amylose and protein contents, pasting properties of rice flour, and texture of cooked rice grains. All eating-quality traits varied widely in the germplasm accessions. Principal-components analysis (PCA) revealed that allelic differences in the Wx gene explained the largest proportion of phenotypic variation of the eating-quality traits. In 146 accessions of non-glutinous temperate japonica rice, PCA revealed that protein content and surface texture of the cooked rice grains significantly explained phenotypic variations of the eating-quality traits. An allelic difference based on simple sequence repeats, which was located near a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the short arm of chromosome 3, was associated with differences in the eating quality of non-glutinous temperate japonica rice. These results suggest that eating quality is controlled by genetic factors, including the Wx gene and the QTL on chromosome 3, in Japanese rice accessions. These genetic factors have been consciously selected for eating quality during rice breeding programs in Japan.     

小麦品种(系)抗叶锈病基因Lr10位点基因型的多样性

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr10的表达需与其紧密连锁的RGA2基因调控, 按照这2个基因的连锁关系, Lr10基因位点分成H1和H2两个古单倍型。为揭示我国小麦品种中Lr10的遗传多样性, 对189个来自12省的小麦育成品种和58个品系的该基因位点变异进行了鉴定分析。绝大多数供试品种(系)为H2古单倍型, 其频率在育成品种和品系中分别为95.2% (180/189)和96.6% (56/58)。这2种古单倍型可进一步分为9种单倍型亚型, 其中H1-2、H2-4、H2-5、H2-6和H2-7亚型为首次报道。育成品种包含所有单倍型亚型, 以H2-1频率最高(69.3%), H2-3和H2-6频率最低(0.5%); 而在选育品系中仅检测到5种单倍型亚型, 其中H2-1频率最高(27.6%), H1-2频率最低(3.5%)。除H2-1与H2-2型外, 其他亚型与育成地显著相关(P < 0.05)。本研究结果支持Lr10基因位点的古单倍型和单倍型亚型在育种中保持相对稳定的推断, 同时由于在育种过程中持续重组和变异而产生了新的单倍型亚型, 而且重组可以发生在H2和H1两种古单倍型之间。在现代育成品种和品系中, H1古单倍型所占比例已降至5%以下, 应加以保护。     

Agronomic and qualitative traits of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum genotypes cultivated in Italy

Summary The increasing popularity of organic agriculture and health food products has led to a renewed interest in hulled wheat species such as emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccumSchubler). Knowledge on agronomic and quality traits is required for effective and efficient use of germplasm collections in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate agronomic and grain quality traits of emmer wheat cultivated in Italy. A total of 20 emmer accessions consisting of landraces, breeding lines or cultivars selected from landraces and modern cultivars were examined under low input conditions. The study was conducted for three successive years (2002–2004) at one location of Southern Italy (Foggia). The entries were characterized for agronomic and qualitative traits [grain yield (t ha⁻¹), thousand grain weight (g), test weight (kg hl⁻¹), grain protein content (%), HMWG composition, dry gluten content (%), gluten index and yellow index, alveograph indices and Total Organic Matter (TOM) on cooked pasta]. The results showed a large genetic variability for most of the traits measured and, even if most of the accessions showed inferior bread- and pasta-making performance, modern cultivars exhibited improved quality traits with some potential to perform healthy and tasty food.