雪莲果猕猴桃低糖营养果冻配方研究

为研制风味独特的低糖果冻，以雪莲果与猕猴桃果汁为原料，采用混料设计优化复配胶（卡拉胶、魔芋胶、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na））比例，分别讨论复配胶、复合果汁（雪莲果∶猕猴桃=2∶1）、木糖醇及柠檬酸添加量对果冻品质的影响，并采用响应面法优化果冻配方。结果表明，雪莲果猕猴桃果冻的最佳配比为：以500 g果冻为基准，复配胶添加量0.8%，其中卡拉胶∶魔芋胶∶CMC-Na=0.525∶0.355∶0.120，复合果汁添加量25%，木糖醇添加量12%，柠檬酸添加量0.1%。在该配方下，所得雪莲果果冻口感细腻，弹性适中，酸甜可口，具有独特的雪莲果香味。     

红枣可溶性膳食纤维饮料的研制

以红枣为原料,经过水提醇沉工艺得到红枣可溶性膳食纤维,同时运用单因素统计方法优化提取工艺;运用正交统计方法优化提取工艺制备红枣可溶性膳食纤维饮料。最佳提取工艺条件确定为料液比1∶3,提取时间30 min,提取温度60℃,可溶性膳食纤维得率60%。优化得出工艺参数为可溶性膳食纤维含量6 g/100 m L,蔗糖含量3 g/100 m L,柠檬酸添加量1.5%,黄原胶添加量0.06%。     

香蕉皮膳食纤维奶片的研制

以香蕉皮中提取的水溶性膳食纤维、脱脂奶粉、植脂末、葡萄糖为原料,采用粉末直接压片法制作膳食纤维奶片。采用单因素试验分别研究了膳食纤维、植脂末和葡萄糖添加量对奶片感官品质的影响。以感官评分为指标,采用响应面分析法优化膳食纤维奶片配方。结果表明,膳食纤维奶片的最优配方为膳食纤维添加量10%,植脂末添加量16%,葡萄糖添加量15%,奶粉添加量59%,制得奶片质量为0.32 g,硬度为4 489 N,水分为1.73%,该配方下产品感官评分最高。     

观赏海棠果玫瑰花复合果冻的研制

采用单因素试验和正交试验设计,以观赏海棠果、玫瑰花为主要原料,对观赏海棠果玫瑰花复合果冻的加工工艺进行研究探讨。结果表明,观赏海棠果玫瑰花复合果冻最优工艺条件为海棠果添加量10%,混合凝胶(阿拉伯胶∶黄原胶∶魔芋胶=1:2:2)添加量1.8%,白砂糖添加量18%。在此条件下,制备的海棠果玫瑰花复合果冻成型完整、口感顺滑、弹性和韧性适度、色泽诱人、酸甜可口。     

柑橘皮膳食纤维在曲奇饼干中的应用研究

以汉中当地宫川柑橘为试材,从柑橘皮中提取水不溶性膳食纤维,用于曲奇饼干的制作。通过单因素试验和正交试验,对曲奇饼干的原料配方参数进行筛选。结果表明,柑橘皮膳食纤维曲奇饼干的最佳配方为:以低筋面粉质量100%计,牛奶添加量10%,蛋液添加量20%,黄油添加量40%,细砂糖添加量25%,膳食纤维添加量6%,所制得的柑橘皮膳食纤维曲奇饼干外观完整,表面呈棕黄色,口感酥脆、细腻,有奶香味,无杂质。     

绣球菌风味果冻的研制

以绣球菌为原料,研制一种新型的绣球菌风味果冻。以复合凝胶、柠檬酸、木糖醇为因素,采用单因素试验和响应面设计,以感官评价、弹性和咀嚼性为指标,筛选制作果冻的最佳配方。结果表明,最佳配方为固形物含量0.8 g/100 m L的绣球菌液,添加量分别为复合凝胶1.06%,木糖醇12.02%,柠檬酸0.10%。在此条件下研制出的新型风味果冻感官评分为94分,弹性1.5 mm,咀嚼性2.53 m J。     

苹果肉渣膳食纤维蛋糕的研制及其质构分析

苹果肉渣膳食纤维丰富,加入蛋糕中能明显提高其中的膳食纤维含量。将苹果肉渣膳食纤维粉分别以0%,5%,10%,15%的量加入面粉而混合制得苹果肉渣膳食纤维蛋糕,通过测定其比容、保水性、质构等指标,分析影响其品质的主要因素,确定苹果肉渣膳食纤维的最适添加量。结果表明,随着苹果肉渣膳食纤维粉添加量的增加,蛋糕物理性质变化不大,其中当苹果肉渣膳食纤维粉添加量为5%时,蛋糕品质最好。     

麦麸膳食纤维的提取

以麦麸为原料进行膳食纤维提取的技术已有较为成熟的研究。对影响麦麸膳食纤维提取的4个主要因素(α-淀粉酶添加量、氢氧化钠添加量、提取温度、提取时间)进行了研究。以提取率为基准,结果表明,当α-淀粉酶添加量0.4%,氢氧化钠添加量4%,提取时间100 min,提取温度70℃时,麦麸中的膳食纤维的提取率最高,可达56.37%。     

豆渣口嚼片的研制

以豆渣为原料,对豆渣干燥处理后,通过粉碎、过筛、造粒、干燥、压片等工序,以感官评价为指标,采用单因素试验与正交试验制成低热量、富含膳食纤维的咀嚼片。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为豆渣添加量40%,黏合剂(微晶纤维素)添加量15%,润滑剂(硬脂酸镁)添加量1%,木糖醇添加量11%,与奶片对比,豆渣口嚼片中膳食纤维含量多于奶片,而蛋白质、多糖和水分活度等无明显差异。     

山楂决明子苹果醋复合饮料的研制

通过在苹果醋中添加山楂汁、决明子汁、木糖醇、柠檬酸,开发一种复合型饮料。以感官评分为指标,采用单因素试验结合正交试验筛选最优配方。结果表明,复合饮料最佳配方为：以苹果醋为基液,山楂汁添加量20%,决明子汁添加量15%,木糖醇添加量10 g/L,柠檬酸添加量0.15 g/L;按该配方制备的山楂决明子苹果醋复合饮料,色泽透亮、口感纯正、酸甜可口、具有山楂和苹果特有的果香味;蛋白质含量为8.6 mg/100 mL,总酸含量为5.9 g/100 mL,总糖含量为3.6 mg/100 mL,微生物指标检测结果符合相关国家标准。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.