大麦半矮秆品种资源“米麦114”和“尺八大麦”的遗传评价

用大麦半矮秆品种资源米麦114和尺八大麦与高秆测验种Bowman杂交的P1、P2、F1、F2及B1和B2六个世代群体为试村，研究了这两份半矮秆资源株高等性状的遗传规律及其之间的遗传关系。发现它们的半矮生性状均主要受一对隐性基因控制；千粒重由微效多基因决定，符合基因的加性——显性遗传模式。米麦114的穗长和穗密度各受一对隐性     

小麦几个“矮源”品种矮秆基因的遗传分析

本研究选用矮变1号、冬协2号为主要矮源,通过株高的常规遗传分析、单体分析和赤霉酸(GA_3)鉴定,分析了矮源品种矮秆基因的遗传特点。结果表明:矮变1号受一对不完全显性矮杆基因控制,其株高和胚乳皆对 GA_3不敏感。蚰包的衍生系冬协2号、CA8333和农林10号的衍生系 G-230携带有相同的一对隐性矮秆基因 Rht2,且位于4D 染色体上,     

水稻显性半矮秆基因的SCAR标记及初步定位

粳稻品系Y98149是从离子束诱变的后代中获得的显性半矮秆突变体，与野生型Y98148是一对株高近等基因系。将已经获得的3个与水稻显性半矮秆基因紧密连锁的RAPD标记分别克隆、测序，根据测序结果设计了3对特异性PCR引物，成功地将RAPD标记S1041₅₂₅、S1076₅₄₉和S1272₄₀₃转化成更稳定的SCAR标记SCS1041₄₉₈、SCS1076₅₁₀和SCS1272₃₈₈。通过Y98148×Y98149的F₂代分离群体的分析，这3个SCAR标记与显性半矮秆基因的遗传距离分别为12.6 cM、7.5 cM和16.3 cM, 且位于基因的同一侧。序列同源性比较表明，标记S1272₄₀₃为单拷贝，其核苷酸序列与水稻第7染色体上两个BAC克隆B1249D05(AP006451)和OJ1212-C12(AP005604)同源性为99%，B1249D05与OJ1212-C12有23 kb的重叠区域，标记S1272₄₀₃位于这个重叠区域，据此初步将显性半矮秆基因定位，为进一步精确定位和图位克隆奠定了基础。     

矮败小麦的赤霉酸反应

矮败小麦的赤霉酸反应杨丽,刘秉华(中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所北京100081)矮败小麦是具有矮秆基因标记的显性核不育材料,含有太谷核不育小麦的显性雄性不育基因ms2和矮变1号小麦品种的显性矮秆基因Rh10.基因ms2和Rht10在4Ｄ染色体短臂...     

水稻矮秆小粒类型的形态遗传机理和育种利用

矮秆小粒为栽培稻中一种特殊形态类型,表现为植株矮壮、叶片宽短、穗子粗短、谷粒短小但着粒特密,株高和千粒重为半矮秆正常类型的一半左右,矮秆小粒与半矮秆的原品种的杂种F2只分离出矮秆小粒与半矮秆两种类型,且符合1∶3的比例,这说明矮秆小粒类型是受一对隐性基因控制的多效性状,或者说由于一对隐性基因的作用导致了矮秆小粒这种形态类型.矮秆小粒材料Tax与12份(非原品种)半矮秆杂种F1代的株高、千粒重、粒长、剑叶长和宽等形态性状表现出显著到极显著(p=0.01～0.05)的超高亲,F2代同样表现出显著的超高亲分离,由此判定:矮秆小粒类型是由矮秆小粒材料遗传背景中的形态抑制隐性基因对半矮秆正常形态多效性隐性抑制的结果而不是矮秆小粒基因直接作用的结果,其作用方式是使其遗传背景中的半矮秆正常形态受到横向延展和纵向压缩从而变成粗壮矮缩的特殊形态类型.这与以往的研究结果不同,用该机理能很好地解释其它矮秆小粒材料研究中出现的类似异常遗传表现.矮秆小粒材料的育种利用价值和方法包括从中发掘利用大粒、优质和高产基因与创造以矮秆小粒类型为亲本之一的杂交稻超高产育种新途径.     

矮败小麦的遗传研究

矮败小麦是具有矮秆基因标记的显性核不育材料,显性雄性不育基因Ms2与显性矮秆基因Rht10连锁十分紧密,其连锁交换值仅为0.18,而紧密连锁基因Ms2和Rht10与着丝点间的遗传距离为31.17个交换单位。     

高粱A_1、A_2型核质互作雄性不育性遗传的初步研究

本试验表明,A_1型雄性不育性是由细胞质不育基因S_1与核内两对隐性不育基因ms_1ms_1 ms_2ms_2共同控制.A_2型雄性不育性是由细胞质不育基因S_2与核内一对隐性不育基因ms_2ms_2共同控制.相对的显性恢复基因MS_1MS_1 MS_2MS_2是独立遗传的,不存在累加效应,两对显性基因都与S_1存在互作关系,只要有其中一对就可实现对A_1细胞质不育系的恢复.A_2细胞质雄性不育系则只有MS_2MS_2基因才能恢复.MS_1MS_1基因在A_2细胞质遗传背景下失去了显性恢复作用,成为S_2的非互作基因.雄性不育的核质互作具有普遍性和对应性,保持系则具有多样性.     

水稻显性半矮秆突变基因的分子鉴定

粳型水稻Y98149是从离子束诱变后代中获得的显性半矮秆突变体。本研究用RAPD技术对突变体和野生型进行了DNA指纹分析,经506个10bp的随机引物的扩增,获得4个多态性差异片段,可用作显性半矮秆基因的分子标记。RAPD的结果也表明半矮秆突变体与野生型之间基因组差异十分微小,为突变基因的鉴定提供了分子生物学证据。     

矮变一号小麦株高遗传的单体分析

本研究以普通小麦“中国春”的单体系统和矮变一号杂交,利用 F_1和 F_2单体分析方法,研究确定控制矮变1号矮秆性状的基因数目及关键染色体。通过分析,初步认为矮变1号矮秆性状受分别位于2A 和4D 染色体上的两对作用力不相等的主效半显性基因和一些微效基因的修饰作用所控制,其效应除了显性效应外,还有加性效应。     

甘蓝型隐性核不育两型系9 AB遗传规律分析研究

油研9号不同遗传背景是由(A1A1A2A2)对育性起重叠作用的2对非等位基因所支配的,它的雄性不育由双隐性基因(a1a2)共同控制的.在长达10年的研究中,通过套袋自交、测交、兄妹交揭示了油研9号杂交油菜品种隐性核不育基因相互作用的遗传与表达规律,即基因A1A2(显性),a1a2(隐性)在独立分配中控制育性分离表达的一致性.     

应用半矮生基因sd－1选育矮秆大库容量水稻新品系研究

用大穗高秆品种Ａｋｅｎｏｈｏｓｈｉ与半矮生粳型系统ＳＣ－ＴＮ１杂交后代Ｆ５的６个品系及其亲本为材料，比较分析了品系与亲本遗传性状的表现及其联系。结果表明，通过改善ｓｄ－１基因的遗传背景，使半矮生性及优良株型的特性与大库容量相结合是可能的，能够从中培育出有更高产量潜力的新品系     

Transfer of new dwarfing genes from the weed species Avena fatua into cultivated oat A. byzantina

New sources of dwarfing genes were identified from accessions of Avena fatua in Japan and Korea. The dwarfing genes were transferred from backcrossed and self‐pollinated relatives to the cultivated oat ‘Kanota’. In the cultivated form, the dominant dwarfing gene Dw8 showed a relatively lower transmission rate than recessive, semi‐dominant and nondwarfing genes and was characterized by a distinct link with wild gene cluster. This was also supported by the high transmission rate of wild specific SSR alleles. Four dwarf inbred lines (L153, L169a, L169b and L812) were identified as involving a single recessive dwarfing gene(s). The recessive dwarfing genes that showed normal and stable transmission rates in BC₁F₃ were first reported in hexaploid oats. The L169 segregated two different recessive dwarf lines in BC₁, which were selected as semi‐ (L169a) and extreme‐ (L169b) dwarf lines. The L169a was a good genotype with a high grain yield. L288 is a semi‐dwarf line conditioned by a semi‐dominant dwarfing gene, with a unilateral panicle, large florets and good grain quality due to strong resistance to lodging. L342 had a short peduncle, making the panicle compact, and its phenotype was similar to the dwarfness controlled by Dw7, but the dwarfing genes were different.     

OsGA20ox2不同长度RNAi片段对水稻株高等农艺性状的遗传效应

利用OsGA20ox2基因序列构建不同长度的RNAi片段并导入水稻，获得不同高度的矮化植株。将这些矮化植株与野生型植株回交获得B₁F₂群体，卡方检测表明B₁F₂群体矮秆植株数和高秆植株数符合3∶1比例，表现为矮秆显性的遗传规律。对矮化植株的F₅和B₁F₂群体株高、各茎节间长度和一些主要农艺性状方差分析显示, OsGA20ox2基因的RNAi能显著缩短株高和各节间长度(P<0.05)，RNAi干扰片段越长，使植株株高和节间长度缩短程度越大，可使株高降低24~42 cm，矮化22%~39%。在同一长度的RNAi干扰片段下，倒一节节间长度平均缩短与倒二节节间长度平均缩短非常相近，倒三节和倒四节节间长度平均缩短非常相近，总的缩短程度是倒四节>倒三节>倒二节>倒一节。这种近基部节间长度缩短幅度和比例较大的特点，利于提高水稻的抗倒伏能力，同时上部节间缩短幅度和比例较小，有效地保持合理株高，不使生物产量明显降低，有利于水稻的稳产和高产。OsGA20ox2基因的RNAi不影响如千粒重、结实率、穗长等其他主要农艺性状或影响很小。     

Characterizations and molecular mapping of a novel dominant semi-dwarf gene Sdd(t) in rice (Oryza sativa)

By nitrogen ion implanting, we obtained a semi‐dwarf mutant from a japonica rice cultivar Y98148, designated as Y98149. The genetic analysis of Y98149 indicated that the semi‐dwarf phenotype was controlled by a single dominant gene, Sdd(t). We show that Y98149 reduced plant height mainly via inhibiting the first, second and third internode elongation. Based on this dwarfing pattern, the mutant could be grouped into dn‐type dwarf defined by Takeda [Gamma Field Symp. (1977) Vol. 16, PP. 1–18] . In addition, the Sdd(t) gene was sensitive to gibberellin (GA) based on the response to extraneous GA₃ and the quantitative determination of endogenous GA₁ and GA₄. To map the Sdd(t) gene, we tested molecular markers by bulk segregant analysis. The Sdd(t) gene was localized to a 6.4 cM‐interval on the short arm of chromosome 6, flanked by two sequence‐tagged site markers S9 and S13.     

Localization of a Dwarfing Mutation in Upland Cotton Using InDel Markers Based on Genome Re-Sequencing Data

[Objective] InDel markers that were developed by comparing whole genome re-sequencing data were used to map the AS98 gene of a dwarf mutant of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). [Method] An F2 segregation population was constructed from an upland-cotton dwarf mutant (AS98) and its wild type (LHF10), and InDel markers were developed based on genome re-sequencing data from the two parents. The InDel markers and the F2 generation were then used to map the AS98 gene of the dwarf mutant. [Result] A total of 114 InDel markers located in a previous mapping region were screened and used to genotype 223 F2 individuals. Ultimately, phenotypic data and 20 polymorphic primer pairs were used to construct a genetic linkage map. Molecular marker analysis mapped AS98 within a 6.9 cM distance of the marker InDel-50 on chromosome D12. [Conclusion] This study has demonstrated the feasibility of using InDel markers developed from re-sequencing data for gene localization in isolated populations derived from upland cotton dwarf materials. The resulting gene map provides a basis for future fine mapping and molecular-assisted selection breeding.     

2个水稻矮杆突变体的遗传分析

为了研究水稻矮杆突变体的遗传规律,通过将2个矮杆突变体mini-plant（mp）和矮糵丛生突变体分别与‘明恢63’、‘明恢86’等进行正反交杂交组合,经过田间的性状调查与卡方测定,发现F1代中2个矮杆突变体均为隐性遗传,在F2分离群体中,2个矮杆突变体的遗传规律符合孟德尔的常染色体单基因隐性遗传。因此,可以推断2个水稻矮杆突变体都是由常染色体上的隐性单基因控制。     

利用三个分子标记鉴定大麦Yd2基因型及其在育种辅助选择中的应用

研究分子标记鉴定大麦抗黄矮病基因Yd2的有效性,可为Yd2基因在大麦抗病育种中的广泛应用提供快速有效的分子辅助选择工具。利用与Yd2基因紧密连锁的YLM、CAPS-Ylp和ASPCR-Ylp标记同时检测52份国内外大麦品种(系)与4份大麦F₁杂种的Yd2基因型,同时结合生物学抗性检测的表型分析其有效性。通过对Yd2基因型已知的20份大麦品种(系)及4个F₁杂种的Yd2基因型分析,表明YLM、CAPS-Ylp与ASPCR-Ylp标记可以有效判断大麦Yd2基因型。进一步用这3个标记检测32份Yd2基因型未知的大麦的基因型,鉴定出基因型为Yd2^-/Yd2^-的品种(系) 27份,基因型为Yd2⁺/Yd2⁺的品种(系) 5份。在回交育种的分子辅助选择实例中,从BC₂F₂世代中选出了16个基因型为Yd2⁺/Yd2⁺的单株。3个分子标记结合应用能够快速有效地鉴定大麦Yd2基因型,可用于Yd2基因回交育种中的大规模分子标记辅助选择。     

Genetics of induced dwarf mutants in pearl millet,Pennisetum americanum (L.)Leeke

Summary Inheritance pattern of seven dwarf mutants revealed each of them to be controlled by a single recessive gene. Tests for allelism indicated existence of two groups of dwarfs, group 1 comprising six mutants and group 2 a single dwarf. The dwarfs of group 1 were found to be allelic to D₂ of the dwarf types already known in this crop and the dwarf of group 2 was allelic to D₁ of these types.Botany Department, R.V.V.N. College, Dharanikota, India.     

不同矮秆基因小麦农艺性状的遗传差异

对含有不同主效矮秆基因（Ｒｈｔ１，Ｒｈｔ２和Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２）的三组春小麦进行了两年，两地试验。结果表明，具有半矮秆基因Ｒｈｔ１的小麦表现出较高的生物产量，穗粒数和容重，它们以此获得较高的籽粒产量；具有矮秆基因Ｒｈｔ１和Ｒｈｔ２的小麦，则表现出较高的千粒重，通过半大收获指数获得高产；在两个半矮秆组内，籽粒产量与株高之间，粒数／ｍ＾２与千粒重之间均为显著负相关，就矮秆组而言，在籽粒产量与粒数／ｍ＾     

大麦多节矮秆性状的研究——II.多节矮秆性状的染色体定位

采用14个大麦染色体标记性状材料,对大麦突变体76-2104进行了多节矮秆性状在染色体上的定位研究。研究结果表明:(1)多节矮秆性状分别由一对隐性基因控制。(2)控制多节矮秆两对性状的基因位于第四染色体上。长节间矮生(Sid)与多节的交换值为12.41士2.05%。三叉芒K与多节、矮秆两对性状之间的交换值分别为47.80士4.07%和42.26