药用作物掌叶半夏组织培养及药物成份分析

药用作物掌叶半夏（ＰｉｎｅｌｌｉａｐｅｄａｔｉｓｅｃｔａＳｃｈｏｔｔ）的种子在附加２，４－Ｄ０．５－６．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ或Ｂ５培养基上均能诱导出大量愈伤组织，但２，４－Ｄ的浓度变化对愈伤组织的形成和生长无明显影响，且无分化现象。愈伤组织生长快，分散性好，适于悬浮培养。种子在附加ＮＡＡ０．１－４．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ培养基上均能形成愈伤组织并分化出根和芽，随ＮＡＡ     

大蒜发芽叶培养体细胞胚发生

将大蒜发芽叶培养于ＭＳ（１／２ＮＨ４ＮＯ３＿＋２，４－Ｄ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＫＴ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ上，形成愈伤组织。愈伤组织继代后，转移到ＭＳ（ＫＮＯ３２５２５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４１６５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，无ＮＨ４ＮＯ３）＋ＫＴ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋６－ＢＡ４ｍｇ／Ｌ＋Ａｄｅｎｉｎｅ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＡＡ０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基上，２５天后，形成体细胞胚并能再生植株。其中，胚状体发生的必要条件是ＮＯ３／ＮＨ＾＋４＞１，ＫＴ／     

决明原生质体的分离与培养研究

用决明（ＣａｓｉａｏｂｔｕｓｉｆｏｌｉａＬ．）子叶和下胚轴为材料,游离和培养原生质体。结果表明,１５日龄无菌苗的子叶和下胚轴比较适于游离原生质体,每１ｇ材料的原生质体产量高达１．６×１０４个;ＰｅｃｔｏｌｙａｓｅＹ－２３是分离原生质体所必需的;用含２,４－Ｄ０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ（以下单位同）,ＮＡＡ１．０与ＫＴ０．１的ＫＭ８Ｐ漂浮培养利于原生质体的分裂。培养４ｄ后,原生质体开始分裂,１５ｄ后其植板率约为１９．２％,３０ｄ形成了细胞团或小愈伤组织。增殖愈伤组织在分化培养基上培养,可分化出芽。芽在生根培养基上培养１４ｄ生根,从而再生决明小植株。     

培养基成分对红树莓不定芽分化的影响

培养基成分对红树莓不定芽分化会产生直接影响。试验结果表明：ＢＡ与ＩＢＡ配合使用诱导不定芽分化的效果优于ＫＴ与ＩＢＡ的配合使用和ＢＡ与ＩＡＡ和ＮＡＡ的配合使用。在１／２ＭＳ大量元素＋ＢＡ１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ分化培养基中，不定芽分化率大于８０％；当ＢＡ增加到２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，不定芽的分化率最高（９５．６％）；３０－５０ｇ／Ｌ的蔗糖以及ＮＨ４ＮＯ３与ＫＮＯ３的适当比例有助于红树莓不定芽的     

切花月季萨曼沙组织培养微繁的研究

以切花月季萨曼沙为外植体，成功地建立了该品种无性繁殖系和高效的培养体系，在ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ和ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基上芽的诱导率均在８０％以上；在１／２ＭＳ＋ＩＡＡ１ｍｇ／Ｌ、１／２ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ及１／２ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基上，根的诱导率在８０％以上；生根试管苗经高湿度荫棚过渡锻炼后移栽成活率达９５％以上     

辉丰快克防治斑潜蝇效果简报

斑潜蝇类害虫已成为我省乃至全国蔬菜上的主要害虫。国内检疫对象美洲斑潜蝇、贵州省补充检疫对南美洲斑潜蝇在贵阳市蔬菜地混合发生，为害作物２０多种，损失产量在５％～４０％，最严重的达７０％甚至绝收。为及早控制疫情，减少损失，我们选用了盐城辉丰（农药）集团、江苏省大丰农化厂生产的辉丰快克（２５％辛氰乳油）进行了防治试验，现将简报如下：１材料与方法１．１处理设置Ａ．辉丰快克４０ｍｌ／６６７ｍ２；Ｂ．辉丰快克５０ｍｌ／６６７ｍ２；Ｃ．辉丰快克６０ｍｌ／６６７ｍ２；Ｄ．杀虫双４００倍液；Ｅ．空白对照（清水）。…     

用化学方法脱除赤霉病麦毒素的研究

对天然污染脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＤＯＮ）毒素的小麦,进行机械加工去皮和化学试剂处理脱毒。结果机械加工去皮可以去除２３．６％～３４．７％的ＤＯＮ毒素。化学试剂处理中,对麦粒的脱毒效果以０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ碳酸钠为最好,去毒效果达到８２．１％～８５．０％,平均为８３．９％;其次是１％亚硫酸氢钠,其ＤＯＮ降低率为６９．９％;４％过氧化氢和５％石灰水对ＤＯＮ降低率分别为４５．１％和２１．８％;对麸皮的脱毒效果也     

棉花遗传转化和植株再生的研究

利用农杆菌（ＧＵＳ基因（β－葡萄糖苷酸酶基因）为标记基因，ＮＰＴⅡ为选择基因）用共培法对棉花下胚轴切段直接转化，在０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ和０．１ｍｇ／ＬＫＴ的ＭＳ的培养基上共培４８ｈ，转移到加头孢霉素５００ｍｇ／Ｌ和５０～１００ｍｇ／Ｌ卡那霉素的上述培养基中诱导和筛选抗性愈伤组织，７０～８０天计算愈伤组织的诱导频率，并有组织化学定位法检测ＧＵＳ基因的表达，统计转化频率，结果表明：平均出愈率为４０     

膜下滴灌棉花水肥耦合效应及其模式研究

膜下滴灌棉花水肥耦合效应明显,一定水肥范围内的叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）、散射光透过率（ＴＤ）在花铃期随灌水和施肥量的增加而增大,并以灌水２２５ｍｍ,施纯Ｎ１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２处理较为合理,相应值为１．５６￣３．９５和２３．４％￣３５．７％;水分是限制滴灌棉花产量的主导因素,施肥之,较高水分下的增产幅度为８．２％￣３６．４％,而较高施肥增幅为４．６％￣２６．１％;Ｎ６０Ｗ３１５,Ｎ１５０Ｗ２２５和Ｎ２４０Ｗ１３５的水肥交互作用显著,水肥配比处于一种较为良好的状态。     

新城疫-传染性支气管炎-减蛋综合症三联油乳剂苗的研制

以ＮＤ Ｌa Sota株,呼吸道型,ＩＢ（ＲＩＢ）Ｈ１２０株或肾型ＩＢ（ＫＩＢ）ＳＮ９３０１株和ＥＤＳ ＸＮ９２０３株制苗毒株,分别经鸡胚和鸭胚增殖后甲醛灭活。灭活毒液依毒价按比例混合加入油佐剂中,乳化剂成“ＮＤ－ＲＩＢ－ＥＤＳ”和ＮＤ－ＫＩＢ－ＥＤＳ两种三联油乳剂苗。测试结果表明：三联疫苗安全性好,无毒副作用;乳化度、稳定性和通针性良好;免疫效果即,用三联苗免疫２０日龄鸡,免疫后１４、２８、５８d、ＮＤ、ＲＩＢ、ＫＩＢ、ＥＤＳ的ＨＩ抗体均可达７．０和９．２log2以上,于免疫后６０d用相应强毒攻击,８３．３％－１００％的鸡获有效保护。疫苗保护期长,常温避光１８０d和4℃左右３６０d,免疫效果与新制苗无明显差异。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.