Bna.C02SWEET15通过光周期途径正向调控油菜开花时间

开花时间是作物的重要农艺指标,关系着作物的生育周期和产量。糖转运体作为植物重要的碳水化合物运输载体,作用于油菜开花时间的研究鲜有报道。本研究在油菜FOX-Hunting文库中鉴定了一个与油菜开花相关的蔗糖转运蛋白Bna.C02SWEET15,通过组织表达和亚细胞定位分析,转基因和突变体表型观察,开花关键基因表达水平检测等解析其生物学功能与调控机制。Bna.C02SWEET15在油菜各组织部位均能够表达,在花后30d种子中最显著。Bna.C02SWEET15定位于细胞膜,启动子活性主要在花药和花后30d种子中。在拟南芥中过表达Bna.C02SWEET15使植株开花提前,利于植株开花的光周期关键基因CO、FT、LFY表达明显上升,负调控基因FLC表达量降低。拟南芥突变体atsweet15a和RNAi-Bna.C02SWEET15转基因油菜均为晚花表型。推测Bna.C02SWEET15能够通过光周期途径正向调控油菜开花时间影响油菜的生育周期。研究结果对理解糖转运体在作物中的调控作用,为油菜高产育种提供了基因资源,奠定了理论基础。     

甘蓝型油菜开花相关基因的鉴定及进化与表达分析

开花是开花植物繁衍后代的前提,控制开花时间对农作物获得高产稳产具有重要影响。然而,关于甘蓝型油菜基因组水平上开花相关基因的信息报道较少。本研究对甘蓝型油菜开花相关的基因进行了鉴定、特征分析、进化与表达模式分析。结果表明,基因组水平上共鉴定到甘蓝型油菜1173个开花相关基因,这些基因分为9类,且不均匀地分布在染色体上;与白菜(AA,2n=20)和甘蓝(CC,2n=18)相比,甘蓝型油菜(AACC,2n=38)经过自然杂交和染色体加倍后,使开花相关基因的数目显著扩增;选择压力分析表明,糖代谢信号途径的基因比自发途径的开花相关基因受到的选择压力更大;仍有一些开花相关基因在拟南芥和油菜基因组内非常保守。甘蓝型油菜基因数目的扩增和功能分化导致其开花调控机制更加复杂,本研究为油菜开花途径提供更多的信息,也为阐明拟南芥和油菜开花基因的进化关系指明了方向。     

初步探究LncRNA在甘蓝型油菜生态型分化中的作用

甘蓝型油菜是我国重要的油料作物之一,根据其成花转变过程中对低温春化时间需求的不同分为3种生态型:春性、半冬性和冬性。前人研究发现,长链非编码RNA (LncRNA)可在多层面上调控基因的表达,参与对植物生长发育的调控。在拟南芥中, LncRNA可以通过调控春化途径相关基因的表达来影响开花。本研究以3种生态型甘蓝型油菜为材料,利用高通量测序技术进行苗期叶片的mRNA和LncRNA测序,初步探究LncRNA在油菜生态型分化及适应性形成中的作用。3种生态型甘蓝型油菜共差异表达基因的GO及KEGG富集分析表明,不同生态型甘蓝型油菜之间存在大量基础化合物合成代谢差异,特别是脂质类化合物。3种生态型甘蓝型油菜中共鉴定获得3775个LncRNA,其中285个在2个及以上生态型组合中存在差异表达,涉及到1517个候选靶基因。这些差异表达LncRNA涉及到的靶基因也富集到大量基础化合物合成代谢途径。通过mRNA-LncRNA联合分析,我们预测到了一个开花基因的调控网络,包含8个开花基因和23个LncRNA,涉及到温度和光信号调控通路。通过比较鉴定得到的LncRNA和972个甘蓝型油菜重要农艺性状QTL位...     

油菜开花时间调控基因TEM2的克隆、生物信息学与表达特性分析

为解析开花时间调控基因TEM2在春性甘蓝型油菜中的基因特征及表达模式,以春性甘蓝型油菜No.3379和No.2839为材料,克隆到拟南芥开花抑制基因TEM2的同源基因,分别命名为BnC02.TEM2和BnC02.tem2,cDNA序列长度分别为1 032和1 054 bp,编码343和351个氨基酸,二者存在23个氨基酸位点的差异。通过蛋白序列分析表明,BnC02.TEM2和BnC02.tem2蛋白都为亲水性蛋白且都具有B3和AP2保守结构域,是B3转录因子家族中的RAV家族成员,BnC02.TEM2和BnC02.tem2蛋白的二级和三级结构都存在较大差异。表达分析结果表明,BnC02.TEM2和BnC02.tem2在转录水平上存在显著差异,二者在叶片、花蕾、花以及顶端分生组织组织均有表达,相较于BnC02.tem2,BnC02.TEM2在花和花蕾中的表达量显著上升。由此推测,BnC02.TEM2可能在春性甘蓝型油菜开花时间调控中发挥作用,BnC02.TEM2的等位变异可能导致No.3379开花时间的提前。     

甘蓝型油菜脯氨酸合成相关同源基因的进化和差异表达分析

以异源四倍体甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)及其二倍体祖先白菜(B.rapa)和甘蓝(B.oleracea)为对象,研究了脯氨酸合成途径关键酶基因P5CS和OAT的进化命运以及各自不同祖先来源的同源基因的差异表达情况。序列比对和进化分析表明,甘蓝型油菜中P5CS基因和OAT基因和其二倍体祖先的相对应基因高度同源;进化上,和二倍体亲本相比甘蓝型油菜P5CS2基因发生了1个拷贝的丢失,而OAT基因没有基因丢失现象;半定量RT-PCR结果表明,甘蓝型油菜中来自二倍体亲本白菜和甘蓝的P5CS2和OAT同源基因在所有检测器官中均表达,没有发生基因沉默;但是它们可能发生了亚功能化,不同祖先来源的2个P5CS2同源基因存在较弱的偏向性表达,不同器官的同源基因表达模式稍有不同;而OAT基因明显偏向于表达来自于甘蓝祖先的同源基因,OAT的2个同源基因的不同器官表达模式基本一致;盐胁迫处理后,来自于甘蓝的BnaC.P5CS1.d表达量显著高于来自于白菜的Bna A.P5CS1.a,表明盐处理条件下甘蓝型油菜偏向性表达BnaC.P5CS1.d。甘蓝型油菜的脯氨酸合成基因Bna A.P5CS1.a、BnaC.P5CS1.d及Bna A.P5CS2.a、BnaC.P5CS2.c的盐诱导表达模式均基本保持了亲本来源基因的特征。以上结果表明,与二倍体祖先相比,甘蓝型油菜中脯氨酸合成基因序列和表达模式均存在高度保守性,这可能说明了脯氨酸积累在进化上对植物的有利性。     

甘蓝型油菜BnaFIL基因启动子的克隆与表达分析

为了进一步了解启动子在甘蓝型油菜FIL基因(BnaFIL)表达调控中的作用,根据甘蓝型油菜基因组数据,以甘蓝型油菜叶片提取的DNA为模板,对甘蓝型油菜BnaFIL基因的启动子序列pBnaFIL进行克隆,长度为1 326 bp。采用PlantCARE在线分析软件对该启动子序列进行生物信息学序列分析,结果表明,该序列含有参与光反应的部分保守DNA模块以及CAAT-box和TATA-box等核心启动子必备元件,与分生组织表达有关的顺式作用的调控元件CAT-box以及光敏反应元件。通过该启动子序列替换pBI121植物表达载体上的CaMV35S启动子,使该启动子与GUS基因融合获得pBnaFIL-GUS表达载体,将载体通过农杆菌花序浸染的方法转入拟南芥中,获得了早花启动子重组质粒阳性转基因株系和晚花启动子重组质粒阳性转基因株系。之后对转基因拟南芥植株进行GUS染色分析,对启动子的表达效果进行了检测,最终在不同的转基因拟南芥植株中均发现了GUS基因的表达。结果表明,早花材料与晚花材料中启动子表达强弱存在差异,早花材料启动子的驱动基因表达效果比晚花材料启动子的驱动效果要好,由此推断,启动子的驱动效果...     

甘蓝型油菜开花时间的遗传分析及相关分子标记

为进一步明确甘蓝型油菜开花时间的遗传规律,指导早熟品种选育。以晚开花甘蓝型油菜YG-1和早开花甘蓝型油菜72-27-1-2为亲本,杂交构建6世代遗传群体(P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2),分别种植于杨凌和三原两地,记录6世代群体单株开花时间,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因遗传模型进行遗传分析;借助SSR分子标记技术,利用F_2群体开发与开花时间相关的分子标记。结果表明:开花时间最适遗传模型在杨凌和三原分别为E-0(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型)和E-1(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型)。杨凌和三原两地分离世代(B_1、B_2和F_2)开花时间的主基因遗传率分别为57.12%,79.44%,66.37%和54.51%,65.43%,43.21%,多基因遗传率分别为33.80%,8.47%,25.62%和25.42%,4.70%,37.65%,环境引起变异为9.73%和23.03%。两地各分离世代(尤其B_2世代)主基因遗传率都明显大于相应多基因遗传率,表明甘蓝型油菜开花时间主要受2对主基因控制,在早期世代对理想开花时间选择有效,同时也要注意多基因和环境因素的影响。获得7个与开花时间位点相关的SSR分子标记,呈显著或极显著相关。标记引物序列在甘蓝型油菜数据库进行比对,BrgMS351和BnGMS148位于A7上,cnu_m157a、BnGMS256-1、BnGMS256-2、BnGMS327和BnGMS370-2位于A9上。表明本研究中控制开花相关的位点可能位于A7和A9上,且可能由2个QTLs共同控制,与数量模型遗传分析开花时间由2对主基因控制结果一致。     

油菜早薹早花的产生主因与综合防控

<正>油菜在入冬前或冬季就早早地抽薹开花,俗称油菜早薹早花,是其生长发育的反常现象,会耗损植株体内的大量营养,大大降低油菜对病虫、寒冻等的抵抗力,削弱植株的再抽枝生长能力。发生早薹早花的油菜,易遭受干旱和冰冻等危害,导致死株和减产等,严重时产量下降15%~20%。对种植者而言,分析油菜早薹早花的产生主因并采取相应的防控措施很有必要。一、早薹早花产生主因一是油菜早熟品种和白菜型品种易在冬前     

不同关键酶基因在油菜种子发育进程中的表达

不同关键酶基因在甘蓝型油菜种子发育过程中对油脂积累的影响重大。为此,本实验选取3个不同含油量的甘蓝型油菜作为模型。研究BnACC1、BnDGAT1和BnPDAT1基因在甘蓝型油菜种子发育时期的表达模式。结果表明:BnACC1在这三种甘蓝型油菜种子中的基因表达模式基本一致,在低含油量油菜的种子发育前期和高含油量油菜的种子成熟期相对表达量高,说明在油脂积累旺盛期该基因的高表达可提高含油量;而BnDGAT1和BnPDAT1在这三种甘蓝型油菜表达模式存在差异。其中,BnDGAT1基因在高含油量油菜中的相对表达量高于低含油量油菜。这说明BnDGAT1基因对油脂积累有一定的促进作用。BnPDAT1基因的相对表达量与甘蓝型油菜含油量密切相关。本研究可以为提高油菜含油量的相关分子机制提供了科学依据。     

转基因甘蓝型油菜向其近缘种的基因漂移之研究进展

从甘蓝型油菜的生活周期出发,概述了甘蓝型油菜及其近缘种的开花习性、甘蓝型油菜与其近缘种的杂交亲和性、杂种及其回交后代的育性和适应性,评价了在中国环境条件下甘蓝型油菜中的外源基因向其近缘种漂移而导致生态风险的可能性。认为在中国环境条件下,转基因甘蓝型油菜向其野生杂草近缘种的基因漂移风险较小,而如何防止转基因向白菜型油菜（Brassica rapa）和芥菜型油菜（B.juncea）转移应作为中国转基因甘蓝型油菜基因基因漂移风险控制的关键。     

Plasticity of seed weight compensates reductions in seed number of oilseed rape in response to shading at flowering

Understanding the response of the number of seeds and seed weight to the availability of assimilates is crucial for designing breeding strategies aimed to increase seed and oil yield in oilseed rape. This study aims to answer the questions: i) do seed number and seed weight in oilseed rape differ in their plasticity in response to the availability of assimilates at flowering? and ii) how sensitive are oil and protein concentrations to the availability of assimilates during flowering?A spring oilseed rape hybrid was sown in two field experiments and the treatments were combinations of i) two plant densities and ii) shading or no shading between the beginning and end of flowering. Seed yield was not affected by plant density or by shading. Lower plant density was compensated by an increase in seed number per plant, without effects on single-seed weight. However, the negative effect of shading during flowering on seed number per area was fully compensated by an increase in single-seed weight by 47–61%. The plasticity of single-seed weight observed in the present study of oilseed rape has never been reported for annual seed crops. Shading at flowering increased both the seed filling rate and the duration of the seed filling period at all positions in the canopy. We also observed that the reduction of the source-sink ratio at flowering increasing seed weight does not necessarily modify oil or protein concentrations. Thus, single-seed weight could be targeted to increase seed yield in oilseed rape without compromising oil content.     

甘蓝型油菜角果数突变体基因的定位及候选基因分析

角果数是油菜单株产量重要的构成因子之一,其优异等位基因的发掘和利用对产量的提高至关重要。油菜中已定位到上百个角果数QTL,但大多数效应不大且不稳定,难以进行精细定位或克隆。本研究前期发掘到一个油菜突变体(No.7931),其花序顶端在分化出约十朵花后即停止生长,因而成熟期角果极少。利用该少角果突变体和多角果品系No.73290构建F2分离群体,从中挑选角果数极端单株各30株进行BSA-seq,在C02染色体检测到3个关联区间:0～1.1 Mb、4.7～6.2 Mb、11.5～12.4 Mb。该候选区间在油菜参考基因组DarmorV8.1中有522个注释基因,存在SNP或Indel差异且有同源注释的基因235个。在花芽分化初期,选取两亲本(No.73290和No.7931)的茎尖分生组织进行RNA-seq,总共鉴定到8958个差异表达基因(DEGs)。这些DEGs显著富集于20个生物学通路,包括碳代谢、翻译、氨基酸代谢(和花芽分化高度相关)等,其中99个位于关联区间。结合基因功能注释以及序列和表达差异分析确定了9个候选基因(BnaC02g00490.1D2、BnaC02g01030.1D...     

Mechanical wounding under field conditions: A potential tool to increase the allelopathic inhibitory effect of cover crops on weeds?

To increase the inhibitory effect of soil-incorporated cover crop residues on germination and early growth of weeds, the allelochemical content of the cover crop at the time of soil incorporation should be maximal. We investigated whether mechanical damaging in spring induced the production of allelochemicals in late-summer sown lucerne, winter rye and winter oilseed rape. Allelopathic activity and biomass of intact cover crop plants were determined throughout spring, and mechanically damaged plants were monitored till 14 days after wounding. Allelopathic activity was determined directly by lettuce seedling bioassays (lucerne and winter rye) or indirectly by glucosinolate quantification (winter oilseed rape). During spring, the allelopathic activity per unit biomass of intact plants showed a gradual decline for winter rye and lucerne, and a steep decline at the onset of flowering for winter oilseed rape. All cover crop species attained the highest allelopathic activity per unit area at the end of the sampling period as the increase in biomass surpassed the decline in allelopathic activity per unit biomass. Although mechanical wounding enhanced the allelopathic activity per unit biomass of all three species, the effect was only minor and often just sufficient to compensate for the loss in biomass resulting from wounding. This study therefore indicates that the best option for maximizing the inhibitory effect is to incorporate residues of intact cover crops as late as possible.     

Heterosis and epistasis in rapeseed estimated from generation means

Summary Heterosis and epistasis in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was analysed by comparing generation means for ten agronomic traits. Parents, F₂, F₃ and F₆ generations of four crosses with Swedish and French material were investigated. The F₂ was 11% higher in yield, earlier in flowering time, and slightly later in maturation when compared with the parents. Randomly derived single seed descent lines had an 8% lower yield, were later flowering and maturing than the parents in F₆. This poorer average performance of recombinant lines is explained by the loss of favourable epistatic interactions present in the parents.     

Occasional loss of expression of phosphinothricin tolerance in sexual offspring of transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

The commercial and economic value of genetically modified crops is determined by a predictable, consistent and stable transmission and expression of the transgenes in successive generations. No gene inactivation is expected after selfings or crosses with non-transformed plants of homozygous transgenic oilseed rape plants if the expression of the transgene in homozygous or hemizygous nature in such plants is stable. The segregation ratios of phosphinothricin (PPT) tolerance in successive generations of selfings and mutual crosses of a few independent transgenic PPT-tolerant oilseed rape plants indicated a dominant, monogenic inheritance. In within-variety and between-variety crosses no transgene inactivation was observed. However, after selfings and backcrosses with non-transgenic oilseed rape infrequent loss of the expression of the PPT tolerance transgene was observed independent from its homozygous or hemizygous nature. Molecular analysis of PPT-susceptible plants showed that the loss of expression was due to gene inactivation and not to the absence of the transgene. Methylation and co-suppression are mechanisms that might cause reduced or even loss of expression of the transgene in later generations. The implications of this observation for seed multiplication of varieties and breeding activities with transgenic oilseed rape are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘蓝型油菜抗菌核病研究进展

油菜是主要油料作物之一,由核盘菌(Sclerotiniasclerotiorum(Lib.)deBary)引起的菌核病(sclerotiniastemrot)是油菜的主要病害。针对当前与菌核病相关研究的新进展,本研究从4个方面对其进行了概括：（1）核盘菌的侵染方式以及在侵染过程中核盘菌分泌的草酸与寄主中钙离子的动态关系;（2）油菜通过合成植保素、酚类化合物、木质素、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等来抵抗核盘菌入侵的抗病机理;（3）现有综合防治技术中抗性种质筛选、无花瓣育种和生物防治;（4）利用与草酸代谢相关基因、抗病相关基因、防御相关转录因子基因和抗菌肽基因开展的油菜基因工程研究成果。并且进一步提出了未来油菜抗菌核病研究的可能方向,这些总结与建议为今后油菜抗菌核病研究提供了有益参考。     

A genetic study of growth characters and yield characters of oilseed rape

Summary Analysis of single plants in parental, F₁ and F₂ populations of three crosses of oilseed rape indicated cytoplasmic effects in F₁ or F₂ generations for most of the observed characters. There was evidence of dominance for early flowering and early maturity. Heterosis was exhibited for yield and yield components. The heritabilities for the characters under study were generally very low.     

芽孢杆菌Bam22对油菜根肿病的防治效果研究

由芸薹根肿菌(Plasmodiophora brassicae)侵染引起的根肿病是限制油菜生产的主要病害之一,苗期即可发病,目前该病害的主要防治措施有选用抗病品种和使用化学药剂,但农药残留问题日益突出,故提出采用生物防治的策略防控油菜根肿病。笔者采用拌种与苗期灌根的方式研究了芽孢杆菌(Bacillus Bam22)对油菜根肿病的田间防治效果,苗期调查结果表明芽孢杆菌Bam22拌种处理(T1)和芽孢杆菌Bam22+高岭土拌种处理(T2)较清水对照(CK)的发病率降低了3.4%~20%,防效达44%~52%;T1、T2与药剂对照氰霜唑拌种处理(T3)的株高和发病率无明显差异,但防效提高20%~40%。花期调查结果表明T1和T2处理较清水对照(CK)的发病率降低了10%~13%,防效介于28%~51%;T1、T2处理较药剂对照(T3)的发病率降低了6.67%~10%,防治效果提高了5%~22%,单株产量增加了23.97%~34.29%。以上研究结果表明,采用芽孢杆菌Bam22拌种结合苗期灌根,能够有效降低油菜苗期和花期根肿病的发病率,显著降低油菜的产量损失率。芽孢杆菌Bam22对油菜根肿病有较好的控制效果,具有开发成为生物农药的潜力。     

Development and primary genetic analysis of a fertility temperature-sensitive polima cytoplasmic male sterility restorer in Brassica napus

Over the past decade, the polima cytoplasmic male sterility ( pol CMS) three-line and two-line systems have been developed for the production of hybrid seed in Brassica napus oilseed rape in China. The discovery of the novel pol CMS restorer line FL-204 is described here. It restores male fertility of hybrid plants in the pol CMS system, but hybrid seed production can only be carried out under autumn sowing in Wuhan in south China under moderate temperatures at flowering. The restorer cannot be used as a male for hybrid seed production in northwestern China (Gansu) under spring sowing conditions, because there it is more or less male sterile due to high temperatures at flowering. Because of this behaviour, it is referred to as a fertility temperature-sensitive restorer (FTSR) in this paper. F₂, BC₁ as well as double haploid populations were constructed to determine the inheritance of fertility restoration of FL-204 in the autumn at Wuhan and under spring sowing conditions at Gansu, respectively. Deviations from Mendelian genetics were observed. It was hypothesized that the change of fertility was the result of the interaction between nuclear genes [restoring gene ( Rf ) and temperature-sensitive genes ( ts )] and the cytoplasm. The Rf gene in FL-204 was incapable of restoring male fertility of pol CMS lines under spring sowing conditions at Gansu where it is inactivated by the recessive ts gene present in FL-204. However, the ts gene(s) could be non-functional under moderate temperature conditions at flowering at Wuhan which allows full expression of male fertility in FL-204. The recessive ts gene(s) can only be expressed in plants containing the pol sterile cytoplasm. A method for the utilization of the FTSR pol CMS restorer FL-204 for the production of hybrid seed in B. napus oilseed rape is proposed.