小麦显性矮秆基因Rht10“微突变”的发现

以4D染色体携带Rht10而极度矮化的小麦显性矮秆系“矮变1号”与中、高秆的现代小麦改良品种杂交，选育出了一批植株较矮变1号显著提升、以至达到小麦育种理想株高的半显性衍生矮秆系，已将其应用于杂交小麦及小麦常规育种。对半显性衍生矮秆系与起始矮秆系矮变1号矮秆主基因之间的同一性进行了研究。以此提出了小麦显性矮秆基     

小麦“矮变一号”的矮秆性遗传研究

本研究以农林10号、奥尔逊矮、矮宁和矮变一号为矮秆亲本,分别与高秆品种 Glenlea、鉴15-1和半矮秆品种选七进行杂交。根据 P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、F_3和 BC_1、BC_2各世代的株高变异,分析并比较这4个矮亲所携矮秆基因的遗传特性。同时,通过4个矮亲之间的互交,分析各自所携矮秆基因之间的等位性关系。研究结果表明:1.矮变一号和     

我国部分小麦矮秆品种对赤霉酸的反应及矮源初探

通过测定国内部分矮秆小麦品种(包括半矮秆)及主要亲本对赤霉酸(GA_3)的反应,鉴定出50个GA反应不敏感的矮秆品种和42个GA反应敏感的矮秆品种。根据这些品种的反应型及系谱,对其矮源进行了分析,有27个品种的矮源为赤小麦,4个品种的矮源为农林10号,其余品种的矮源不详。其中有14个品种可能携带新的矮秆基因,需要进一步鉴定。     

粳稻半矮秆突变体Y98149的矮生性遗传研究

对粳稻半矮秆突变体Y98149矮生性遗传研究的结果表明:(1)控制半矮秆材料Y98149矮生性表达的基因为一对显性核基因;(2)该显性基因与控制KL908矮生性表达的显性核基因及控制AKs1-108矮生性表达的隐性核基因sd-1均非等位;(3)分析F2群体株高资料后认为,在C078遗传背景下,可以检出在近等基因系遗传背景下无法检出的另一对显性主基     

籼稻多蘖矮半矮秆基因的遗传分析和基因定位

对籼稻标记基因系材料多蘖矮的遗传分析表明, 其矮生性状是由2对隐性半矮秆基因控制的,分别为sd1和一个新的半矮秆基因,该基因初步定名为sdt3。以多蘖矮与南京6号杂交F₂的分离群体为基础,应用SSR标记进行连锁分析,将半矮秆基因sdt3定位于第11染色体的SSR标记SSR98和SSR35之间,分别相距0.06 cM、0.13 cM,二者之间的物理距离约为93kb。以南京6号为轮回亲本与多蘖矮进行回交和自交获得由半矮秆基因sdt3控制的近等基因系（新多蘖矮）,以赤霉素处理表明由sdt3控制的半矮秆系新多蘖矮对赤霉素不敏感。     

矮变一号小麦株高遗传的单体分析

本研究以普通小麦“中国春”的单体系统和矮变一号杂交,利用 F_1和 F_2单体分析方法,研究确定控制矮变1号矮秆性状的基因数目及关键染色体。通过分析,初步认为矮变1号矮秆性状受分别位于2A 和4D 染色体上的两对作用力不相等的主效半显性基因和一些微效基因的修饰作用所控制,其效应除了显性效应外,还有加性效应。     

小麦显性矮秆基因Rht3理想株高突变体的基因型检测

本研究采用4BS染色体携带Rht3基因的小麦显性矮源"矮苏3"(55～60 cm),经辐射与化学诱变,获得了一系列株高在70～85 cm、具小麦育种理想株高的突变体.采用形态标记、生化标记及分子标记对上述理想株高突变体进行了基因型检测.经成熟种子萌发试验的生化标记检测表明,理想株高突变体仍具有显性矮秆基因Rht3成熟种子α-淀粉酶活性低而抗穗萌的特性.经采用位于4BS染色体上的"易组太谷核不育基因MS2 (4BS)"作为形态标记基因来定位理想株高突变体携带的半显性矮秆基因,证实了理想株高突变体携带的半显性矮秆基因与MS2(4BS)连锁、因而与Rht3基因同位于普通小麦4B染色体上.基于通常认为Rht3与隐性矮秆基因Rht1同为4BS染色体上的复等位基因,经采用Ellis等开发的"perfect marker"SSR特异引物的分子标记检测,在矮苏3及其理想株高突变体上同时扩增出了与Rht-B1b相同的237 bp的特征带.以上3种类型的基因标记检测的结果,均有利于说明矮苏3的理想株高突变体携带Rht3突变衍生的复等位基因,因其具理想株高而又抗穗萌,可望作为半显性创新矮源用于高度集约化的小麦"分子设计育种",以克服小麦育种目前局限于使用隐性矮源的局面,实现自"绿色革命"以来小麦育种矮源的升级换代.     

大豆矮秆基因遗传及其育种改良效果的研究

矮源矬大豆的矮秆性状表现受一对隐性主效基因和若干修饰基因所控制。在较高 F_2植株间株高表现连续变异。F_2频率分布的高峰和变幅都向较矮方向漂移和扩大,其程度不仅受改良亲本株高基因的影响,还受其结荚习性基因的作用。矮秆基因对降低株高,缩短节间长度,提高每节荚数、收获指数、抗倒伏性和其它产量性状都有一定效果。具     

几个冬小麦矮秆亲本的遗传研究

利用５×４格子方的２０个小麦杂交组合（Ｆ１）及相应的亲本,研究了株高、千粒重等６个性状的杂种优势、显性程度、配合力及遗传力,结合本研究结果,重点对蚰包、农林１０号衍生物冬协２号和Ｇ／２３０以及矮变一号等几个矮秆亲本及其组合进行了评价。     

糯小麦矮源新种质 11-805矮秆性状遗传研究

11-805是绵阳市农科院新创制的糯小麦矮源种质,为了深入了解新创种质糯小麦矮源11-805的矮秆性状遗传规律,试验对11-805的矮秆遗传特性进行了较为系统的研究。用11-805与高秆亲本‘绵麦37’、‘绵麦43’和‘绵麦1618’杂交,从正反杂种F1代株高表现可知,其F1代株高介于高亲值与中亲值之间,且D为负值,说明11-805的矮秆特性主要受隐性矮秆基因控制;3个群体F2代株高分离出矮秆、半矮秆、高秆3个类型,其比例均为1：2：1,同时有超亲分离存在。结果表明,11-805的矮秆性状是由1对隐性基因控制,并受一些微效基因的影响。正反交F1代平均株高降幅为16.07%和15.67%,可以表明矮秆糯小麦11-805具有明显降低株高的特性。     

Transfer of new dwarfing genes from the weed species Avena fatua into cultivated oat A. byzantina

New sources of dwarfing genes were identified from accessions of Avena fatua in Japan and Korea. The dwarfing genes were transferred from backcrossed and self‐pollinated relatives to the cultivated oat ‘Kanota’. In the cultivated form, the dominant dwarfing gene Dw8 showed a relatively lower transmission rate than recessive, semi‐dominant and nondwarfing genes and was characterized by a distinct link with wild gene cluster. This was also supported by the high transmission rate of wild specific SSR alleles. Four dwarf inbred lines (L153, L169a, L169b and L812) were identified as involving a single recessive dwarfing gene(s). The recessive dwarfing genes that showed normal and stable transmission rates in BC₁F₃ were first reported in hexaploid oats. The L169 segregated two different recessive dwarf lines in BC₁, which were selected as semi‐ (L169a) and extreme‐ (L169b) dwarf lines. The L169a was a good genotype with a high grain yield. L288 is a semi‐dwarf line conditioned by a semi‐dominant dwarfing gene, with a unilateral panicle, large florets and good grain quality due to strong resistance to lodging. L342 had a short peduncle, making the panicle compact, and its phenotype was similar to the dwarfness controlled by Dw7, but the dwarfing genes were different.     

Inheritance of plant height and allelism tests of the dwarfing genes in Chinese barley

In order to find new dwarfing genes, the inheritance of plant height in 25 Chinese barley dwarf accessions was studied and allelism tests carried out, not only between the dwarfing genes found but also with the known dwarfing genes uz, br, sdw and denso. The results showed that out of the 25 dwarf accessions, 20 were due to monogenic recessiveness and four to digenic recessiveness. Only the short plant character in ‘1974E’ was controlled by a recessive together with a dominant dwarfing gene. In the present study, seven recessive and one dominant new dwarfing genes were identified. Five recessive genes were found in the monogenic mutants ‘91G318’, ‘91D27’ and ‘93‐597’ and in the Tibetan monogenic dwarf landraces ‘Jia Jiu’ and ‘BQK’, respectively. The other two recessives were found in the Tibetan digenic dwarf landraces ‘ZLL’ and ‘ZLLQK’, and the one dominant gene in the digenic mutant ‘1974E’.     

大穗小麦多小穗基因的染色体定位

采用中国春单体系列对大穗普通小麦品系“88F2185”的多小穗性状进行了基因定位研究。结果表明，“88F2185”决定多小穗的基因位于其1B、3D和5A染色体上，其中3D染色体的效应最强。“88F2185”1B和3D染色体上的基因表现显性，而5A染色体上的基因表现隐性。此外，“88F2185”4D染色体上还存在减少小穗数目的隐性基因。据前人研究及本试验结果分析认为，“88F2185”5”的1B及4D染色体上具控制小穗数目的新基因。     

Mapping the GA3-insensitive dwarfing gene ct1 on chromosome 7 in rye

A gibberellic acid-insensitive dwarfing gene in rye (ct1) was mapped in an F₂ population on chromosome 7R close to the centromere. Two RFLP markers were found, which flank the gene at distances of 1 and 3 cM, respectively. A total of 11 markers were mapped on 7R of which six cluster around the centromere and show segregation distortion in the case of the codominant markers. The ct1 gene is closely linked to copies of both α-amylase and EmBP, as is the ct2 gene on chromosome 5R. Because of the different chromosomal locations of the GA₃-insensitive dwarfing genes in rye and wheat it is concluded that these genes are not homoeologous. This is supported by further differences in their phenotypic and genotypic expressions.     

Inheritance of agronomic traits from the Chinese barley dwarfing gene donors 'Xiaoshan Lixiahuang' and 'Cangzhou Luodama'

The inheritance of agronomic traits from the barley dwarfing gene donors ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ and ‘Cangzhou Luodamai’ was studied. The results indicated that dwarf plants, six‐row and short spikes, dense spikelets and naked kernels, respectively, were controlled by one pair of recessive genes, but a toothed awn was determined by one pair of dominant genes in both barley cultivars. The genes for the six characters in ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ were allelic to those in ‘Cangzhou Luodamai’. Genetic linkage was found among the genes for plant height, spike length and spikelet density. They were located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3HL) in the order: plant height, spikelet density, spike length. The genes for naked kernels, six‐row spikes and tooth awns were independent of each other, and carried on the long arms of chromosomes 1(7H), 2(H) and 7(5H), respectively. The dwarfing genes were the same as the gene uz in Japanese and Korean barley cultivars.     

四倍体小麦地方品种矮蓝麦矮秆性状的遗传分析

四倍体圆锥小麦(Triticum turgidum L.ssp.turgidum)地方品种矮蓝麦是我国重要的小麦矮秆基因资源,经鉴定其矮秆特性对外源赤霉酸敏感。2012年配制矮蓝麦与2个高秆圆锥小麦的正反交组合,2012—2013年在四川绵阳分别种植F1、F2代和F2:3家系,对株高的遗传分析表明,矮蓝麦的矮秆性状受1对隐性基因控制。利用BSA法构建高秆和矮秆池筛选多态性SSR标记,并对矮蓝麦/青稞麦F2分离群体进行连锁分析,将目标基因定位于7AS染色体上,与标记GWM471的遗传距离为2.5 c M。矮蓝麦与矮秆番麦正反交的F1和F2群体表现非常相似的株高变异特征,初步推测矮蓝麦的矮秆基因是Rht22;进一步用高通量SNP和DAr T标记对两品种进行全基因组扫描,发现二者的遗传相似性高达98.7%~99.3%。因此认为,历史上矮蓝麦和矮秆番麦可能是同一品种,是通过人为交流而传播到不同地方。矮蓝麦携带的矮秆基因在人工合成六倍体小麦遗传背景中降低株高能力中等或较弱,在育种中需要聚合其他矮秆基因而被利用。     

Chromosomal location of dwarfing gene Rht12 in wheat

Summary The chromosomal location of the dwarfing gene Rht12 in the mutant winter wheat Karcagi 522M7K was investigated using F₂ monosomic analysis. The segregation ratio for F₂ progenies of Chinese Spring monosomics × Karcagi 522M7K, and that of Cheyenne monosomics × Karcagi 522M7K indicated that the near complete dominant dwarfing gene Rht12 is located on chromosome 5A. The heterozygous and hemizygous states of the genes Rht12 have the same effect on plant height.     

Monosomic analysis of Helminthosporium leaf blight resistance genes in wheat

A set of 21 monosomic (2n ‐ 1) and the disomic (2n) lines of the ‘Chinese Spring’ cultivar were crossed with ‘Chirya‐3′, the CIMMYT synthetic wheat line which has been identified as highly resistant for Helminthosporium leaf blight disease (HLB), in order to locate the genes governing disease resistance. The F₁ and segregating populations were challenged and screened against the most virulent pure mono‐conidial HLB isolate KL‐8 (Karnal, India). The F₁ progenies of the crosses were found to be susceptible because of the recessive nature of resistance. The F₂ progeny of the control cross (‘Chinese Spring’בChirya‐3’), segregated in the ratio of 1: 15 (resistant: susceptible), indicating that resistance to HLB was controlled by a pair of recessive genes. While the F₂ progeny of 19 monosomic crosses segregated in the ratio of 1: 15 (resistant: susceptible), the progeny of the remaining two crosses, 7B and 7D, deviated significantly from the ratio, revealing that 7B and 7D were the critical chromosomes for resistance genes that were located one on each chromosome. Moreover, the critical lines, 7B and 7D, confirmed the digenic complementary recessive nature of gene action by fitting well with the overall pooled F₂ segregation ratio of 13: 51 (resistant: susceptible) as expected for digenic complementary recessive resistance. The F₃ segregation ratios of the critical crosses, based on their pooled F₂ analysis, was estimated as 19: 32: 13 (non‐segregating susceptible: segregating as susceptible and resistant: non‐segregating resistant). F₃ progenies when tested with these ratios showed goodness‐of‐fit, confirming that the two pairs of recessive resistance genes were located on chromosomes 7B and 7D.     

大白菜新型胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花药不同发育时期内源激素动态变化的研究

利用细胞质雄性不育系制种是生产白菜一代杂交种子最经济、有效的途径之一,植物内源激素在植物体内普遍存在,并在植物生长发育的各个阶段起着重要的调节作用。大量的研究结果表明,雄性不育系的营养器官或生殖器官中内源激素含量与保持系不同,雄性败育是花器官尤其是雄蕊中激素不平衡的结果。利用酶联免疫测定技术研究大白菜新型胞质雄性不育系及其保持系不同发育时期花药组织中IAA、GA3、ABA和ZR含量的动态变化,结果表明：在花药发育过程中,不育系花药组织中ABA、m、GA3和ZR含量及ZIVABA比值的变化均出现异常。在第3时期（花营长2．0-3．0mm）,不育系的IAA、GA3和zR含量显著低于保持系,ABA含量显著高于保持系,ZR／ABA比值低于保持系。这一时期正好是不育系小孢子明显败育的时期。由此认为,该时期不育系花药组织中激素含量的变化及平衡的破坏可能影响了小孢子的正常发育,引起小孢子败育,导致大白菜的雄性不育。     

Chromosomal location of genes for supernumerary spikelet in bread wheat

The supernumerary spikelet (SS) character of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an abnormal spike morphology expressing extra spikelets per spike. Chromosomal location of the genes for the SS character in the bread wheat line, Yupi Branching was determined by monosomic analysis. The normal-spiked bread wheat Chinese Spring monosomic series were used as testing lines. Data indicated that chromosomes 2D, 4A, 4B and 5A of bread wheat carry genes for SS character (bh genes). Among them, the gene on chromosome 2D has the strongest effect on the expression of the SS character. Comparison of disomic and monosomic plants in 2D, 4A, 4B and 5A F₂ populations revealed that the bh genes are hemizygous-effective and dosage-independent. The F₁ monosomic analysis showed that the bh genes of Yupi Branching are recessive. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.