基于GIS的农用地定级研究──以新疆五家渠垦区为例

农用地定级是土地质量评价的重要内容,可实现可持续的土地利用,提高土地的利用效益。以五家渠垦区农用地为例,采用因素法,根据《农用地定级规程》选取自然、社会经济和区位因素为定级因素。运用层次分析法并结合专家建议确定各因素因子的权重,选择适当的模型对因子进行量化,利用GIS软件生成定级因子分值图,采用加权求和法计算定级指数。依据定级指数结合实际情况将五家渠垦区农用地最终划分成6个级别,并得到了五家渠垦区农用地级别图。五家渠垦区农用地质量总体较好,以三、四、五级地为主。质量好的农田,限制因素为经济和区位条件,质量差的条田,限制因素为自然条件。空间上农用地质量级别呈相互交错的态势。农用地质量由自然因素与社会经济因素共同决定,但自然因素占主导地位。     

基于空间技术的农用地质量等别与经济耦合性研究

为了进一步丰富资源环境与经济社会发展相关性的研究,探讨农用地质量等别与经济的关联特点和耦合机制,按照农用地分等定级的基本思想与方法,测算各监测控制点的农用地自然等别、利用等别和经济等别,以镇为单位,以面积为权重,聚类监控点的自然等别、利用等别和经济等别。运用空间自相关方法,分析Moran散点图,研究农用地等别之间的关系,探讨农用地质量等别与经济耦合性。结果表明,农用地质量等别在空间上无序,而利用等别与经济等别较高的农用地主要分布在平原的水田,农用地利用等别与经济等别在空间分布上较吻合,经济耦合性强。通过聚类分析和空间技术模型,可以确定经济发展水平与耕地质量等别的空间耦合关系。     

石河子垦区农田土壤重金属含量调查及评价

本文对新疆石河子垦区16个团场耕地土壤重金属含量进行调查．并对研究区土壤重金属环境质量进行评价。结果表明：垦区土壤6种重金属的平均含量均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准值。以国家土壤环境质量为评价标准，各元素单因子污染指数为Cd〉As〉Cu〉Cr〉Hg〉Pb，16个团场的综合污染指数均小于1．土壤环境质量属于安全、警戒限级别；以绿色食品土壤环境质量要求为评价标准，垦区土壤综合污染指数为0．98．土壤环境质量为尚清洁级别．农田土壤能满足绿色食品土壤环境质量要求。     

基于MapGIS地价系统的城镇土地定级研究——以德州市城区商服用地定级为例

为了全面掌握德州市城镇土地质量和利用状况,为政府土地利用决策提供技术支持,以德州市城区作为定级区域,采用特尔菲法确定定级因素因子体系和因子权重,应用MapGIS 6.7进行单因子层量化,确定各因子层的衰减方式、要素级别、各级别的功能分和服务半径;在此基础上,基于MapGIS地价系统,输入专家信息、因素因子体系和权重以及因素因子信息,设定单元格大小和障碍物通行点、通行线,进行因素因子分值计算;根据生成的单元总分值频率直方图并经过检验和修正,确定最终土地级别界线。结果表明,德州市城区一、二、三、四、五级地面积分别占总面积的2.82%、11.08%、15.70%、31.93%和38.47%,土地级别呈现由中心向外围逐级降低的趋势,京沪铁路、岔河、京福高速公路和减河成为各级别划分的主要界线。与上一轮商服用地定级结果相比,一级和二级商服用地的面积明显增加,土地质量有较大提高;其原因主要是近年来对经济开发区投入加强,进行了商业设施和基础设施建设。     

气象因子与五家渠地区玉米产量的关联分析

利用垦区主栽品种郑单958在同一地区不同年份进行种植,采用灰色关联分析方法对产量与生育期气象因子进行相关性分析,研究五家渠地区气候条件对玉米产量的影响。分析表明：对产量影响最大的是≥25℃的积温,其它依次为≥20℃的积温、日照时数、≥15℃的积温、≥10℃的积温、总降水量。     

农用地定级估价中基础资料收集整理及相关问题探讨

科学有效地开展农用地定级估价,对于促进土地资源管理从数量管理向质量与生态环境综合管理方面转化具有重要的基础支撑作用。本文结合当前国家有关农用地定级估价规程和地方农用地定级估价项目的具体实施,从基础资料收集整理的实践出发,初步探讨分析了目前农用地定级估价中资料收集整理途径及资料收集整理过程中应注意的问题,以期为类似项目的开展提供一定的参考与指导。     

基于GIS的重庆市耕地质量评价模型建立与检验

借助GIS空间数据获取、分析与管理能力,基于农用地分等方法的应用和改进,建立了包括自然质量等和利用等指数模型的重庆市耕地质量评价模型。评价对象为2003年末39个区县更新调查的耕地,总面积2347627.48hm^2,通过各区县1：5万土地利用现状图共获取142319个评价单元。评价模型通过分功能模块从机理上实现评价质量控制,以实现指标区之间和标准耕作制度间指数的可比性。就光温/气候潜力指数加和算法,采用以能值为基础确定标准产量折算系数β,引入光温潜力协调系数γ;就自然质量分模型,指标区之间因素-分级-分值进行了统一,但保留了因素权重的区域差异性,体现了指标区间共性和个性的统一。采用2004-2005年重庆市分区县统计平均粮食播面单产对平均自然质量等和利用等进行独立检验,线性相关系数分别达83%和87%,相关性极显著。研究得出结论,评价模型有效实现了重庆市跨区域耕地质量评价指数的可比性。     

甘肃省耕地集约利用及其驱动力研究

为探索甘肃省近十年来耕地集约利用的驱动力,运用综合分析法、聚类分析法以及因子分析法,分析影响其耕地集约利用时空差异的各种因素。研究结果表明：(1)甘肃省耕地集约利用虽在逐年提高,但总体水平较低,增长速度缓慢,时间特征不明显;(2)受到降雨、地形等因素的限制,甘肃省耕地集约利用空间特征较为显著,尤其是以黄河为界,河东和河西的差异比较明显。以2008年为例,集约度最高的是嘉峪关市达到了0.12,而最低的甘南州只有0.05,相差一倍多;(3)通过因子分析法,确定甘肃省耕地集约利用的驱动力主要有社会经济因素、耕作条件及自然因素三类。通过研究发现,甘肃省的耕地集约利用主要受到人口、科学技术水平、政策制度、经济发展、自然灾害的限制。相关部门应该从上述五方面着手提高甘肃省耕地集约利用水平。     

农用地分等国家级汇总等别转换方法研究——以河北省为例

通过理论研究和实证分析,研究农用地分等国家级汇总中农用地自然质量等别平衡转换的方法,为国家级的农用地分等成果汇总奠定基础。在全国的农用地分等汇总中,用标准粮单产及相应的转换函数,实现农用地自然质量等别的平衡转换。研究结果表明,全国的标准粮产量分别与省级和国家级的自然质量等指数呈显著相关,可以通过这一衔接手段完成农用地自然质量等别的国家级汇总。     

永城市陈四楼煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价研究

为了采取指数和法和极限条件法对陈四楼煤矿土地复垦适宜性进行评价。以GIS软件为平台,利用河南省永城市土壤图、地形图、土地利用现状图进行空间叠加分析最终确定4个评价单元。依据研究区的自然、经济、社会现状和相关技术标准,确定了宜农、宜林、宜渔3个复垦方向的评价指标,然后采用指数和法和极限条件法对矿区复垦土地进行适宜性评价。结果表明：评价总面积为73.7 hm2,其中适宜农业种植用地面积为25 hm2,适宜林业种植用地面积为20 hm2,适宜渔业养殖用地面积为28.7 hm2。通过评价研究建立矿区土地复垦适宜性评价等级体系。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.