近50年惠阳区农业热量资源变化特征分析

本研究依据1967—2016年惠阳区国家基本气象观测站逐日平均气温资料,运用趋势分析、M-K突变检验和小波分析指标分析了惠阳区农业热量资源变化特征。结果表明,近50年来惠阳区农业热量资源增加明显,≥10℃年积温与年平均气温的增加呈显著相关,且皆表现出明显的增加趋势,平均升高102.6℃?d/10 a和0.24℃/10 a;≥10℃的年积温日呈缓慢波动增加趋势,升高速率1.73 d/10 a;热量资源增加趋势的阶段性显著,整体表现为一种突变现象,年平均气温和≥10℃的积温突变年分别为1990年和1988年,1996年为年平均气温显著增加开始年份;≥10℃的年积温日突变呈现升降交替,2017年后还将有1次突变后增加的趋势;震荡主周期为24~32年,在10~32年时间尺度的震荡周期上,发生了3次高低交替,且≥10℃的年积温日和积温较之年平均气温震荡表现更频繁。惠阳近50年平均气温为22.1℃,≥10℃积温平均为8028.8℃?d,满足热带作物生长对热量的需求,并满足三季稻的种植。因此,对于近50年来惠阳区热量资源增加并将继续增加的趋势下,需合理评估、开发和利用热量资源,及时有效规避农业气象风险。     

石羊河流域气候变化对春玉米发育及水分利用效率的影响

为了用好有限的水资源,提高农业用水的有效性。以石羊河流域春玉米生长发育、水分利用效率和气象观测资料为基础,分析气候变化对春玉米生长发育和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：石羊河流域气温年际变化呈显著上升趋势,气温变化线性拟合倾向率为0.383℃/10年,作物生长季4—10月呈现气温明显升高、气候变暖趋势。降水量除秋季呈减少趋势外,年降水、作物生长季和其他季节降水均呈缓慢波动增加趋势,作物生长季降水对年降水量增加的贡献最大。受气候变暖影响春玉米三叶期、拔节期、开花期每10年提前2~3天,乳熟期、成熟期每10年推后1~2天。而春季营养生长期每10年缩短2~3天,秋季生殖生长期每10年延长2~3天。由于气温显著升高,春玉米水分利用率呈上升趋势;气温对春玉米水分利用效率的影响为正效应,气温每提高1℃,春玉米水分利用效率提高0.46~0.57 kg/(hm²·mm)。而降水量与灌溉区春玉米水分利用效率呈负相关,降水量每减少1 mm,水分利用效率可提高0.19~ 0.78 kg/(hm²·mm)。随着日照时数的波动增加,春玉米的水分利用效率呈明显增加趋势,对水分利用效率影响为正效应,日照时数每增加10 h,春玉米水分利用效率提高0.2~0.6 kg/(hm²·mm)。     

基于小波和M-K的豫东农区近60年气温变化的多时间尺度分析

摘 要：了解全球变暖背景下豫东农区气温变化规律及其演变趋势,可为农业科学发展提供必要参考依据。本文选取豫东地区5个气象观测站1951—2011年的气温观测资料,集成Mann-Kendall分析、一元线性回归分析、5a滑动平均分析、Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了豫东地区气温的突变事实、变化趋势及变化周期。结果表明：豫东地区年、冬季、春季、秋季平均气温分别于1993、1969、1984和2004年发生增温突变,夏季平均气温没有突变年份;年、冬季、春季、秋季平均气温升温趋势明显,其年际倾向率分别为0.186℃/10a、0.251℃/10a、0.259℃/10a、0.221℃/10a,夏季平均气温变化趋势不明显;近60 a来四季及年平均气温的震荡周期变化特征复杂,存在多重时间尺度上的嵌套结构,年平均气温普遍存在准3年、准10年和准16年震荡周期信号。豫东地区近10年增温显著,气候变暖对农业生产的影响既有利也有弊,冬春季增温一方面有利于提高冬小麦产量,同时会加剧病虫害及霜冻干旱灾害的发生。     

滁州市近50年气温和降水变化特征

为探究气候变化下滁州市近50 a气温和降水量变化特征。[方法]运用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和小波分析法探究了1961~2013年滁州市气温和降水的年代际变化特征、突变特征和周期特征。[结果]主要结论如下：(1)过去53年,滁州市年平均气温呈明显的增加趋势,气候倾向率为0.26℃/10a;其中春季气温增势最明显,冬季和秋季次之,夏季气温略有增势。年降水量也呈明显的增加趋势,气候倾向率为15.60mm/10a;其中夏季和冬季降水量呈增加趋势,而春季和秋季降水量呈减少趋势。(2)年平均气温在2001年发生增加突变,年降水量在1986年发生增加突变;年平均气温存在17a的主周期,年降水量存在17a左右的主周期和7~8a次周期。(3)气温和降水量呈明显的负相关。[结论]全球变化下,滁州市气温和降水量均呈增加趋势。     

羊毛湾水库流域气温和降水变化特征分析

本文旨在通过对羊毛湾水库流域的气候变化特征进行研究，深入了解水库流域气候的长期演变规律，为水库后期建设规划、运营管理及水库的水源预报提供一定的理论基础和参考意义。利用流域内气象站1960—2017年气候资料，采用统计、距平分析及Morlet小波分析等，对水库流域近58年来气温及降水时间序列的季节变化和年际变化进行多尺度分析。结果表明：水库流域年平均气温以0.24℃/10a的倾向率呈上升趋势，尤其是10年代以来气温升高趋势最为显著；年降水量以1.6mm/10a的倾向率呈弱下降趋势，但夏季和冬季呈弱增加趋势；气温的小波分析表明流域内平均气温存在4年、10年、20年的变化周期，其中20年的强显著周期。降水存在4年、8年、22年的变化周期，强显著周期为22年；通过小波变换系数图可知，流域未来几年内气温仍呈现偏高趋势，降水则呈偏少趋势发展。     

1961—2013年滁州市气温和降水变化特征

为探究气候变化下滁州市近53年气温和降水量变化特征,运用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和小波分析法,探究1961—2013年滁州市气温和降水的年代际变化特征、突变特征和周期特征。结果表明:(1)过去53年,滁州市年平均气温呈明显的上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.26℃/10 a;其中春季气温增势最明显,冬季和秋季次之,夏季气温略有增势。年降水量也呈明显的增加趋势,气候倾向率为15.60 mm/10 a;其中,夏季和冬季降水量呈增加趋势,而春季和秋季降水量呈减少趋势。(2)年平均气温在2001年发生增加突变,年降水量在1986年发生增加突变;年平均气温存在17年的主周期,年降水量存在17年左右的主周期和7~8年次周期。(3)气温和降水量呈明显的负相关。在全球变暖下,滁州市气温和降水量均呈增加趋势。     

近35年柴达木盆地气温变化特征

为了进一步研究分析柴达木盆地藜麦种植的气候适应性分析及气候区划,笔者利用1981—2015年盆地11个观测站逐月平均气温资料,采用气候统计诊断分析方法计算气温的年、季、月平均值以及气候倾向率,研究其相关系数、突变特点及变化周期。结果表明：近35年来盆地气温经历了2个时期,1981—1997年为相对偏冷期,1998—2015年是相对偏暖期;年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温增温趋势分别为0.50℃/10 a、0.49℃/10 a和0.62℃/10 a;春季最高气温增温显著,其他季节最低气温增温显著,四季平均气温增温显著;在逐月变化中12月、1月增温不显著;在空间分布上,天峻为气温的低值中心,格尔木和诺木洪为气温的高值中心,气温升幅分别以西部的冷湖和东部的都兰为低值中心,而中部偏高。通过累积距平以及Mann-Kendall进一步检验确定,平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的气候突变年份分别为1996年、1993年和1998年;用Morlet小波变换对盆地气温变化周期分析发现,平均气温与最高气温在不同时段的对应关系均较好。     

靖远县近 60年来农业气候资源变化特征

为了全面分析气候变暖背景下靖远县农业气候资源变化特征,为该区合理利用气候资源及农业生产提供科学参考,利用靖远县近60年来气温、降水、日照观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendal突变检验、功率谱等数理统计方法,分析了该区农业气候资源的变化特征。结果表明：（1）在全球气候变暖的大背景下,靖远县热量资源明显增加,年平均气温变化倾向率为0.17℃/10 a,存在9年和4年的显著周期,在1994年出现了增温的突变。日平均气温稳定通过0℃、10℃活动积温,平均每10年分别增加25.5℃·d和34.3℃·d。（2）靖远县年降水量呈弱的减少趋势,变化倾向率为-5.3 mm/10 a,降水主要集中在夏季,年际变化大,旱涝灾害易发。降水变化存在7.6年和3年的显著周期。（3）靖远县年总日照时数为2706.4 h,夏作物生长期（4—7月）总日照时数为1010 h左右,秋作物生长期（5—9月）总日照时数为1233.6 h左右。年总日照时数从20世纪70年代开始发生＂减少—增多＂的转型。年总日照时数变化存在4.5年左右的显著变化周期。     

信阳市气温变化特征及成因分析

通过对信阳1961~2009年气温观测资料统计分析,揭示信阳气候变暖的事实。采用线性回归分析、滑动平均等方法对年季平均气温变化进行了诊断分析,运用非参数检验法（M-K法）对气温年季变化趋势进行了检验。结果表明：①20世纪60年代气温波动较大,60年代末期出现了年均气温最低值,进入70年代年平均气温呈上升趋势,平均增幅约为0.027℃,且达到0.05显著性水平。②年内气温变化存在季节性差异。增温幅度从大到小依次为冬季、秋季和春季。信阳对全球气候变暖的事实做出了积极响应,近49年平均气温增高趋势明显,尤其是近期有加速增高趋势。     

黄土高原作物生长季近地层干湿状况变化特征

深入分析黄土高原近地层作物生长季干湿变化及其分布特征,为应对气候变化、保护生态与自然环境提供依据。基于黄土高原气候要素资料,应用Penman-Monteith模型计算作物生长季湿润指数,研究近地层干湿特征。研究区域作物生长季湿润指数从东南向西北依次减小。作物生长季近地层干湿状况的异常空间分布可分为以下3个关键区：高原东北部区、高原南部区、高原西部区,除高原东北部区外,近地层年平均湿润指数均呈显著下降趋势,分别在1978年和1979年发生了由湿变干的显著突变。作物生长季近地层干湿状况的3个空间分区中,近地层年湿润指数存在显著的3~4年的周期振荡;高原南部和西部区域还存在显著的5~6年和7~8年的周期振荡。黄土高原干旱化趋势腹地最大,边缘次之。干旱化呈现出明显从腹地向四周扩散状态分布特征。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.