马铃薯全基因组StbZIP基因家族的鉴定及在不同逆境中的表达分析

碱性亮氨酸拉链(basic leucine zipper, bZIP)是一种广泛存在于植物中的保守转录因子，其家族成员数目是植物中最丰富的转录因子家族之一。为了解马铃薯StbZIP基因家族的相关信息，本研究通过生物信息学的方法，在二倍体马铃薯‘DM’全基因组中鉴定64个马铃薯StbZIP家族成员，命名为StbZIP1～StbZIP64。通过分析发现，马铃薯StbZIP家族成员不均匀地分布在12条染色体上。生物信息学分析表明，家族成员蛋白长度为132～822 aa，分子量介于15.40～88.18 kD之间，等电点4.74～10.30。系统发育树分析显示，该基因家族可分为11个亚群，其基因主要分布在第1、4和10号染色体上。基因结构和保守基序分析发现，各亚族成员间具有相似的保守基序和进化的保守性。表达模式分析发现，11个亚族内部呈现出响应不同非生物胁迫的表达模式，其中有8个亚族基因都在ABA胁迫24 h时表达量发生显著升高。这些结果为阐明StbZIP基因家族的进化和进一步研究StbZIP基因的功能提供了理论指导。     

茎瘤芥β-半乳糖苷酶家族基因鉴定及表达分析

植物β-半乳糖苷酶(β-D-galactosidases, BGAL, EC 3.2.1.23)是糖苷水解酶家族35(GH35),在植物细胞壁生成和组分修饰中具有重要作用。为探索BGAL家族基因在茎瘤芥的茎发育中的功能,本研究从茎瘤芥基因组中鉴定到39个BjuBGAL家族成员,并运用生物信息学对其进化关系、蛋白理化性质、基因结构及保守序列、染色体定位和在茎膨大过程中的表达等进行系统分析。结果表明,39个BjuBGAL家族成员,分为8个亚族,相同亚族具有类似基因结构和保守序列;有35个BjuBGAL分别定位于A和B亚基因组中的9和7条染色体上;BjuBGAL启动子具有光、植物激素和胁迫响应的顺式作用元件;转录组数据表明10个BjuBGAL在茎膨大过程中明显上调,进一步利用荧光定量PCR分析发现BjuBGAL4-2随着茎的膨大呈显著上调,且在茎的内髓区表达水平显著高于外髓区,可能参与茎内髓区的发育。本研究为进一步揭示茎瘤芥BGAL家族的功能提供参考。     

玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因鉴定及表达分析

转录因子是植物响应逆境胁迫的重要调节因子,在其整个生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。HD-ZIP家族蛋白是植物中特有的一大类转录因子,包含4个亚家族(HD-ZIP I^IV),其中HD-ZIP I亚家族成员主要参与干旱、渗透压等极端环境和ABA及乙烯等激素处理的响应过程。本文采用隐马可夫模型(HMM)在玉米参考基因组中鉴定到17个HD-ZIP I亚家族成员,这些基因不均匀分布于玉米6条染色体上,与水稻的亲缘关系要近于拟南芥。玉米HDZIP I亚家族基因在玉米7种组织中表现出多种表达模式,具有明显的组织表达特异性。另外, HD-ZIP I亚家族基因对高盐、淹水及冷害等不同的逆境胁迫处理呈现出不同的响应模式及响应程度差异。5种不同激素处理后,玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因也表现出复杂的响应模式。这些结果为进一步解析玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因的生物学功能和作用机理提供了一定的参考价值。     

毛果杨MGT基因家族全基因组水平鉴定及表达分析

为探究MGT基因家族在毛果杨生长发育及响应胁迫中的作用,本研究在毛果杨全基因组范围,通过生物信息学分析PtrMGT基因家族成员的数量、进化关系、染色体位置、基因结构、编码蛋白基本特征、启动子顺式作用元件,并对各成员的组织表达特异性以及对NaCl胁迫与ABA处理的响应特性进行了分析。结果表明：PtrMGT家族共含有10个基因,可分为4个亚族;有2对同源基因且Ka/Ks值均小于1;家族成员启动子区含有数量不等的非生物胁迫响应元件,共12种、146个元件;PtrMGT家族编码的蛋白均含有GMN序列,同一亚族基因编码蛋白的序列相对保守;PtrMGT家族成员在毛果杨根、茎和叶表达量具有差异;NaCl胁迫下,PtrMGT家族基因在根、茎和叶中表达量在0～48 h内均表现为先上升后下降的变化趋势;ABA处理下,大部分成员表达量先升后降,小部分成员表达量持续下降,表明PtrMGT家族基因对NaCl胁迫与ABA处理产生响应且响应模式出现分化。本研究为深入研究PtrMGT基因家族功能提供理论基础。     

基于油橄榄全基因组参与水胁迫NAC基因的鉴定及表达分析

本研究以干旱和水淹胁迫中的‘佛奥’和‘TYZ-1号’2个油橄榄品种苗木为试材,基于油橄榄全基因组数据,鉴定出36个油橄榄NAC转录因子家族成员,利用生物信息学软件进行结构及功能预测,将油橄榄OeNAC蛋白与模式植物拟南芥AtNAC蛋白构建进化树。结果表明OeNAC转录因子分为两个大类和14个亚家族,14个亚家族中有13个亚族同时包含了油橄榄和拟南芥NAC蛋白,说明拟南芥和油橄榄的NAC家族在进化水平上有一定的相似性。结合油橄榄水分胁迫(干旱,水淹)基因表达谱,分析出8个NAC转录因子(OeNAC31, OeNAC33, Oe NAC25, Oe NAC30, OeNAC7, OeNAC23, OeNAC20, OeNAC1)在‘佛奥’和‘TYZ-1号’中均呈现高表达且对水分胁迫均有响应,推测这8个基因是油橄榄水分调节的主要基因。将在水分胁迫下具有表达量的Oe NAC蛋白与已知水分胁迫相关的NAC转录因子构建进化树发现8个胁迫相关的转录因子中的Oe NAC31与已知的水分调控因子支持率更高,表明OeNAC31转录因子可能是参与油橄榄水分调控的最主要基因,其在两个品种中都有不同的表达量,这...     

椰子SR蛋白家族的鉴定及生物信息学分析

SR蛋白家族是真核生物中的一类剪接因子,其作为反式作用因子,通过与顺式作用元件结合参与可变剪接。本研究通过已公布的椰子基因组,与水稻的SR蛋白序列进行多序列比对,去除不含RRM结构域的序列共鉴定出24个椰子CnSR蛋白家族成员,采用生物信息学的方法,对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、序列保守性等方面进行分析。结果表明：椰子CnSR蛋白家族分布较广,最主要位于细胞核。椰子CnSR蛋白家族可分为4个亚族,分别是RSZ亚族、SR亚族、RS亚族、SC亚族。CnSR1、CnSR2、CnSR9、CnSR18、CnSR19、CnSR23在各组织中表达水平较高,其可能在椰子的整个生长时期发挥着重要的作用。对椰子CnSR蛋白家族启动子区顺式作用元件分析结果显示鉴定出光响应元件、各类激素响应元件,胁迫应答元件等,初步表明椰子CnSR蛋白家族与环境胁迫应答相关。通过上述生物信息学分析,为进一步探究椰子CnSR蛋白家族在椰子生长发育过程中的功能提供参考。     

陆地棉蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

【目的】蔗糖磷酸合成酶(Sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)是调控植物蔗糖代谢合成途径的关键酶,在植物光合产物的积累与分配方面发挥着重要作用,然而棉花中SPS基因的系统研究尚很少开展。本研究旨在对陆地棉SPS基因进行全基因组鉴定,并对它们的表达特性进行系统分析。【方法】基于已公布的陆地棉基因组序列,利用生物信息学和荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)等方法对陆地棉SPS家族基因的蛋白结构、进化关系、基因结构特征、染色体定位、基因复制和表达特性进行分析。【结果】(1)在陆地棉基因组中,共鉴定到10个Gh SPS基因(Gh SPS1-Gh SPS10);(2)Gh SPS蛋白具有植物SPS家族特有的两个保守的蛋白结构域和3个相对保守的蛋白磷酸化位点;(3)进化分析表明,Gh SPS蛋白可聚为A、B和C共3个亚族,其中A亚族成员最多,包含6个GhSPS蛋白;(4)位于同一亚族的GhSPS基因具有相似的外显子-内含子分布模式,但是外显子/内含子数目在不同亚族间差异很大;(5)GhSPS基因均匀地分布在陆地棉A亚组和D亚组的5条染色体上,片段复制可能导致了GhSPS基因在陆地棉基因组中的扩增;(6)转录组分析表明,不同亚族GhSPS基因具有不同的组织表达模式,A亚族Gh SPS基因在被检测的各个组织均有较高的表达,B亚族GhSPS基因主要在叶片中高表达,C亚族Gh SPS基因主要在纤维、叶片和花瓣中高表达;(7)进一步荧光定量PCR分析表明,GhSPS4在叶片中表达量很高,GhSPS1在叶片和花瓣中表达量较高,Gh SPS7和Gh SPS10在被检测的各个组织均有较高的表达,该结果与转录组分析结果相对一致。【结论】陆地棉SPS基因家族包含10个成员,分布在5条染色体上,可分为3个亚族,不同亚族成员呈现出不同的表达模式,为后续深入解析陆地棉SPS家族基因的功能奠定理论基础。     

谷子LEA＿1基因家族鉴定及其渗透胁迫响应

胚胎发育晚期丰富(late embryogenesis abundant,LEA)蛋白在植物响应多种非生物胁迫过程中具有重要作用。基于表达谱测序数据我们分析了抗旱谷子品种(GG)和干旱敏感品种(JF)在PEG胁迫0.5 h前后LEA基因的表达变化,发现谷子LEA_1家族的Seita.6G114000基因在抗旱性不同的谷子品种中胁迫响应模式不同;利用同源序列比对和保守结构域分析我们系统鉴定得到5个谷子LEA_1家族蛋白(PF03760),该家族基因序列短,启动子区皆含多个ABRE元件,蛋白质N端序列高度保守;通过分析NCBI数据库中谷子转录组测序数据(SRA062640),发现谷子LEA_1家族基因在‘豫谷1号’中PEG胁迫7 h前后转录本丰度变化显著,表明LEA_1家族蛋白在谷子应对干旱胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。上述结果为深入研究LEA_1基因在逆境应答中的功能提供参考。     

花生蛋白磷酸酶2C家族基因的鉴定和盐胁迫响应分析

为了分析花生中蛋白磷酸酶2C基因(PP2C)的情况,对耐盐花生突变体(S2)和对照(S4)在胁迫处理前后的叶片进行RNA-Seq分析。通过生物信息学分析筛选出了79个具有完整开放阅读框的PP2C基因,它们位于花生A组野生种的10条染色体上,不同染色体上的PP2C基因数目差异很大,分布为1~15个。根据拟南芥中的PP2C基因的聚类分析结果,79个花生PP2C基因能聚到已报道的12个亚族15个亚类。为了分析这些PP2C基因对盐胁迫响应情况,利用突变体S2和对照S4构建了盐胁迫处理前后的表达谱,筛选出35个受盐胁迫诱导表达的PP2 C基因,涉及12个亚族14个亚类,其中A亚族b亚类、G亚族b亚类、I亚族、L亚族所有成员均受盐胁迫诱导表达;而G亚族a亚类的所有成员均不受盐胁迫诱导表达。对这35个PP2C基因的启动子研究发现,绝大多数PP2C基因的启动子存在多种胁迫响应元件:如与高温胁迫相关的调控元件HSE、与干旱诱导相关的MYB转录因子结合位点MBS、逆境胁迫应答元件TC-rich repeats、与抗氧化反应相关的ARE元件等。为花生PP2C基因的功能研究和利用奠定了基础。     

葡萄TPS基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

为了明确TPS基因家族在葡萄非生物胁迫下的表达特性,在生物信息分析的基础上,以‘鄞红’葡萄(Vitis vinifera ‘Yinhong’)扦插苗为试验材料,利用RT-qPCR技术检测了盐胁迫和光胁迫处理对葡萄TPS家族基因成员表达的影响。结果显示,葡萄TPS基因家族有9个成员,可分为3个亚族,分布在8条染色体上。通过氨基酸多重序列比对,发现葡萄(Vitis vinifera)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa) TPS家族基因都存在G-X-FLH-X-PFPS-X-E-X5-P-X-R和X-F-X-T-X-D-X-ARHF-X2的特征序列。motif分析发现,VvTPS06和VvTPS07两个基因含有相同的氨基酸保守序列。亚细胞定位预测显示葡萄TPS基因主要分布在细胞质、叶绿体和细胞核中,其中VvTPS06、VvTPS07、VvTPS09定位于叶绿体中可能与植物光合作用相关。蛋白质二级结构表明,葡萄TPS蛋白主要以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。基因芯片表达显示,VvTPS02、VvTPS03、VvTPS05、VvTPS07在葡萄不同时期...     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.