水稻苗期生理生化特性与品种抗旱性的关系

利用抗旱性不同的15个水稻品种,在干旱棚内通过苗期水分胁迫,研究了可溶性糖、脯氨酸、氨基酸(AA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(AsA)、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)等物质含量及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生理生化特性的变化.结果表明,苗期水分胁迫下水稻体内可溶性糖、脯氨酸、AA、GSH、AsA、可溶性蛋白、MDA含量增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性增强.相关分析表明,可溶性蛋白、AA、GSH、AsA和MDA含量及SOD、POD和CAT活性的相对值与稻苗反复干旱存活率呈显著或极显著的相关性.因此,水、旱条件下可溶性蛋白、AA、GSH、AsA和MDA含量及SOD、POD和CAT活性的相对值可作为水稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标.通过逐步回归分析,建立了AsA、MDA和GSH 3项指标的相对值与稻苗反复干旱存活率的最优回归方程,利用最优回归方程对所选用的15个水稻品种进行了抗旱性预测,效果较好.     

干旱胁迫对不同大豆品种苗期叶片渗透调节物质含量和细胞膜透性的影响

研究了苗期大豆在干旱胁迫下叶片渗透调节能力与大豆抗旱性的关系.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加强,渗透调节物质中可溶性糖(WSS)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量累积显著增加,质膜透性也不断增大.且耐旱性强的品种可溶性糖(WSS)和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加的幅度大于耐旱性弱的品种,而MDA含量和相对电导率则是耐旱性强的品种增幅小于耐旱性弱的品种.     

干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

对两种玉米（K3401和F302）幼苗进行自然干旱胁迫，测定可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量以及保护酶SOD、POD活性的变化。结果表明，两种玉米的游离脯氨酸含量、SOD和POD活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势，而可溶性蛋白含量在胁迫初期有所下降，而后又有所上升。从本实验结果可以看出，两种玉米均具有一定的抗旱性，但K3401的抗旱性能强于F302。     

干旱胁迫对不同冬小麦品种幼苗期生理特性的影响

研究小麦幼苗时期生理指标等方面的抗旱特性,为今后抗旱小麦新品种的培育提供基础的理论依据。选用5个肥水类型不同的小麦品种,在20% PEG-6000(w/v)水分胁迫条件下,研究不同冬小麦品种幼苗时期的生理抗旱特性,并对幼苗期抗旱生理指标与抗旱指数做了相关性分析。结果表明,在20%的PEG-6000(w/v)渗透胁迫后,5个小麦品种渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均上升,且上升的程度与抗旱性一致;胁迫条件下保护酶系统SOD和POD活性均降低,其中POD活性呈先上升后降低的趋势;膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高。与高肥水品种相比,‘青麦7号’和‘鲁麦21’的可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较高,随胁迫时间延长增加的幅度大;MDA含量积累的速度以及SOD、POD活性降低的速度较为缓慢。其中,可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性以及POD活性与抗旱性鉴定指标抗旱指数存在极显著相关性,可以作为小麦抗旱性鉴定的早期生理指标。     

转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因水稻种子萌发和苗期耐盐性的研究

用0.0、3.0、5.0g/L NaCl对2个转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因水稻51-22、52-7与受体亲本中花8进行萌发期盐胁迫试验.结果表明,盐胁迫下转基因材料受抑程度小于受体亲本,尤以52-7表现明显.用0.0、3.0、5.0g/L NaCl对51-22、52-7和中花8在幼苗期进行14 d盐胁迫试验.结果表明,低盐胁迫时幼苗受盐害较小,高盐胁迫时转基因材料耐盐性优于受体亲本;在盐胁迫7 d后,转基因材料体内脯氨酸含量明显高于受体亲本,同一品种随盐度增大,脯氨酸含量升高.     

节水灌溉对水稻抗逆生理性状的影响

通过防雨篷池栽试验,以土水势为灌水下限控制指标,重点研究了不同节水灌溉条件下水稻结实期时丙二醛（MDA）含量、细胞质膜透性、渗透调节物质等生理形状指标相对值变化规律。研究结果表明,在适宜土壤水分胁迫下,即土水势高于-30kPa,丙二醛（MDA）含量、细胞质膜透性、可溶性糖含量和游离氨基酸含量相对值有所升高,当土壤水分低于灌溉下限复水至土壤饱和时,有所恢复,随着生育时期延长,变化趋势平稳,这说明叶片本身存在一定对干旱胁迫适应与调节能力。当水势低于-30kPa时,丙二醛（MDA）含量、细胞质膜透性、可溶性糖含量和游离氨基酸含量相对值显著升高,抗旱性强品种的丙二醛（MDA）含量、细胞质膜透性增加或升高幅度小,抗旱性强品种可溶性糖含量和游离氨基酸含量升高幅度大。花后16天,细胞质膜透性、可溶性糖含量和游离氨基酸含量相对值降低。     

不同糜子品种抗旱性研究

采用培养皿发芽及盆栽法,对12个不同糜子品种发芽期及苗期进行PEG模拟干旱胁迫,测定种子发芽率、发芽势、幼苗成活率、叶片细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标,以初步研究不同糜子品种抗旱性.研究结果显示,不同糜子品种在干旱胁迫下种子发芽率、发芽势、植株存活率、叶片细胞膜透性、SOD活性、Pro含量及MDA含量均呈显著差异.综合分析存活率及生理指标相对值的变化,初步得出供试品种的抗旱能力强弱依次为PJ 1＞内糜5号＞242＞PJ 2＞259＞伊糜5号＞248＞247＞PY 2＞内糜9号＞伊选黄麋＞205.     

干旱和盐胁迫对花生渗透调节和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为明确干旱和盐胁迫对花生生长发育及衰老特性的影响,以花生品种花育25为试验材料,采用盆栽试验探究了开花期干旱和盐胁迫对花生叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,干旱处理(D)、盐胁迫处理(S)和旱盐共同胁迫处理(DS)均增加了叶片中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸、O_2~(-·)、MDA的含量。S处理和DS处理降低了叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性,且随着胁迫时间的延长而持续降低;而D处理使叶片中SOD、CAT活性有所提高。复水10 d后,D处理叶片中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、游离氨基酸、O_2~(-·)、MDA的含量较复水前下降,除可溶性蛋白外,D处理叶片SOD、POD活性和上述指标与CK差异不显著,但DS处理叶片中的SOD、POD、CAT活性、O_2~(-·)、MDA含量与S处理均差异显著。收获期,D处理单株产量和出仁率与CK差异不显著,但DS处理的单株产量和出仁率与S处理差异显著。分析DAT9的数据得出:干旱和盐胁迫对叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和脯氨酸含量无显著的交互作用,但对SOD、POD、CAT活性和O_2~(-·)、MDA含量存在显著的交互作用,旱盐互作抑制了SOD、POD、CAT活性,加剧了对植物细胞膜的过氧化作用,MDA含量增加,最终降低了花生产量和出仁率。因此,盐胁迫下种植花生应及时补水,避免开花期干旱,减少盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和旱盐互作对花生的危害。     

CPPU对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片的蛋白响应及生育期差异的影响

采用叶面喷施调吡脲(N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N’-phenylurea,CPPU)处理,分析干旱胁迫下CPPU对小麦幼苗叶片蛋白质及各种生理生化指标的影响,以探讨CPPU提高小麦抗旱性的分子机制。以小麦品种河农822为材料,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)研究喷施CPPU后幼苗叶片中蛋白质组变化情况;用常规方法检测过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,经SDS-PAGE电泳技术发现,与对照相比,干旱胁迫下喷施CPPU后出现分子量为125,80,55,40,35,33,25 kDa等7条特异性条带,消失了30 kDa的电泳条带。与干旱对照相比,喷施CPPU后叶片中蛋白条带中多了40 kDa特异性条带,消失了30 kDa的电泳条带;并且在干旱胁迫下,喷施100 mg CPPU后使幼苗体内的POD活性提高37.06%,可溶性蛋白含量增加63.50%,可溶性糖含量增加87.51%,脯氨酸含量增加109.57%,MDA含量降低46.06%。与干旱对照相比,喷施CPPU的幼苗叶片中出现了一条特异性条带,消失了一条特异性条带,且在70 kDa和大约20 kDa处的蛋白含量明显高于2个对照,在32kDa和大约25 kDa处的蛋白含量下降。100 mg CPPU可促进干旱胁迫下幼苗体内的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量显著增加,POD活性显著提高,MDA含量降低。说明叶面喷施CPPU能够增强幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

亚麻幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

分别用不同浓度的PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫的方法处理亚麻幼苗,测定了叶片质膜相对透性、可溶性蛋白质含量、游离脯氨酸含量以及保护酶SOD、POD活性的变化。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长和胁迫强度的增加,质膜相对透性呈现不断上升的趋势,可溶性蛋白含量先升后降,脯氨酸出现了大量积累的现象。两种保护酶的活性变化不同,5%、10%PEG处理的SOD活性在胁迫初期大幅度升高之后不断下降,15%处理呈缓慢上升趋势。POD活性大体上呈现先降后升的变化,其中15%处理的POD活性变化波动较大。从本实验可以看出,亚麻幼苗对干旱胁迫具有一定的适应性。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.