洋葱orf393基因线粒体定位表达载体构建及功能初探

通过转基因拟南芥表型分析对洋葱线粒体差异表达基因orf393的功能进行了初步研究。通过In-Fusion Cloning的方法,将基因orf393与编码线粒体定位的靶向肽序列Rf1b5'融合,构建了orf393基因的线粒体定位表达载体pROK2-Rf1b5'-orf393,通过花序浸染法成功转化至野生型拟南芥,获得了雄性育性降低的拟南芥转基因植株,转基因植株的雄蕊花丝变短,柱头表面光滑几乎没有花粉附着,花药颜色暗淡无法正常开裂,种荚短小皱缩、结实率低。亚历山大染色实验结果显示,转基因植株的花药中花粉量少,仅含有极少量的活性花粉。初步证明线粒体基因orf393与细胞质雄性不育有一定关系,为明确orf393参与洋葱细胞质雄性不育的分子机制提供了参考。     

烟草ATP合酶F_0部分4个亚基基因转录本编辑位点分析

RNA编辑是高等植物线粒体基因转录后表达调控的一种重要方式。为探究ATP合酶F_0部分的4个亚基基因与植物雄性不育性的关系,本研究以3个烟草雄性不育系(MS中烟90、MS云烟85和MS K326)及其同型保持系为供试材料,比较分析atp6、atp9、orf25和orf B线粒体基因转录本的编辑位点。结果表明,orf25和orf B基因转录本在不育系和保持系中发生的编辑位点是一致的。atp6基因在不育系中未发生编辑,在保持系中共有6处发生了RNA编辑。与保持系相比,atp9基因在不育系中除8处共同的C→T编辑外,还缺少2个C→T的特异编辑位点,其中1个导致氨基酸类型的改变。推测不育胞质因缺少特异的线粒体基因转录本编辑而导致烟草的细胞质雄性不育。     

苎麻雄性不育相关基因atp6和atp9 RNA干扰载体的构建

植物线粒体基因缺陷是细胞质雄性不育的主要原因。为了获得苎麻atp6和atp9基因RNA干扰(RNAi)表达载体,根据已报道的苎麻atp6和atp9基因序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR克隆了atp6和atp9基因的部分cDNA片段,将目的基因正反向片段连接入RNAi载体pHANNIBAL,再将其表达框连入表达载体pCAMBIA 1300。结果表明,所克隆的cDNA片段经序列比对后确认为目的基因片段,经酶切和测序验证确认完成了atp6和atp9基因RNAi载体pCAM-6SR和pCAM-9SR的构建。atp6和atp9基因RNAi载体是验证苎麻雄性不育的基础,也为苎麻遗传工程改良奠定了技术基础。     

苎麻雄性不育相关atp6和atp9基因RNA干扰载体的构建

植物线粒体基因缺陷是细胞质雄性不育的主要原因。为了获得苎麻atp6和atp9基因RNA干扰(RNAi)表达载体,根据已报道的苎麻atp6和atp9基因序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR克隆了atp6和atp9基因的部分cDNA片段,将目的基因正反向片段连接入RNAi载体pHANNIBAL,再将其表达框连入表达载体pCAMBIA 1300。结果表明,所克隆的cDNA片段经序列比对后确认为目的基因片段,经酶切和测序验证确认完成了atp6和atp9基因RNAi载体pCAM-6SR和pCAM-9SR的构建。atp6和atp9基因RNAi载体是验证苎麻雄性不育的基础,也为苎麻遗传工程改良奠定了技术基础。     

甜菜细胞质雄性不育相关基因的克隆表达及CMS的相关性研究

已有的研究表明,线粒体atpA基因和orf187片段与作物雄性不育关系密切。为了研究atpA基因和orf187片段与甜菜细胞质雄性不育之间的关系,采用同源序列法分离克隆了甜菜体内atpA和orf187序列;序列分析揭示这2个片段序列在不育系和相应保持系间存在差异,进一步利用半定量RT-PCR和Real-time PCR技术分析了两系的atpA基因和orf187片段的表达情况。结果表明,与保持系相比,atpA在不育系中发生了碱基的置换及插入;orf187在不育系中缺失6个碱基,而在保持系中多了6 bp的重复序列;基因表达分析也显示,不育系atpA在花蕾发育的前2个时期表达量明显低于相应的保持系,而在大花蕾期其表达量又高于相应的保持系;orf187在不育系小花蕾时期表达量明显高于相应的保持系,随着花蕾的发育,该序列在不育系中的表达逐渐减弱并明显低于对应保持系中的表达量。推测atpA和orf187的结构变异及异常表达与甜菜细胞质雄性不育有着密切关系。     

小麦K、V型细胞质雄性不育系线粒体基因的比较分析

细胞质雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility,MS)是高等植物中普遍存在的一种母性遗传现象,跟线粒体基因密切相关。小麦K型和V型细胞质雄性不育性是由于粘果山羊草和偏凸山羊草或易变山羊草的细胞质导入普通小麦中产生的,被认为是最有利用潜力的小麦不育种质,但是其不育性产生的机理还不清楚。本研究在已知小麦K型细胞质雄性不育系和保持系线粒体基因组序列的基础上,比较分析了K型,V型不育系和保持系中33个线粒体基因和22个开放阅读框(open reading frame,orf;K型不育系特有的,被认为是K型不育系的不育候选基因)。结果表明,线粒体基因中除atp6、nad6和rps3在保持系和不育系之间有较大差异外,其它基因在保持系和不育系中都是高度保守的,其一致性达98%以上,atp6和nad6在两个不育系中也是高度一致的;22个orf中只有orf249在K型和V型不育系之间具有一定差异,其余的orf高度一致,说明小麦K型和V型不育系的线粒体基因是高度保守的,推测二者可能具有相似的不育基因或不育机理。研究结果为小麦K型和V型不育系在杂交育种中的利用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

棉属野生种旱地棉蛋白激酶基因GarCIPK8的克隆与功能分析

CIPK (calcineurin B-like calcium sensor interacting protein kinase)是植物钙感受器钙调磷酸酶B类似蛋白特定靶向的一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。在前期的研究中, 我们将棉属野生种D亚组旱地棉(Gossypium aridum)盐胁迫前后RNA混合样品进行转录组测序, 发现一CIPK相关基因存在较高的转录丰度。盐胁迫下荧光定量PCR分析表明该基因在根部表现诱导上调表达, 推测该基因可能参与植物在高盐胁迫下的生理调控。利用电子克隆及RT-PCR方法从旱地棉中克隆了一个ORF全长为1350 bp的蛋白激酶基因GarCIPK8。序列分析表明该基因编码的蛋白含有449个氨基酸, 分子量为51.12 kD, 理论等电点为8.13, 其N端催化结构域包含一个丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶域, C端具有植物CIPK蛋白家族特有的24个氨基酸组成的NAF保守结构域; 与水稻OsCIPK8蛋白的相似度为73.95%。为进一步验证其功能, 利用组成型高效强启动子CaMV35S和拟南芥逆境胁迫启动子rd29A构建植物表达载体并转化烟草, 经PCR和RT-PCR分子检测, 证明GarCIPK8基因已经整合到烟草基因组中, 并正常表达。T₁代转基因植株耐盐性鉴定结果表明GarCIPK8基因对提高转基因植株的耐盐性有较明显的作用, PEG干旱模拟试验也证明GarCIPK8基因可增强植株的抗旱性。     

棉花accD基因植物表达载体的构建与遗传转化的研究

摘要：乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)催化脂肪酸合成的第一步,是脂肪酸合成的限速酶。本研究采用PCR方法分别从陆地棉和拟南芥基因组中扩增出ACCase羧基转移酶β-CT亚基编码基因accD,ACCase羧基转移酶α-CT亚基编码基因CAC3的定位于叶绿体的转运肽序列。将CAC3基因转运肽序列与accD基因进行体外重组,构建融合植物表达载体pBI-CAC3tp-accD。重组质粒通过冻融法转化根癌农杆菌GV3101。渗透法转化拟南芥,收种子,在含卡那霉素的MS培养基中发芽筛选。用叶盘法转化烟草,经不定芽诱导、生根培养,获转基因烟草植株。T1代转基因拟南芥和转基因烟草植株经卡那霉素检测、PCR、RT-PCR检测后,初步表明目的基因已在植株中转化成功,并可以正常转录。     

瓣化型胡萝卜胞质雄性不育相关片段的分离及序列分析

以128对引物组合对瓣化型胡萝卜胞质雄性不育系和保持系进行cDNA-AFLP分析，筛选与不育性相关的特异片段，对其中两个表达丰度较高的cDNA差异片段进行克隆测序。序列分析表明BY1949与拟南芥质子依赖性的类肽转运蛋白在核苷酸水平有87%的同源性，蛋白质水平有58%的同源性。BY2562与瓣化型胞质雄性不育（CMS）胡萝卜线粒体ATP8、ATP9、NAD6和cob-sp基因在核苷酸水平有99%的同源性，期望值为0.0；在蛋白质水平与CMS向日葵线粒体ORFB基因，COXIII 5'端未知蛋白YMF19以及CMS胡萝卜ATP-8，orfB-F1有97%的同源性；另外与胡萝卜orfB-CMS、orfB-F2、烟草orfB、油菜orf224、拟南芥线粒体orfB、萝卜orf158以及芥菜线粒体膜蛋白、甘蓝型油菜orf474也有90%以上的同源性。     

3个陆地棉球蛋白基因启动子的克隆与功能初步分析

为克隆陆地棉来源的种子特异性启动子,根据雷蒙德氏棉测序结果,设计针对GhαGLOA、GhβGLOA和GhβGLOB基因编码区上游约1.5 kb序列的引物,分别以陆地棉总DNA为模板克隆了3条序列。构建了含有编码区上游序列驱动GUS的表达载体,经农杆菌介导转化野生型拟南芥。转基因拟南芥种子的GUS活性荧光检测结果表明,所克隆序列具有启动子功能,其中GhαGLOA启动子的转录活性极显著高于其他2个启动子。在转基因拟南芥成体植株的多个器官中,仅可检出痕量的GUS活性,认为所克隆启动子为种子特异性启动子。     

甘蓝型油菜NCa CMS育性相关候选线粒体基因及其受恢复基因的转录调控

用10个线粒体基因为探针, 对NCa不育系、保持系和可育F₁幼蕾的线粒体RNA进行了Northern检测。结果表明，atp6、atp1、cox1、cox2、cob、rrn5S和rrn26S等7个线粒体基因探针在不育系、保持系、可育F₁中的转录没有差异；只有orf222、orf139和atp9等3个探针检测到转录本的差异。orf222和orf139分别在不育系和可育F1中产生相同大小和丰度的转录本，但是在保持系中没有检测到转录本；orf222检测到的3条转录本分别为1.1、0.9和0.6 kb，orf139检测到0.8和0.6 kb 2条带。atp9探针在不育系和保持系中都检测到1条0.6 kb转录本，而在可育F₁中检测到0.6和1.2 kb的转录本。NCa CMS不育的形成可能与orf222、orf139和atp9基因的表达有关；讨论了恢复基因在F₁育性恢复过程中对育性相关候选基因的可能调控方式。     

Characterization of transgenic male sterility in alfalfa

Dependable male sterility would help to make hybrid cultivar development a reality in alfalfa once higher levels of heterosis are attained. Alfalfa plants obtained by genetic transformation with a construct containing the Barnase gene under the control of a tobacco anther tapetum specific promoter were studied. Vacuolization and degeneration of the tapetal cell cytoplasm at a premeiotic stage of development were observed in all five transformed plants (T₀)examined, but the severity of the abnormalities varied greatly among pollen sacs of a genotype. During the meiotic stage, some pollen sacs showed reduction in size, and the tapetum generally appeared thinner when compared to those of the non transgenic plants; tapetal cells showed abnormal vacuolization and signs of cytoplasm degeneration. Despite this, some microspores were formed and some pollen grains were shed in all the T₀ plants, but these were highly variable in size and had very low in vitro germinability. Self-fertility was negligible. The T₀ plants were crossed with one or two unrelated non transgenic male-fertile plants. Mendelian segregation was observed with two exceptions. Instability of the trait in F₁ progenies was noticed, varying for different T₀ parents. F₁ plants exhibiting higher sterility than the primary transformants were observed, indicating that it should be possible to obtain good male sterile plants by backcrossing this trait into different genetic backgrounds. The possible use of this transgenic male sterility in alfalfa breeding is briefly discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

叶绿体型转昆虫抗冻蛋白基因烟草的耐寒性

根据已构建的大豆叶绿体表达载体pJY01,设计特异性引物,将昆虫抗冻蛋白基因MpAFP149插入此载体中构成叶绿体表达载体pJY01-MpAFP149,利用基因枪轰击法转化烟草,经壮观霉素筛选获得4株叶绿体型转抗冻蛋白基因烟草株系。PCR和PCR-Southern结果显示外源基因已整合至烟草叶绿体基因组中但同质化水平不高,RT-PCR结果也表明昆虫抗冻蛋白基因已发生了转录。将野生型烟草、叶绿体型转抗冻蛋白基因烟草及核转化T₁代转抗冻蛋白基因烟草(pCAMBIA1302- MpAFP149)于–1℃低温处理3 d,观察耐寒表型及测定相对电导率。结果表明, 叶绿体型转基因烟草的耐寒表型优于野生型烟草,但与核转化的T₁代转抗冻蛋白基因烟草无显著差异。处理3 d时,叶绿体型转基因烟草和T₁代转抗冻蛋白基因烟草的电导率分别为39.2%和38.2%,而野生型烟草已达73.7%。本实验获得的异质化转叶绿体抗冻蛋白基因烟草与转核基因烟草的耐寒力无差异。     

Haplotype analysis of CMS-associated DNA markers in sweet peppers

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)/restorer-of-fertility (Rf) is an economical and efficient system to produce F₁ hybrid seeds. Although the CMS/Rf system has been used to produce hybrid seeds of hot peppers, this system has never been used for sweet pepper seed production, presumably due to the inability to select stable restorer lines during the breeding process. To test the feasibility of the CMS/Rf system in sweet pepper breeding, we investigated the distribution of haplotypes of previously developed, CMS-associated markers (orf456, ψ atp6-2, CRF-SCAR, OPP13-CAPS, PR-CAPS, and PR-SNP) in 27 commercial sweet pepper F₁ hybrids and 12 breeding lines. When CMS-associated cytoplasmic markers orf456 and ψ atp6-2 were applied, male sterile cytoplasm was not detected in commercial sweet pepper cultivars. When nuclear haplotype markers linked to Rf were applied, all sweet pepper cultivars showed haplotype 3, haplotype 1, and the rf genotype for OPP13-CAPS, PR-CAPS, and CRF-SCAR, respectively. In contrast, we were able to detect male sterile cytoplasm in some breeding lines, and we were also able to detect polymorphisms for PR-CAPS between stable and unstable maintainer lines. The 17T7-SNP also showed polymorphisms between unstable and stable maintainer (or restorer) lines. In conclusion, we expect that it will be possible to develop stable A, B, and C sweet pepper lines using CMS-associated markers and that this will eventually lead to successful implementation of the CMS/Rf system to produce F₁ hybrid sweet pepper seeds.     

甘蓝型油菜NCa CMS育性相关候选线粒体基因及其恢复基因的转录调控

用10个线粒体基因为探针，对NCa不育系、保持系和可育F1幼蕾的线粒体RNA进行了Northern检测。结果表明，atp6、atp1、cox1、cox2、cob、rrn5S和rnn26S等7个线粒体基因探针在不育系、保持系、可育F1中的转录没有差异，只有orf222、orf139和atp9等3个探针检测到转录本的差异。orf222和orf139分别在不育系和可育F1中产生相同大小和丰度的转录本，但是在保持系中没有检测到转录本；orf222检测到的3条转录本分别为1．1、0．9和0．6kb，orf139检测到0．8和0．6kb2条带。atp9探针在不育系和保持系中都检测到1条0．6kb转录本，而在可育F1中检测到0．6和1．2kb的转录本。NCaCMS不育的形成可能与orf222、orf39和atp9基因的表达有关。讨论了恢复基因在F1育性恢复过程中对育性相关候选基因的可能调控方式。     

转Lchi1烟草T_2代对梨腐烂病菌的抗性研究

获得转化梨几丁质酶基因Lchi1的烟草,检测组成型表达Lchi1基因烟草是否能提高对梨腐烂病菌(Valsa ceratosperma)的抗性,从而初步确定Lchi1基因的功能,为进一步开展梨抗腐烂病分子育种工作提供参考。构建梨几丁质酶基因Lchi1的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草,进而对转化的烟草T2代进行PCR及RT-PCR检测。利用离体叶片接种法,更直观地验证转基因烟草对梨腐烂病菌的抗性。Lchi1基因已经整合到烟草基因组中,并在烟草T2代中有效表达,在接种腐烂病菌后转基因烟草较未转基因烟草的抗腐烂病菌能力明显增强。梨几丁质酶基因Lchi1与腐烂病抗性相关联,可作为今后梨的抗腐烂病分子育种研究重要的基因来源。     

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Brassica oxyrrhina and comparative analysis of the region containing orf108, a male sterility gene for mustard (Brassica juncea), among B. oxyrrhina,Diplotaxis erucoides and Sinapis species

To date, several cytoplasms of wild species have been introduced to Brassica juncea, for inducing cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). One of the causal genes of CMS is orf108, which is widely distributed in Brassicaceae including Brassica oxyrrhina. To further understand the origin of orf108, we assembled the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of B. oxyrrhina. We also determined the DNA sequences upstream of atp1 including orf108 for D. erucoides and five Sinapis species. The orf108 was definitively placed in the mitochondrial genome of B. oxyrrhina consisting of 247,936 bp. In S. alba, previously reported to possess orf108, the gene was not present, whereas Sinapis arvensis and Sinapis turgida contained orf108. The orf108 sequence in the two Sinapis species showed a novel nucleotide substitution compared to D. erucoides. Northern hybridization suggested, furthermore, that orf108 mRNA was processed in the two species similarly to that in B. oxyrrhina. The results clarified the interspecific differentiation of orf108‐apt1 region in Sinapis.