超声波辅助碱法提取蕨菜中水溶性膳食纤维

采用超声波辅助碱法提取蕨菜中的水溶性膳食纤维(SDF),通过单因素试验探讨料液比、超声功率、碱液质量浓度、提取温度4个因素对SDF得率的影响,再通过正交试验对提取工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,超声波辅助碱法提取蕨菜中的SDF最佳工艺条件为氢氧化钠质量浓度0.06 g/mL,超声功率120 W,料液比1∶30(g∶mL),提取温度65℃,实际测得SDF得率为36.01%。     

罗汉果味山楂叶茶饮料的研制

以山楂叶为原料，通过茶水比、浸提时间、浸提温度这3个单因素试验对茶汤浸提条件进行优化，在确定浸提条件的基础上，通过正交试验优化罗汉果味山楂叶茶饮料配方，确定罗汉果味山楂叶茶饮料的最佳配方。结果表明，山楂叶茶汤的最佳浸提条件为：茶水比1∶125（g/g），浸提时间30 min，浸提温度85 ℃；产品最佳配方为：山楂叶浸提液添加量80 mL/100 mL，罗汉果浓缩汁添加量6 g/100 mL，VC添加量0.08 g/100 mL，在此加工及配比条件下制得罗汉果味山楂叶茶饮料酸甜适中，口感柔和，香气浓郁，感官品质最佳。     

羧甲基化马铃薯渣基可食性包装膜的制备及特性研究

以羧甲基马铃薯渣为基料,辅以增塑增强等改良助剂,研制一种新型羧甲基马铃薯渣基可食性包装膜,通过食性包装膜的机械性能、阻隔性能、速溶性能以及封合特性等进行研究,结果表明可食性包装膜优化制备工艺参数为羧甲基马铃薯薯渣添加量2.0 g,壳聚糖的添加量0.2 g,海藻酸钠1.2 g,甘油1 mL,硬脂酸0.2 g,所制备的可食性包装膜膜厚为90±3μm,抗拉强度7.88±0.03 MPa,速溶时间25±1 s,水蒸气透过系数仅0.218±0.006 g·mm /（m2·d·kPa）,氧气透过系数仅2.011±0.007 cm3·cm/（cm2·s·Pa）,透油系数0 g·mm/（m2·d）,封合强度高达7.47±0.01 N/15 mm。可食性包装膜质地光洁均一、细腻耐折,可用于食品调味料及粉剂等可食性绿色包装。     

海带多糖酶解辅助提取工艺的响应面优化及其稳定性研究

对海带加工下脚料中多糖的酶解提取工艺和化学稳定性进行研究。在单因素试验基础上，采用响应面法对酶解辅助提取的工艺参数进行优化，得出4种酶解因素对海带加工下脚料中多糖提取量影响顺序依次为：复合酶添加量＞pH ＞酶解时间＞温度。最优工艺条件为：液料比40∶1（mL/g），酶解时间135 min，酶解温度55 ℃，酶解液pH 6.0，复合酶添加量2.0%。在该条件下，制得的海带多糖提取量为149.662 g/kg。化学稳定性试验表明，海带多糖提取物在高温和酸性环境下，具有良好的化学稳定性，对碱性环境稳定性较差，是一种化学稳定性较好的天然活性多糖。     

红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的研制

研究一款以红枣和灵芝多糖为主要原料的新型饮料。以超临界CO2萃取灵芝孢子油后所剩的灵芝孢子粉为原料,经水提醇沉技术获得灵芝多糖;通过单因素试验和正交试验等方法对红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的制备及稳定性进行研究。结果表明,红枣汁最佳制备工艺为：红枣清洗去核,以液料比30∶1（mL/mg）的比例加入水,煮沸30 min后,用超声水提处理2次,超声提取70 min,温度70 ℃;灵芝多糖最佳提取条件为：液料比35∶1（mL/mg）,提取温度40 ℃,超声波功率600 W下提取90 min;红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料最佳配方为：红枣汁添加量250 g/L,灵芝多糖添加量50 g/L,柠檬酸添加量15 g/L,木糖醇添加量40 g/L,壳聚糖添加量0.2 g/L。所得产品口感饱满、风味鲜美且稳定性好,是一种新型的集营养与保健于一体的多功能复合饮品。红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的开发满足了目前功能性产品开发趋势的需求,同时,也可为优质功能性红枣产品、灵芝多糖产品的开发提供借鉴。     

铜藻膳食纤维的提取及其理化特性研究

铜藻经复合酶解、化学处理、脱色、过滤等工艺流程,提取水溶性和水不溶性膳食纤维,研究蛋白酶种类、蛋白酶用量、复合酶比、料液比等因素对产率的影响,确立最佳工艺条件,并分析了提取的水不溶性膳食纤维的理化特性。结果表明,铜藻膳食纤维最佳提取条件为：蛋白酶加酶量2%,中性蛋白酶与纤维素酶比例30∶1,料液比1∶20（g/mL）,提取温度50 ℃,酶解时间2 h;最佳脱色条件为：料液比1∶20（g/mL）,过氧化氢浓度6%,脱色温度80 ℃,脱色时间1 h。水不溶性膳食纤维产率为32.14%,呈浅绿色;水溶性膳食纤维产率为2.26%,呈淡黄色。按照上述条件制备的水不溶性膳食纤维的膨胀力为(14.99±0.23) mL/g,持水力为1 255.50%±0.15%,吸附不饱和脂肪量为170.84%±0.18%,吸附饱和脂肪量为238.87%±0.37%。研究表明,铜藻的水不溶性膳食纤维具有较好的水合能力、吸附油脂等功能特性,可以作为原料开发多元化产品。     

纤维素酶-超声波辅助法提取葡萄籽原花青素的工艺研究

以乙醇为提取剂,纤维素酶为酶解剂,超声波为辅助工具,对脱脂葡萄籽中的原花青素进行提取。首先,分别研究纤维素酶添加量、乙醇体积分数、料液比和超声时间对原花青素提取率的影响;得到最佳条件分别为纤维酶添加量10 mg/g,乙醇体积分数50%,料液比1∶35(g∶mL),超声时间25 min。根据上述结果设计正交试验,进一步研究这些因素对原花青素提取率的影响。结果发现,纤维素酶添加量对原花青素提取率有显著影响,而乙醇体积分数、料液比和超声时间对原花青素提取率无显著影响;并得出原花青素的最佳提取工艺为纤维素酶用量8 mg/g,乙醇体积分数55%,料液比1∶40(g∶mL)),超声时间20 min。以以上条件对脱脂葡萄籽进行原花青素提取试验,所得葡萄籽原花青素提取率为17.2%,比单用超声波提取法提高了17.8%。     

燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料配方优化及工艺研究

以燕麦和鹰嘴豆为原料,参考联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织（FAO/WHO）规定的氨基酸组成标准模式,确定了燕麦和鹰嘴豆最佳氨基酸互补质量比为138∶18。在单因素试验的基础上对燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料配方进行正交试验优化,并在最佳复合饮料配方基础上,通过响应面试验对其稳定性进行优化。结果表明,燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料最佳配方为：料液比（燕麦鹰嘴豆复合粉∶水）1∶16（g/mL）,白砂糖添加量20 g/L,柠檬酸添加量2 g/L,在此条件下配制的复合饮料口感最佳,感官评分为88.63±0.97分;燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料最佳稳定剂配方为：羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）添加量0.8 g/L,黄原胶添加量0.5 g/L,海藻酸钠添加量0.3 g/L,在此条件下复合饮料稳定性最高,离心沉淀率为12.40%±0.07%。该试验结果为谷豆类复合饮料加工提供了理论支撑。     

葛根黄酮的闪式提取工艺及其保肝作用研究

以葛根为原料,以葛根黄酮的得率为指标,以料液比、提取电压、提取时间和提取次数为影响因素,采用正交试验优化其提取工艺,并对其保肝作用进行研究。结果表明,闪式提取法的最佳工艺条件为：提取次数2次,料液比1∶30（g/mL）,提取电压160 V,提取时间80 s。该工艺条件下,葛根黄酮的得率为6.71%。动物实验表明,葛根黄酮能够明显降低小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,提高小鼠肝组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,具有明显的保肝作用。本结果可为葛根黄酮的提取和应用研究提供参考。     

超声波辅助浸提制备牡丹花茶饮料的工艺配方优化研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验对超声波辅助浸提制备牡丹花茶饮料的工艺配方进行优化。结果表明,牡丹花茶饮料最佳制备工艺条件为：料水比1∶20(g/mL),超声波浸提功率180 W,浸提时间30 min,浸提温度70℃。牡丹花茶饮料最优配方为：超声波浸提原液稀释比1∶11(V/V),酸味剂（苹果酸∶柠檬酸∶醋酸体积比为1∶1∶1）添加量0.1%,木糖醇添加量7%,天然植物萃取物添加量0.15%,按照该配方制备的牡丹花茶饮料风味独特、品质稳定。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.