乳酸高产乳酸菌株的分离与筛选

乳酸作为一种天然有机酸广泛应用于食品、纺织业、化学和制药工业。为了满足乳酸的市场需求,降低生产成本,筛选高产乳酸菌株并应用于工业生产成为当前研究的重点。本研究从自然酸菜发酵液中分离筛选出一株乳酸高产的乳酸菌11MZ-5-1,发酵72 h时,乳酸含量达(24.88±0.21)g/L。利用生理生化及16S r DNA序列分析法对菌株进行鉴定,构建系统发育树,确定种属地位。结果表明,菌株11MZ-5-1的生长温度范围为20~45℃,最适生长温度为30~37℃;Na Cl耐受浓度为0%~12%,最适生长范围为0%~4%;p H耐受范围为3.5~7.5,最适生长为p H 5.5~6.5。16S r DNA部分序列长度为1438 bp,与干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei str.Zhang相似性最高,达99%。结合形态学观察及理化特性,该菌株鉴定为L.casei。L.casei 11MZ-5-1产酸量高,作为食品发酵剂可以缩短发酵周期,抑制杂菌生长,在乳酸工业生产领域有广泛的应用前景。     

肉制品中产细菌素乳酸菌的分离及鉴定

从北京市售肉制品中分离筛选出1株具有抑菌活性的乳酸菌菌株L5-6,对单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌ATCC54003的生长具有良好的抑制作用。排除有机酸、过氧化氢的干扰后,确定该抑菌物质为蛋白类物质,即细菌素。16SrRNA序列同源性分析鉴定L5-6为戊糖片球菌。对L5-6中编码细菌素的结构基因进行克隆,推断L5-6所产的细菌素是片球菌素。片球菌素应用于肉制品防腐具有潜在的开发价值和广阔的市场前景,课题组对L5-6进行了初步的研究,为开发天然安全的食品保鲜防腐剂奠定基础。     

利用高效液相色谱筛选产植物激素细菌

利用C18色谱柱,以甲醇、水、冰乙酸(45:54．8:0．2)为流动相干255 nm检测细菌培养液提取物,根据HPLC检测结果快速筛选得到既产赤霉素(GA3)又产生长素(IAA)的细菌1株CX-5-2,并利用:HPLC进一步研究并明确了该菌株不产植物激素的适宜条件。同时明确了该菌株对小麦生长具有促进的潜力。     

樟子松根际土壤解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及解磷能力

以磷酸钙为难溶态磷,从樟子松根际土壤分离筛选高效解磷细菌,采用透明圈法分离解磷细菌,以解磷效率为指标定量筛选高效菌株,通过生理生化指标测定结合16S rRNA序列系统发育树构建鉴定菌株,并利用单因素方法分析研究不同碳源、氮源及 C/N比值对菌株解磷能力的影响。结果表明:分离筛选得到11株解磷细菌,筛选得到2株高效解磷细菌A43和A54,初步鉴定菌株A43和A54均为Pseudomonas koreensis,A43在碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为硫酸铵,A54在碳源为蔗糖,氮源为硝酸钠,C/N比均为20:1条件下,菌株解磷效果最佳。试验筛选的高效解磷细菌为进一步制备樟子松促生微生物菌肥打下良好基础。     

一株产蛋白酶粘质沙雷氏菌的分子鉴定与发酵条件优化

蛋白酶在食品、医药、饲料、洗涤剂等行业中应用广泛。利用酪素培养基从牛粪中筛选出一株产蛋白酶的菌株2021-9,对其进行形态学鉴定、生理生化鉴定、16S r DNA鉴定,并对其生长条件及产酶情况进行探究。结果表明,筛选出的菌株属于Serratia属;该菌株最适生长的碳源为0.3%蔗糖,氮源为2%酵母粉,pH值8.7,温度为37℃。该菌株的最适发酵培养基组成为3.2%麸皮,3%黄豆粉,4%玉米粉,0.4%Na_2HPO_4,0.03%KH_2PO_4,最大酶活达到29.834 U/m L,为产蛋白酶菌株筛选的开发与应用提供了一定的研究基础。     

唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌产毒差异菌株菌体脂肪酸分析

为了探讨脂肪酸与椰毒假单胞菌米酵菌酸毒素产生之间的相关性，采用气相色谱和面积归一法分别对产毒差异菌株的菌体脂肪酸进行分离和定量分析。结果显示，9株菌株共分离到11种组分，其中十六碳酸(C16:0）、顺-10-十七碳一烯酸(C17:1)以及顺,顺-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(C18:2n6c)含量较高，平均含量依次为43.85%、25.84%和14.75%。培养基及培养温度是影响脂肪酸组成的主要因素，相同培养条件下，9株菌株菌体脂肪酸组成相似度达90%以上。毒性试验后，不产毒菌株10574与产毒菌株菌体脂肪酸均发生相似变化，即顺-9-十八碳一烯酸(C18:1n9c)含量降低，而顺,顺-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(C18:2n6c)含量升高。生长条件是影响菌体脂肪酸组成的主要因素，脂肪酸与椰毒假单胞菌米酵菌酸产生的相关性不大。     

豆清发酵液中一株产细菌素乳酸球菌的分离鉴定

从豆制品生产副产物豆清发酵液中分离得到1株产细菌素球状菌,编号SQ-12-3。结合菌株生长特征、菌体形态及生理生化性质,初步将其鉴定为乳球菌属(Lactococcus sp.)。排除发酵液中可能存在的有机酸、过氧化氢及菌株菌体的干扰,并检测抑菌物质蛋白酶稳定性,可确定菌株SQ-12-3产细菌素抑菌。研究该菌株产细菌素动态,确定菌株最适生长温度在37℃,菌株在该温度下发酵18 h后菌液p H值低至4.11;当NaCl质量分数大于7%时,菌株生长受到明显抑制。     

一株碱性木聚糖酶产生菌的筛选及发酵条件的优化

碱性木聚糖酶广泛用于造纸、纺织等领域。为筛选出高产碱性木聚糖酶的菌株,采用刚果红显色法,从山西省晋城市植物园土壤中筛选出一株碱性木聚糖酶产生菌株YH158,通过形态鉴定及16S r DNA序列分析,鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)。经发酵条件单因素优化及4因素3水平正交试验分析,确定了最佳的产酶培养基配方:麸皮5.0%、黄豆粕0.7%、硫酸锰0.1%。最佳培养条件:培养基初始p H 8.0,转速180 r/min,37℃发酵36 h,通过发酵条件的优化最终得到发酵液酶活为28.18 IU/m L。该菌产生的木聚糖酶具有较高的碱性适应性,水解产物富含2~5个木糖分子的低聚木糖,具有较高的工业应用前景。     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫生防细菌的筛选与鉴定

本研究旨在开发杀线虫活性高的生防资源以防控马铃薯腐烂茎线虫病。以34个细菌菌株发酵液为试材,通过直接触杀法测定其对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的触杀活性;利用16S rDNA基因,并结合菌落形态和生理生化特征,确定生防菌株的分类地位。筛选出9个细菌菌株对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的触杀活性较高,48 h线虫的校正死亡率达72.36%~82.59%;经鉴定,菌株Chi9-7、Nong3-5、Nong5-6和b1-3为枯草芽胞杆菌,菌株b5-4为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌,菌株Chi9-2、Xia4-11、Gu4-7和Z-1为解淀粉芽胞杆菌。本研究筛选并鉴定了杀线虫作用明显的9株芽胞杆菌,为微生物杀线剂的研发提供了新的生防资源,也为马铃薯腐烂茎线虫病的有效防控奠定了基础。     

稻田土壤中抑草真菌的筛选与鉴定

以稻田土壤为材料,采用稀释涂布法,结合生物抑草活性测试跟踪,筛选分离抑草真菌微生物。结果表明：从稻田土壤中筛选到32个菌株,其中11个菌株对莴苣根长和株高的抑制率高于50%,这11个菌株中有5个对稗草株高的抑制率高于40%,而对水稻具有抑制作用的有3株,没有抑制作用的2株。8号菌株因对稗草具有较好抑制率而对水稻没有影响,作为目标菌株,开展了其生长特性研究。形态和分子生物学鉴定表明8号菌株属于曲霉属。该菌株的最优培养条件为以蔗糖为碳源,以酵母浸膏或蛋白胨为氮源,最适温度30℃,最适pH 6。8号菌株的菌液含蛋白质5.14 mg/L,总酚酸5.59 mg/L,可溶性糖448.12 mg/L,总黄酮为2.39 mg/L。8号菌株可开发利用为微生物除草剂应用于稻田除草。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.