春小麦籽粒灌浆期降落值动态规律及氮磷肥与播期效应的研究

利用不同品质类型春小麦品种野猫、东农7742和新克旱9,在施肥和播期试验基础上,通过建立灌浆期籽粒降落值变化的曲线拟合方程,定量揭示其动态规律以及氮磷肥与气象条件的影响效应。结果表明,灌浆期籽粒降落值随时间变化符合一元三次多项式凸性曲线,即呈自开花始先增后降的单峰曲线变化。曲线方程各特征量具有相应的生物学意义;基因型与环境要素的影响可由方程系数和特征量体现。在富钾情况下,氮用量增加,高蛋白强筋品种降落值增加,动态曲线最高值上升且出现时间推迟,而高蛋白中筋和低蛋白弱筋品种降落值降低,最高值下降且出现时间提前。磷用量增加,各基因型降落值均降低;动态曲线最高值、最低值及出现时间因基因型而异。氮磷（钾）平衡配施是形成较高降落值（较低α-淀粉酶活性）的关键。在没有水分胁迫情况下,光温互作是影响各基因型籽粒降落值动态的首要条件,其次为降水;而光温因子中,光合有效辐射为最敏感因子。较高的光温条件互作是形成各品种较高降落值的基础。在此前提下增加光合有效辐射使高蛋白强筋品种降落值增加;并且在一定水平的光照条件限度内,增加光合有效辐射使高蛋白中筋和低蛋白弱筋品种降落值增加,超过限度反而使其降低。气象条件的影响及基因型差异可通过曲线的变化反映出来。灌浆期高蛋白中筋和低蛋白弱筋品种降落值受氮磷肥影响大于高蛋白强筋品种,受气象条件影响则小于高蛋白强筋品种。就高蛋白强筋品种而言,气象条件的影响程度大于氮磷肥;而对于高蛋白中筋和低蛋白弱筋品种,氮磷肥的影响大于气象条件。     

不同筋型小麦籽粒的物质积累特性及其播期调节效应

选用半冬性小麦强筋品种济麦20、中筋品种豫麦49和弱筋品种郑麦004,研究了籽粒灌浆期间不同筋型小麦的物质积累特点及其播期的调节效应。结果表明,在籽粒形成和成熟期间,弱筋小麦品种郑麦004籽粒灌浆速率分别较强筋品种济麦20和中筋品种豫麦49降低14.1%和24.4%,因而千粒重也分别比2品种平均减少4.87和9.85 g,但籽粒中淀粉的含量增高,表现为郑麦004(82.4%)>豫麦49(80.2%)>济麦20(78.7%),淀粉中直/支比也呈现出同样的趋势。随着播期的推迟,促进了籽粒形成期(花后0~14 d)的灌浆速率,开花21 d后灌浆速率又明显下降;济麦20和豫麦49的千粒重以适播较高;但播期推迟对3种筋型小麦总淀粉含量和直支比均有提高作用,以晚播处理最为显著(p<0.01)。     

不同品质类型小麦籽粒麦谷蛋白亚基及谷蛋白聚合体形成和累积动态

选用高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成不同的3个强筋和4个弱筋小麦品种,研究了其籽粒发育过程中麦谷蛋白亚基、谷蛋白聚合体的形成和累积动态。结果表明,强筋小麦籽粒HMW-GS和B区低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)从花后9～12d开始表达;而弱筋小麦从花后12～15d开始表达,即强筋小麦麦谷蛋白亚基开始形成时间早于弱筋小麦。各品种的HMW-GS一旦形成,其累积速度较快,花后27d基本达到稳定值,之后维持稳定量;而LMW-GS形成后,累积较慢,直到花后30d左右达到稳定量。3个强筋小麦品种籽粒灌浆期谷蛋白总聚合体百分含量(TGP%)和谷蛋白大聚合体百分含量(GMP%)累积动态趋势基本一致,即在花后12～30d一直持续增加,花后30d至成熟达到最大值并保持稳定水平。4个弱筋小麦TGP%和GMP%累积动态均表现为在花后12～24d(灌浆早中期)形成和持续累积,花后24d至成熟逐渐降低。麦谷蛋白亚基表达模式以及谷蛋白聚合体累积动态的差异可能是导致小麦强筋或弱筋品质形成的关键。     

不同类型专用小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量变化动态差异分析

选用强筋小麦皖麦38、中筋小麦扬麦10号、弱筋小麦宁麦9号，研究不同类型专用小麦籽粒中蛋白质含量及组分变化规律，结果表明其籽粒蛋白质含量变化动态基本一致，均呈“高—低—高”的趋势，强筋小麦整个灌浆期合成和积累蛋白质的能力较强，中筋小麦在灌浆中后期蛋白质合成与积累能力高于弱筋小麦。不同类型专用小麦在灌浆过     

不同灌溉处理对小麦蛋白组分和面团流变学特性的影响

为阐明不同灌溉处理对强筋和弱筋小麦品质的影响,以藁城8901（强筋）和山农1391（弱筋）品种为材料,设3个灌溉处理,于花后7~35 d分别测定其籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、以及粉质仪和拉伸仪参数。结果表明,对于籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白,随灌溉量的增加,藁城8901和山农1391的含量均提高;适量灌溉（浇起身水和孕穗水各75 mm）能提高强筋品种籽粒醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,降低弱筋品种的含量。藁城8901籽粒谷蛋白、GMP含量、HMW-GS含量、面粉沉淀值、粉质仪参数和拉伸仪参数显著高于山农1391。灌溉能显著提高藁城8901面粉沉淀值、粉质仪参数和拉伸仪参数,山农1391面团流变学特性对灌溉的反应较迟钝,这与不同灌溉处理对不同品种籽粒醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、GMP和HMW-GS含量的影响密切相关。     

不同类型小麦品种灌浆期蔗糖代谢关键酶的活性变化

测定池栽条件下小麦强筋品种藁城8901、中筋品种豫麦49号和弱筋品种洛麦1号灌浆期旗叶、旗叶鞘、穗茎、籽粒中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性变化的结果表明,3种不同类型小麦品种灌浆期旗叶、旗叶鞘、穗茎、籽粒中SPS和SS活性变化均呈单峰曲线。豫麦49号旗叶、旗叶鞘和籽粒中SPS酶活性较高,而洛麦1号穗茎中SPS酶活性较高。豫麦49号的旗叶、旗叶鞘、穗茎和籽粒中SS活性高于其他两品种,表明豫麦49号和洛麦1号营养器官和籽粒中蔗糖合成和降解代谢比较活跃。     

不同类型冬小麦灌浆期淀粉合成相关酶活性研究

在池栽条件下,研究了3个不同类型冬小麦品种藁麦8901(强筋品种)、豫麦49号(中筋品种)和洛麦1号(弱筋品种)灌浆期籽粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性的差异。结果表明,不同类型冬小麦籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉粒结合的淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性变化均呈单峰曲线。豫麦49号在灌浆期上述几个酶活性变化的峰值均高于其他2个品种,且大部分被研究的酶类在灌浆中后期仍维持较高活性。可见,与藁麦8901和洛麦1号相比,豫麦49号具有较强的淀粉合成能力。     

不同土壤对不同筋力冬小麦品种籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉合成有关酶活性的影响

在池栽条件下，研究了3种土壤（粘土、壤土、沙土）对3个不同筋力（强筋、中筋、弱筋）冬小麦品种籽粒灌浆过程中AGPP，SSS和SBE三个淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响。结果表明，粘土区藁麦8901和洛麦1号3个酶活性都较高，其变化趋势均呈单峰曲线，除藁麦8901的AGPP花后25 d达到峰值外，其余均在花后20 d达到峰值。表明粘土栽培可能     

三个不同品质类型冬小麦品种籽粒淀粉积累动态及其有关酶的活性变化

在池栽条件下，研究了3个不同品质类型冬小麦品种藁麦8901（强筋）、豫麦49（中筋）和洛麦1号（弱筋）籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉及其组分积累动态和与之有关的酶活性变化。结果表明，3个品种籽粒灌浆过程中支链淀粉的合成均与直链淀粉的合成同时进行，灌浆中后期支链淀粉的合成比直链淀粉的合成快。豫麦49籽粒中直链、支链和总淀粉积累速率均高于其它两品种。3个品种籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UGPP）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、淀粉粒结合的淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性变化均呈单峰曲线。豫麦49在灌浆期上述各酶活性变化的峰值均高于其他两品种，且大部分酶类在灌浆中后期仍维持较高活性。可见，与藁麦8901和洛麦1号相比，豫麦49具有较强的淀粉合成能力。     

不同面筋含量冬小麦品种子粒灌浆期淀粉合成关键酶活性变化

在池栽条件下，研究了3个不同面筋含量冬小麦品种子粒灌浆过程中AGPP，SSS和SBE 3个淀粉合成关键酶活性的变化。结果表明，3个品种的AGPP，SBE和强筋品种的SSS酶活性变化均呈单峰曲线，花后20d达到峰值；中筋和弱筋品种的SSS酶活性则呈双峰曲线，花后10d和20d分别有两个峰值，且第2个峰值显著高于第1个峰值。表明强筋品种子粒中淀粉合成酶底物含量丰富，淀粉合成比较活跃，而中筋和弱筋品种子粒中支链淀粉合成比较活跃。     

Milling quality and protein properties of autumn-sown Chinese wheats evaluated through multi-location trials

Eight milling quality and protein properties of autumn-sown Chinese wheats were investigated using 59 cultivars and advanced lines grown in 14 locations in China from 1995 to 1998. Wide ranges of variability for all traits were observed across genotypes and locations. Genotype, location, year, and their interactions all significantly influenced most of the quality parameters. Kernel hardness, Zeleny sedimentation value, and mixograph development time were predominantly influenced by the effects of genotype. Genotype, location and genotype × location interaction were all important sources of variation for thousand kernel weight, test weight, protein content, and falling number, whereas genotype × location interaction had the largest effect on flour yield. Most of the genotypes were characterized by weak gluten strength with Zeleny sedimentation values less than 40 ml and mixograph development time shorter than 3 min. Eight groups of genotypes were recognized based on the average quality performance, grain hardness and gluten strength were the two parameters that determined the grouping, with contributions from protein content. Genotypes such as Zhongyou 16 and Annong 8903 displayed good milling quality, high grain hardness, protein content and strong gluten strength with high sedimentation value and long mixograph development time. Genotypes such as Lumai 15 and Yumai 18 were characterized by low grain hardness, protein content and weak gluten strength. Genotypes such as Yannong 15 and Chuanmai 24 were characterized by strong gluten strength with high sedimentation value and long mixograph development time, but low grain hardness and protein content lower than 12.3%. Genotypes such as Jingdong 6 and Xi’an 8 had weak gluten strength, but with high grain hardness and protein content higher than 12.2%. Five groups of locations were identified, and protein content and gluten strength were the two parameters that determined the grouping. Beijing, Shijiazhuang, Nanyang, Zhumadian and Nanjing produced wheats with medium to strong gluten strength and medium protein content, although there was still a large variation for most of the traits investigated between the locations. Wheat produced in Yantai was characterized by strong gluten strength, but with low protein content. Jinan, Anyang and Linfen locations produced wheats with medium to weak gluten strength and medium to high protein content. Wheats produced in Yangling, Zhenzhou, and Chengdu were characterized by weak gluten strength with medium to low protein content, whereas wheats produced in Xuzhou and Wuhan were characterized by weak gluten strength with low protein content. Industrial grain quality could be substantially improved through integrating knowledge of geographic genotype distribution with key location variables that affected end-use quality.     

花后短暂高温对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量的影响及其生理机制

采用人工气候室控温, 研究花后短暂高温对弱筋小麦扬麦9号和中筋小麦扬麦12籽粒蛋白质含量的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,开花至花后33 d,35℃以上高温处理使籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于对照, 温度越高上升越显著;花后33 d以后遇高温胁迫对蛋白质含量影响相对较轻。籽粒灌浆前期,花后6~8 d 35℃以上高温胁迫对蛋白质含量的影响最大,花后1~3 d处理影响次之;在灌浆中后期,花后19~21 d高温胁迫对蛋白质含量影响较大,花后36~38 d处理的影响较小,且灌浆前期籽粒蛋白质含量受高温胁迫的影响较灌浆中后期大。剑叶硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性以25℃处理较高,随温度的升高而降低, 与籽粒蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关。高温胁迫导致粒重下降,籽粒蛋白质含量相对上升。花后短暂高温胁迫导致弱、中筋小麦籽粒蛋白质品质变劣。     

不同施氮水平和基追比对小麦籽粒品质形成的调控

采用蛋白质含量不同的2个小麦品种,研究了不同施氮水平（112.5 kg N/hm2和225 kg N/hm2）及基追比（基肥∶追肥为66/34和34/66）对小麦植株C-N积累与转运规律及其与小麦籽粒品质形成的关系。结果表明,高氮水平和追肥比例提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质、面筋含量、沉降值和谷/醇溶蛋白比例,降低了花后营养器官贮存氮素和干物质的转     

不同灌水处理对强筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质组分含量的影响

在小麦全生育期降水47.9 mm的条件下,对7个强筋小麦品种,采用二因素裂区设计,研究了不同灌水处理对籽粒产量、蛋白质组分和沉降值的影响。结果表明,籽粒产量和千粒重均以春季灌3水(春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖和开花期分别灌水40 m³)处理最高,与灌1水（春5叶露尖灌水40 m³）处理差异显著。烟农19的产量最高,与其他品种差异显著。不同灌水处理对醇溶蛋白含量的影响较大,以灌3水处理最高,与灌1水和2水（春5叶露尖和开花期分别灌水40 m³）处理差异显著。不同品种各蛋白质组分差异均显著,品种间谷蛋白含量的变异系数最大。不同品种在不同灌水条件下均表现为谷蛋白含量>醇溶蛋白>清蛋白>球蛋白,其比例约为3.6∶2.7∶1.7∶1。不同灌水处理间沉降值差异不显著,品种间差异极显著。综合考虑小麦产量和品质,在本试验条件下,以春季灌3次水为宜。     

Evaluation of Grain Filling Rate and Duration in Bread and Durum Wheat, under Heat Stress after Anthesis

Bread and durum wheat genotypes were submitted to heat stress during the grain filling period, and relationships between grain weight and accumulated time from anthesis until maturity, using days after anthesis and growing degree days, were described by cubic polynomials. Maximum grain weight and the duration and rate of grain filling were estimated from the fitted curves. It was found that bread and durum wheat exposure to high temperatures significantly decreased grain weight and hastens physiological maturity (shortening the grain filling period). High temperatures significantly affected the rate (on a growing degree day basis) and duration (on Julian day units) of grain filling. The grain filling rate, on a thermal time basis, was positively associated with the final grain weight and the estimated maximum grain weight. The duration of grain filling does not appear to be a limiting factor for genotype grain weight stability, being mainly fixed by temperature. Grain weight of the controlled plants was positively correlated with the final and maximum grain weight of heat stressed plants. It was concluded that a high grain filling rate and a high potential grain weight are major traits that can be useful to improve heat tolerance of Triticum under Mediterranean environments.     

Intrinsic earliness and basic development rate assessed for their response to temperature in wheat

The related concepts of basic vegetative period, intrinsic earliness and basic development rate in wheat are examined. These concepts have the common assumption that, if plants are vernalised fully and then grown at long daylength in order to remove any responses to vernalisation and photoperiod, the calendar or thermal time then taken to anthesis will be a characteristic of a genotype that will be heritable. Thus, regardless of temperature, early genotypes will always be earlier than late genotypes (providing there are no vernalisation and photoperiod responses).Using four genotypes, exposed to 50 days of vernalisation, and then grown at 18 h photoperiod under six temperature regimes ranging between 10 and 25°C, it is shown that; (1) no genotype had an absolute basic period as, depending on temperature, durations to anthesis for any one genotype varied by more than 50 days; (2) no genotype had an absolute value for intrinsic earliness (to anthesis), ranging for any genotype by more than 300°Cd depending on temperature; (3) basic development rate was not a single value for a genotype but varied with stage of development; (4) some genotypes changed their ranking for earliness depending on the temperature regime; and (5) genotypes were differentially sensitive to temperature for the subphases prior to anthesis.     

小麦灌浆期蔗糖代谢关键酶活性变化及其与籽粒淀粉积累的关系

在池栽条件下,研究了藁城8901(强筋品种)、豫麦49(中筋品种)和洛麦1号(弱筋品种)小麦灌浆期旗叶、叶鞘、穗茎、籽粒蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)活性变化及其与淀粉及组分积累的关系。结果表明,其SPS和SS活性变化均呈单峰曲线。豫麦49旗叶、旗叶鞘和籽粒中及洛麦1号穗茎中SPS酶活性较高。豫麦49的旗叶、旗叶鞘、穗茎和籽粒中SS活性高于其他两品种,表明豫麦49和洛麦1号营养器官和籽粒中蔗糖合成和降解代谢比较活跃。相关分析表明,豫麦49和洛麦1号籽粒中淀粉和支链淀粉积累对SPS催化的蔗糖合成过程具有较强的反馈调节作用。豫麦49和洛麦1号籽粒中SS活性均与总淀粉与支链淀粉积累速率极显著正相关,而在藁城8901中无此相关性。     

春小麦籽粒灌浆过程淀粉和蛋白质积累规律的初步研究

利用蛋白质含量和产量各异的３个春小麦品种，Ｒｏｂｌｉｎ、东农７７４２和新克旱９号，研究了灌浆过程中可溶性性糖、淀粉和蛋白质积累规律，结果表明：籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性糖含量由开花１４天开始逐渐减少，成熟期达最低值，品种间的差异仅表现以１４天和２０天两个时期：淀粉积累动态与可溶性糖变化规律相反，随灌浆成熟而逐渐增加，品种间差异达显著水平；蛋白质积累动态年际间稍有差异，总的趋势是随灌浆成熟而逐渐增加，开花     

小麦籽粒发育过程游离氨基酸的变化

小麦籽粒游离氨基酸的百分含量在开花后４～１２天急剧增加,然后又迅速下降直到成熟,以籽粒为单位表示的各氨基酸含量均在开花后１６～３２天处于较高水平,丙氨酸,谷氨酸和丝氨酸是游离氨基酸的主要组分,脯氨酸在开花后８～１２天增长较多,甘氨到从１６天后有明显增加,其余氨基酸变化不大,结果表明,小麦籽粒游离氨基酸含量随组分的变更而变化,不同氨基酸在籽粒发育的不同时期达到一个最高值,这些占优势的游离氨基酸可能为