干旱条件下冬小麦近等基因系水分利用效率及其与气冠温差的关系

鉴定比较供体亲本京411和轮回亲本晋麦47及其34个近等基因系材料之间产量和水分利用效率(WUE),同时测定不同生育期的气冠温差(CTD),分析WUE在这些材料之间的变异范围,筛选WUE与轮回亲本显著差异的材料用于QTL定位,同时探索干旱条件下CTD与产量和WUE的关系及其随生育期进程变化的趋势。利用防雨棚和渗漏池开展模拟干旱试验。结果表明,34个近等基因系及其父母本WUE为1.30~1.92 kg/m~3,其中9个品系WUE显著低于轮回亲本晋麦47,表明WUE为多基因控制的数量性状,而且存在明显的加性效应。CTD与产量和WUE均呈极显著正相关关系。不同的是,随生育期进程推进,CTD与产量的相关性增强,在灌浆期最高,R2达到0.684 9,而与WUE的相关性减弱,R2在拔节-孕穗期最高,达到0.769 8。研究初步表明,CTD可以作为干旱条件下产量和WUE的鉴定指标。     

干旱对不同类型冬小麦根系可溶性物质、相关酶活性及地上部形态的影响

为研究干旱对不同类型冬小麦根系抗氧化酶和渗透物质的影响,以水肥型冬小麦品种‘济麦22’、抗旱节水型冬小麦品种‘青麦6号’为材料,通过PVC土柱试验,设置全生育期正常浇水和不浇水2个处理,观察拔节、挑旗、开花、灌浆期小麦的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)等渗透调节物质及地上部形态的变化。随着生育时期的进行,冬小麦的群体数量、根系内过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖含量呈逐渐降低的趋势;根系内SOD活性、脯氨酸含量呈先增加后减少的趋势;MDA含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。2个冬小麦品种在不同控水条件下表现出不同的变化趋势,‘济麦22’在满足水分条件下根系内的SOD活性、POD活性以及可溶性糖含量显著大于‘青麦6号’。但在全生育期不浇水处理下,‘青麦6号’的群体数量、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性糖含量以及脯氨酸含量均表现出显著增加的趋势。干旱胁迫下,‘青麦6号’在根系方面表现出较强的抗氧化能力与调节细胞渗透势的能力,以实现维持体内水分平衡、增强对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

四川冬小麦新品种（系）抗旱性鉴定及分析

干旱是四川麦区常发的自然灾害之一,培育抗旱性品种是一条抵御干旱既经济而又有效的途径。为探究四川麦区现有品种（系）的抗旱能力,采用小麦全生育期旱棚鉴定法,对四川省15个品种（系）进行抗旱性鉴定,并与北方抗旱品种‘洛旱7号’比较分析。根据国家《小麦抗旱性鉴定评价技术规范》标准,以籽粒产量抗旱指数为核心指标,以有效穗、千粒重、穗粒数及株高抗旱系数为重要参考指标。15个小麦新品种（系）中产量抗旱指数以‘川重组125’最高,抗旱能力较强;W138、‘10间236’、N08-51、BL227、‘川11131’、BL08512、10BMY12（杂交小麦）抗旱能力为中等;‘南30-7’、‘内3416’、L08-969、GHM3、‘南04-59’、HZ10-28、ym09-6抗旱能力处于较弱水平。在干旱胁迫下小麦各农艺性状均受损,但损伤程度存在差异。以株高受损最重,抗旱系数变幅在0.652~0.778之间;其次是有效穗,抗旱系数变幅在0.662~0.830之间;再次是穗粒数,抗旱系数变幅在0.724~0.866之间;最后是千粒重,抗旱系数变幅在0.807~1.013之间。从参试的15个小麦品种（系）来看,四川小麦品种与北方小麦品种相比,抗旱能力处于整体偏弱水平。     

玉米自交系生理指标与抗旱性及复水恢复能力的关系研究

【研究目的】为了评价不同玉米自交系的抗旱性，探究生理指标与抗旱性、恢复能力和综合抗旱能力之间的关系。【方法】本研究以19份自交系为材料，采用盆栽称重控水法对苗期玉米进行中度旱胁迫及复水，测定生物量、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、Fv/Fm、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性对干旱和复水的响应。【结果】分析发现自交系‘郑8713’、‘郑63’和‘昌7-2’的抗旱性、恢复能力和综合抗旱能力均较强，自交系‘郑C112’、‘郑718’和‘郑6722’虽然抗旱性较弱，但是恢复能力和综合抗旱能力较强，自交系‘郑3733’、‘郑E846’和‘郑36’恢复能力较弱，但是抗旱能力和综合抗旱能力很强；同时发现类胡萝卜素与抗旱性之间呈现显著的相关性(P=0.503*)，POD抗氧化酶与复水后的恢复能力之间关系显著(P=0.421*)，Fv/Fm与综合抗旱性之间呈显著的相关性(P=-0.456*)，叶绿素含量与抗旱性(P=0.468*)和复水后的恢复能力(P=0.407*)之间均呈现显著的相关性。【结论】以上结果为培育抗旱型品种提供优良的种质资源，同时为玉米抗旱性、恢复能力及综合抗旱能力的筛选与鉴定提供一定的指导意义。     

新单系列玉米品种的遗传基础解析以及品质和产量性状变化趋势分析

为探索新单系列玉米品种籽粒品质性状之间的关系以及产量性状的变化趋势,以新乡市农科院2003年以来审定的玉米品种为材料,研究了它们的遗传基础、杂优模式、品质性状以及群体、个体生产力。结果表明：13个玉米品种利用的杂优模式主要有2种,9个品种杂优模式为改良Reid×唐四平头,4个品种为外来种质×唐四平头。品质分析中,‘新单28’、‘新单38’、‘新单66’粗淀粉含量高,‘新单61’、‘新单65’和‘新单68’的粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量高。粗脂肪含量和粗淀粉含量之间呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.610,粗蛋白含量和赖氨酸含量之间呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.491。产量分析表明,‘新单22’单株生产力最大,‘新单33’单株生产力最小,‘新单58’的群体生产力最大,‘新单28’的群体生产力最小。群体生产力随密度增加呈现上升趋势,其中密度为75000株/hm²时的群体生产力较45000株/hm²高62.9%,平均每公顷增加7500株产量增益为12.97%。单株生产力随密度增加开始呈下降趋势,增至60000株/hm²后逐渐平缓,低密度时单株生产力较高密度高5.5%。外来种质×唐四平头杂优模式选育的玉米新品种在品质上优于改良Reid×唐四平头模式选育的品种,且耐密性也显著增加,群体生产力也不断上升。     

水稻品种苗期抗旱性筛选与评价

为了比较黑龙江省主栽粳稻品种苗期抗旱性,通过苗期反复干旱胁迫法,研究了干旱胁迫对水稻苗期各形态性状及反复干旱存活率等指标的影响,并通过聚类分析筛选抗旱性强的品种。结果表明,干旱处理后的株高、叶干重、叶鲜重、根数、根长、根干重等形态指标相对值均小于100%,幼苗存活率明显下降,不同品种下降幅度不同。通过对主成分分析和相关分析,得出株高、叶干重、根长及根干重可以作为水稻苗期抗旱性鉴定的形态指标。经反复干旱存活率和聚类分析,筛选出‘东农426’、‘松粳6’、‘五优一’、‘松05-274’和‘松05-276’5份苗期抗旱性较好的品种。     

干旱胁迫下‘宛麦632’的抗旱性分析

为了探究小麦新品种‘宛麦632’的抗旱性，以‘周麦18’为对照试验材料，采用PEG模拟干旱和田间自然干旱的方法测定抗旱指标。无干旱胁迫条件下，‘宛麦632’与‘周麦18’的各项抗旱指标均无显著差异，其产量分别为7052 kg/hm²和6916 kg/hm²。干旱胁迫条件下，在萌发期，‘宛麦632’的发芽率、发芽势分别较‘周麦18’高44.23%、106.25%；在苗期，‘宛麦632’的苗高、根长、茎叶鲜重和根鲜重分别较‘周麦18’高62.90%、55.32%、83.33%和60.00%；在成株期，‘宛麦632’的株高、最高分蘖、有效穗、穗粒数、千粒重和产量分别较‘周麦18’高2.99%、1.94%、1.44%、14.71%、10.61%和6.80%。除有效穗外，其他性状差异均达显著水平。此外，‘宛麦632’和‘周麦18’的综合抗旱指数分别为0.901、0.582。据此认为，在干旱胁迫条件下，‘宛麦632’生长受抑制程度小，其各项抗旱指标均优于‘周麦18’；‘宛麦632’具有较好的抗旱性，在干旱环境下有产量优势。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)成株期抗旱性综合评价

为了探讨小麦成株期抗旱性评价方法并筛选抗旱小麦种质资源,本研究以黄淮麦区119份小麦品种(系)为材料,进行了2年3点(每点在同一地块设置正常和干旱胁迫处理)的大田试验和成株期抗旱性评价。结果表明,与正常处理相比,在干旱胁迫下,各鉴定指标的平均值均有所下降,下降幅度由大到小为产量、千粒重、穗数、穗粒数和株高;以产量抗旱指数、产量抗旱系数、综合抗旱指数、综合抗旱系数等4个指标为抗旱指标,抗旱指标间均极显著正相关,在干旱胁迫条件下,抗旱指标与株高、穗数、穗粒数、产量多呈显著正相关;基于4个抗旱指标,对品种(系)进行综合评价,筛选出抗旱品种(系)15份,可以在小麦育种中作为抗旱种质重点利用。     

水分胁迫对春大豆叶片保护酶活性及相对电导率的影响

为了研究了水分胁迫对大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对含水率的影响，以3 个大豆品种‘黑农57’、‘改良168’、‘绥农26’为材料，采用盆栽控水试验，设置中度干旱、重度干旱和适宜水分处理。结果显示：（1）在适宜水分条件下，叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势，过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和相对电导率表现为降低的趋势。（2）各时期SOD和CAT活性为中度胁迫>重度胁迫>适宜水分，差异显著；各时期POD活性和苗期-盛花期的相对电导率为重度胁迫>中度胁迫>适宜水分，差异显著。（3）在干旱胁迫条件下，POD活性和SOD活性，‘黑农57’>‘改良168’>‘绥农26’；CAT活性品种间差异不显著。综上，在干旱胁迫下，春大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对电导率比在适宜水分下活性要高，体现了春大豆对干旱环境的自我调节能力。     

PEG和干旱胁迫对3种纤维亚麻幼苗理化特性的影响

旨在为筛选耐旱的纤维亚麻种质提供参考。选用‘天鑫3号’、‘YOI303’、‘双亚5号’3个纤维亚麻品种种子经培养皿滤纸法进行PEG胁迫种子萌发试验,萌芽种子经盆栽获得幼苗,对幼苗进行了盆栽控水试验,研究了幼苗对干旱胁迫的理化响应。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3个品种纤维亚麻幼苗的株高、根长、叶绿素含量有下降趋势,脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性呈总体上升趋势,但不同种源的变化幅度有所不同。综合评价认为,‘YOI303’亚麻品种耐旱性最好,其次是‘天鑫3号’与‘双亚5号’。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.