番茄亲本完全双列杂交后主要品质性状配合力及遗传力分析

为提高番茄的优势组合的选配概率,对番茄6个亲本和30个杂交组合果实中4个品质性状的配合力及遗传力进行研究。试验采用6个性状不同的番茄材料作为亲本（编号分别为42、43、44、50、63、69）,按照Griffing完全双列杂交(p2),配成30个杂交组合。对供试亲本的果实厚度、果实硬度、维生素C和总糖的F测验值做差异性分析,发现各性状均达到显著或极显著水平,可以得出所选择的亲本在果实厚度、果实硬度、维生素C和总糖几个性状中的差异有统计学意义。根据各亲本4个品质性状的一般配合力效应值和特殊配合力效应值的表现,可以得出亲本43的总糖和果实硬度的一般配合力最高或较高,分别为0.1557、0.0917,亲本69的番茄维生素C的一般配合力效应值最高,为80.8132。在选育优良品质性状综合表现中,组合50×43在4个品质性状的特殊配合力均较高,是较好的选育品种。     

番茄果实主要品质性状的配合力及遗传力分析

为了给番茄的品质育种提供理论依据,采用多年来的高自交、纯合的6个性状不同的番茄材料(42、43、44、50、63、69)作为亲本,按照Griffing完全双列杂交(p2),配制成30个杂交组合。并分析了番茄6个亲本和30个杂交组合果实5个品质性状的配合力及遗传力。结果表明：亲本43的番茄红素、糖酸比、可溶性固形物等性状的一般配合力效应值都最高或较高,说明亲本43是个在选育风味品质和营养品质方面理想的亲本材料;亲本42的番茄果重的一般配合力效应值最高,亲本42可作为培育外观品质优良的番茄的理想材料;组合50×43在各品质性状的特殊配合力均比较高,它可以作为选育优良性状综合比较好品种。     

糯玉米籽粒体积双列杂交分析

为了解糯玉米自交系籽粒体积性状配合力表现及体积性状世代间遗传规律,指导大粒型杂交组合选配及自交系改良,通过选用生产上推广的杂交种亲本及本单位选育的自交系共10份,按完全双列杂交配制组合,随机区组种植于大田,籽粒完熟晒干对体积进行测定,用Griffing IV方法对数据进行处理,研究杂交组合间籽粒体积变化规律。结果表明:籽粒体积性状一般配合力效应在亲本间存在显著差异,S10一般配合力最好,S6一般配合力最低。特殊配合力效应在组合间差异显著。控制籽粒体积性状的基因狭义遗传力较低(hn2=12.55%),遗传效应中显性效应(VD=1.5398)大于加性效应(VA=0.7949)。试验表明:育种上针对籽粒体积性状选择,自交系应晚代选择为主,组合根据体积表现结合育种目标直接选择。     

小麦GMP含量的配合力分析

选用6个小麦亲本材料．按照Griffing方法Ⅱ组配了一套双列杂交组合,研究了谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）含量的配合力和遗传力。结果表明．谷蛋白大聚合体的遗传受加性基因和非加性基因的共同控制．以加性效应为主。一般配合力效应值和亲本的GMP含量呈极显著正相关．二者的排列顺序呈现完全一致的趋势。大部分杂交组合的特殊配合力效应值为负值．GMP含量遗传力很高．可通过常规育种提高杂交种的GMP含量。     

大麦农艺性状的杂种优势与配合力分析

从中国不同大麦产区选取12份代表性的品种（系）,按NCⅡ设计配制成35个杂交组合,对7个主要农艺性状,株高、穗下节间长、穗长、单株穗数、每穗实粒数、单株粒重、千粒重的杂种优势与配合力进行了分析,旨在为杂交大麦育种的亲本选配提供依据。结果表明,不同性状的中亲优势表现不同,株高、穗下节间长、穗长、千粒重大多为正向优势组合,所占比例分别为90%、73.3%、73.3%、73.3%;单株穗数、每穗实粒数、单株粒重多呈负向优势,其中每穗实粒数负向优势组合所占比例高达76.7%。同一性状,不同亲本的一般配合力(GCA)不同,同一亲本,不同性状的GCA不同,组合间的特殊配合力(SCA)也是如此。GCA高的两亲本所配组合的SCA并非一定高,SCA是相对复杂的基因互作结果。因此,在杂交大麦育种的亲本选配上,应先考虑GCA高的亲本,在此基础上,筛选SCA高的组合。     

籼型杂交水稻农艺性状的配合力研究

如何有效利用杂种优势已成为水稻增产的关键。本研究按照NCII遗传交配设计,将三系野败型杂交水稻的恢复系和微核心种质构成的115份优异籼稻品种,分别与4个两系不育系及1个三系不育系测交,分析各农艺性状配合力、遗传力及相互关系。结果表明,除单株有效穗数、主穗实粒数外,其他农艺性状一般配合力差异均达到极显著水平;除单株有效穗数外,其他各农艺性状特殊配合力差异也均达到极显著水平。同一组合的不同性状、同一亲本的不同组合所表现出的特殊配合力效应都有所不同,表明亲本的一般配合力水平与特殊配合力间没有固定的联系。在育种实践中,选取一般配合力高的亲本,同时兼具较高特殊配合力是获取高产杂交稻组合的关键。     

春玉米主要产量性状的遗传分析

利用12个玉米自交系，按双列杂交模式设计组配66个杂交组合．分析了8个穗部性状的配合力和遗传参数。试验表明一般配合力在亲本间存在显著差异，各自交系的特殊配合力，在同一性状不同组合间及同一组合不同性状间也有显著差异，穗粗、容重、子粒行数等性状主要受加性效应控制，遗传力较高，可以在早代选择．而单穗粒重、产量、每行粒数等性状则遗传力较低。     

大豆亲本品种数量性状的配合力分析

采用6个大豆亲本双列杂交设计,研究亲本及F_1、F_2的配合力.各性状的一般和特殊配合力方差分析多达显著水平.一般配合力效应表现较好的有豫豆6号和郑8431.在F_1和F_2中同一性状不同组合或同一组合不同性状间的特殊配合力效应具有显著差异.在不同世代中根据遗传力的大小,应对不同性状进行选择.单株粒重遗传力较低,不易在早期世代选择.     

冬小麦品种资源沉降值配合力及与其它性状相关性研究

选用不同熟性和沉降值的11个小麦品种（系），分两组按Griffing方法I进行6×6完全双列杂交，对沉降值这一重要品质性状的配合力和遗传力进行了研究。同时用来自国内外的60个生产推广品种分析了沉降值与其它农艺性状的相关性。结果表明，河农2552、93试6和咸阳大穗3个品种的一般配合力较好，可分别作为早、中、晚熟的优质亲本资源。特殊配合力分析表明，河农2552/咸阳大穗、河农2552/河农2458是较好的杂交组合，后代有较好的优质育种潜力。沉降值的遗传受加性和非加性基因共同作用，但以加性效应为主。广义遗传力与狭义遗传力均较高，分别为79.8%和65.5%。对国内外60个品种的分析表明，沉降值与穗长、小穗数、千粒重、子粒饱满度相关性不明显，与子粒角质率呈极显著正相关。     

甘蓝型油菜离体小孢子胚胎发生能力的遗传分析

对一套甘蓝型油菜6×6半双列杂交组合和1个F2群体进行了离体小孢子培养。 不同基因型(组合)间产胚率差异极显著, 小孢子产胚率的广义遗传力为0.85。 F1小孢子产胚率具有明显的杂种优势, 平均优势率为10.52%。 小孢子产胚率的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差均达到极显著。 根据一般配合力的大小, 可将供试亲本分为高和低配合力     

杂交粳稻亲本米质性状优异配合力的标记基因型鉴定

杂交粳稻米质整体水平不如常规粳稻也是限制杂交粳稻广泛种植的原因之一。本研究选用115个SSR引物扩增6个粳稻BT型不育系和12个恢复系的标记基因型,并分析72个F₁组合谷粒长、谷粒宽、糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白米率、垩白度、糊化温度、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量10个米质性状的配合力,结合亲本SSR分子标记数据和性状配合力数据筛选了10个米质性状优异配合力的标记基因型。结果共鉴定出30个SSR标记基因型与亲本10个米质性状配合力显著相关,其中25个与亲本米质性状不良配合力相关,5个与优异配合力相关。标记基因型RM263-175/180和RM444-230/240可以使F₁整精米率分别提高3.2%和2.5%。RM3-120/150可以使F₁谷粒长缩短2.4%,RM444-180/240可以使F₁谷粒宽增加2.1%。RM428-273/294可以使F₁植株上的杂交稻米直链淀粉含量减少7.0%。有8个标记基因型同时也影响产量性状配合力。RM3-120/150同时可以使F₁的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数分别增加15.9%和10.9%。RM1211-150/160可使F₁的糙米率和精米率分别减少0.9%和1.1%,同时使F₁的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数分别增加21.8.%和20.4%。RM23-150/160可使F₁的垩白米粒率和垩白度分别增加44.1%和45.7%,同时使F₁的单株日产量和每穗总粒数分别增加11.2%和11.6%。这些结果可用于指导亲本米质性状和产量性状配合力的分子标记辅助改良以及未来杂交粳稻组合配置中的亲本选配。     

Genetic variation in a large population of tomato varieties. 1. Analysis of distribution of single traits

Summary The distribution of vegetative and fruit characters among a large population of parent and F₁ hybrid tomato cultivars is described and heritability estimates are given. Comparison of parent and offspring subpopulations revealed higher overall values in the F₁ hybrids for vegetative characters and lower overall values for fruit characters than in the parents. A general Galtonean feature of higher offspring values for cross combinations with low parent means and lower offspring values for cross combinations with high parent mean is evident in all traits studied. The predictive value of the data given is evaluated.Contribution Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel, 1972 Series, No 2228-E. Supported in part by Ford Foundation Grant No A-5.The Israel Institute of Applied Social Research, Jerusalem, Israel.     

不同类型杂交早稻品质性状遗传分析

目前中国早稻食用品质较差,为今后选育优质杂交早稻组合提供理论依据,选用生产上常用的8个杂交稻不育系和12个杂交早稻恢复系（品种）,采用不完全双列杂交配置了96个不同杂交早稻组合,对各杂交早稻组合及其亲本的12个米质性状进行了测定和遗传分析。结果表明,96个不同杂交早稻组合的各米质性状存在极其明显的组合间遗传差异;杂交早稻组合各米质性状除糙米率、精米率、胶稠度和蛋白质质含量外,其余米质性状的一般配合力方差在总的基因型方差中所占比重均大于50%;除糙米率和精米率外,其余米质性状受父本的影响大于母本;杂交早稻各米质性状的表型相关系数、遗传相关系数和相关遗传率三者之间均呈极显著水平的俩俩正相关;杂交早稻米质性状间的选择相对效率较高的有米粒长对长/宽,垩白面积对垩白度,垩白面积对垩白度,垩白粒率对垩白度,糙米率对精米率,其它米质性状之间的间接选择相对效率均较低。     

Identification of genome-wide SNPs associated with combining ability for grain quality traits in parents of hybrid japonica rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Improving the combining ability for grain quality traits of the parents is the key factor to enhance averaged bulk grain quality of hybrid japonica rice. Eight quality traits including brown rice rate, milled rice rate (MRR), head rice rate (HRR), chalkiness degree (CD), percentage of chalky grain (PCG), alkali spreading value (ASV), gel consistency (GC) and amylose content (AC) of the bulked sample of rough rice harvested from the 81 F₁ hybrid plants were investigated in 2014 and 2015. By combining the phenotypic data of general combining ability (GCA) for the quality traits with genotypic data of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) obtained by genotyping by sequencing method, CAScreen1.0 program compiled by MATLAB language was conducted to identify the elite SNP genotype associated with combining ability of quality traits in parents. Totally 35 elite SNP genotypes involving 22 genes (genotypes) were detected associated with GCA of seven quality traits (P?<?0.05) in both 2014 and 2015. Seven and four SNPs were detected associated with combining ability for MRR and HRR, respectively. For PCG and CD, six and ten SNPs were detected associated with combining ability of parents, respectively. Six SNPs involving two genes were detected for combining ability of GC. Only two SNPs were detected which associated with combining ability for ASV. For combining ability of AC, six elite SNPs genotype were detected. Among them, elite SNP genotype of LOC_Os08g25220 (T/C) located on chromosome 8 could significantly reduce AC content in mixed rice samples of hybrid japonica rice.     

模拟干旱胁迫下不同甘蓝型油菜品种发芽能力的配合力与遗传效应分析

选择7个干旱胁迫下发芽能力不同的甘蓝型油菜品种进行完全双列杂交, 将亲本及F₁代种子在10% PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下发芽, 测定相对单株鲜重、相对茎长、相对成苗率、相对发芽率、相对发芽势和相对活力指数, 用Griffing I方法对发芽性状进行一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)遗传分析。结果表明, 一般配合力方差在42个组合间各性状达到了极显著水平, 特殊配合力方差在42个组合间除了相对活力指数外的各性状也达到了极显著水平。其中, 中双9号上述6性状的一般配合力效应值最高分别为0.0656、0.0708、0.1185、0.1048、0.1096和0.0861; 中双6号一般配合力效应虽然不高, 但其组合中双6号×西农长角和中双6号×中双10号的特殊配合力效应较高, 是耐旱性较强的组合。     

Inheritance and general combining ability studies of detached pod, leaf disc and natural field resistance to Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Black pod is a major disease of cocoa. Knowledge of the inheritance of resistance to black pod would be important in devising strategies to breed resistant varieties. The mode of inheritance of resistance to black pod disease was investigated using leaf disc, detached pod tests and natural field observation in a 6?×?4 factorial and 6?×?6 diallel mating designs analyzed using North Carolina design-II approach and Griffing??s method II model I approach, respectively. The dominant component was smaller than the additive component for pod lesion size, leaf disc scores and natural field infection. Both general combining ability and specific combining ability (SCA) effects influenced the inheritance of pod lesion number and leaf disc scores suggesting that both additive and non-additive (dominance or epistatic) effects influence the inheritance of resistance to black pod disease. However, SCA effect was not significant for pod lesion size and natural field infection suggesting the importance of additive genes in the inheritance of these traits. The higher heritability of leaf disc scores, pod lesion numbers and pod lesion sizes than the heritability of natural field infection which was almost zero, shows the influence of environment on natural field infection and suggests that ranking of resistance of cocoa genotypes need to be done under controlled environmental conditions to observe true resistance levels. Good general combiners, in combination with each other, did not necessarily yield good specific combinations suggesting that parents?? performance cannot be used for selecting superior progenies. The non-significance of reciprocal effects indicates absence of maternal effects or cytoplasmic inheritance in resistance to black pod disease. Recurrent selection procedures and inter-crossing aimed at general combining ability would be more suitable for improvement of black pod disease resistance. Cocoa genotypes with good combining ability for resistance to black pod disease such as T60/887, Pa 150, Sca 6, and Pa7/808, identified in this study could be important parents to form base population for such recurrent selection procedures.     

Analysis of diallel crosses between wheat genotypes with genetically different resistance to Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton

Two diallels were analysed for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) to study the resistance of crosses‐between wheat genotypes, advanced to the F₅ generation, to Pseudocer‐cosporella herpotrichoides. The parents either carried the resistance‐gene Pch‐1 or had different levels of quantitative resistance, one genotype was susceptible. At medium milk‐ripening, significant effects were‐found for GCA and SCA. GCA effects were the more important. Diallel crosses between genotypes, all carrying Pch‐1, revealed interactions‐of the gene with the genotypic background. Some combinations had a‐higher level of resistance than the best parent. In these populations'CH‐75417’ was involved as a parent. Both ‘CH‐75417’ and ‘F–210.13.4.42’ had significant GCA effects. Crosses between quantitatively resistant parents yielded populations that transgressed both parents. The increased resistance level was associated with ‘Cappelle‐Desprez’, distinguished by its high GCA. In some crosses SCA contributed significantly to an increase in resistance level. Selection for resistance within the best advanced populations is recommended since it‐takes advantage of additive gene action and the high heritability estimates based on ELISA values in plant progenies.     

东北地区糯玉米支链淀粉含量和皮渣率的配合力分析

以适宜东北地区糯玉米育种的7份糯玉米自交系为供试材料,根据Griffing完全双列杂交法Ⅳ组配21份糯玉米杂交组合,分析了糯玉米支链淀粉含量和皮渣率的配合力效应.结果表明:支链淀粉含量、皮渣率受加性及非加性基因效应的共同控制,且以非加性效应为主;供试7份糯玉米自交系支链淀粉含量GCA效应大小值顺序为5 N 11＞5 N 22＞5 N 44＞5 N 55＞5 N 33＞5 N 77＞5 N 66,皮渣率GCA大小值顺序为5N77＞5N66＞5N22＞5N55＞5N11＞5N44＞5N33;上述2性状广义遗传率都较高,分别为90.27％％和80.32％,而狭义遗传力均较低,分别为32.55％和29.54％.此外,可将糯玉米自交系5N11、5 N22作为组配高支链淀粉优良糯玉米杂交种的理想亲本,可将5N44作为组配低皮渣率优良糯玉米杂交种的理想亲本.