水稻白叶枯病及稻瘟病抗性材料的筛选

2006—2007年对从国际水稻研究所引进60份及国内育成50份水稻种质资源进行白叶枯病及稻瘟病抗性、主要农艺性状进行了系统的研究和评价。结果表明,110份水稻种质资源高抗至中抗白叶枯病23份,占供试材料20.91%;抗稻瘟病18份,占16.36%。经鉴定评价筛选出7份同时抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病的双抗性材料,且它们的主要农艺性状有很大差异,表明这些种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,对选育高产抗病水稻新品种（组合）具有重要利用价值。     

玉米大斑病广谱抗性外引自交系的发掘与抗病基因初步鉴定

从2014—2016年连续3年对43份来自美国、法国、俄罗斯和德国的玉米资源进行了抗大斑病人工接种鉴定, 筛选到高抗玉米大斑病材料7份, 抗病材料1份, 中抗材料6份, 抗性材料占鉴定总材料的比例为32.6%。利用F₂群体, 对7份高抗材料进行了大斑病抗性遗传分析, 抗感植株分离比例和适合性测验证明, 自交系A04、F02、F05和R01对大斑病的抗性可能是由一对显性基因控制的。抗谱分析表明, 自交系A04、F02、F05和R01携带的抗大斑病基因不同于Ht1、Ht2、Ht3和HtN, 可能是新的抗病基因。该研究结果可为今后我国玉米大斑病抗性种质的引进及改良提供重要参考。     

34份甘蔗栽培原种抗褐锈病性鉴定及Bru1基因的分子检测

明确甘蔗栽培原种对黑顶柄锈菌的抗性水平,了解Bru1基因在甘蔗栽培原种资源中的分布状况,可以帮助筛选甘蔗原种抗源种质,提高抗褐锈病育种效率。本研究于2013年对中国国家甘蔗种质资源圃保存的34份甘蔗栽培原种进行苗期抗褐锈病鉴定和抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分子检测。苗期抗性鉴定结果表明,34份供试材料中,1级高抗至3级中抗的有26份,占76.5%。其中13份材料表现1级高抗,占38.2%,6份材料表现2级抗病,占17.6%,7份材料表现3级中抗,占20.6%。分子检测结果显示:34份供试材料中25份抗病材料含有抗褐锈病基因Bru1,出现频率为73.5%;其余1份抗病材料和8份感病材料不含抗褐锈病基因Bru1。本研究结果显示了中国国家甘蔗种质资源圃保存的甘蔗栽培原种资源中褐锈病抗性主要由Bru1控制,这一发现为利用Bru1防治由黑顶柄锈菌引起的甘蔗褐锈病提供了重要信息和参考依据。     

不同小麦品种组合对小麦壳针孢叶枯病的抗病性鉴定

近年来中国小麦壳针孢叶枯病发生日益严重,为了寻找和发现该病的新抗性品种材料,通过人工接种法和病情分级法对44个小麦品种（系）及4个常规品种的抗性水平进行了比较和评价。结果表明,48个小麦品种（系）中对壳针孢叶枯病免疫的品种有8个,占供试品种的16.67%;表现抗病的品种有23个,占供试品种的47.92%,其中高抗品种19个,中抗品种4个;表现感病的品种有17个,占供试品种的35.41%,其中,中感品种8个,高感品种9个。病情指数和病叶率结果显著正相关(r=0.9817),表明二者均可用作品种的病情评价指标。研究得出,所测试品种中多数(64.58%)对壳针孢叶枯病表现抗性,这些抗性品种（系）为未来小麦壳针孢叶枯病的抗病育种提供了良好抗性材料,也为小麦生产品种的选用提供理论依据。     

不同黄瓜材料对枯萎病的抗性评价

以危害我国黄瓜的优势枯萎病生理小种4为供试菌源,运用室内苗期人工接种和田间成株期病圃检测2种方法对43份黄瓜材料进行了枯萎病的抗性评价,苗期接种筛选出抗病材料7份,中抗材料16份,感病和高感材料20份。其中抗(含中抗)材料占53.5%,感病材料占46.5%。欧洲血缘的抗病(中抗以上)材料占39.5%;华北和日本血缘的抗和中抗材料占13.9%。成株期田间病圃的鉴定结果与苗期接种基本一致,符合率达86.7%。说明苗期接种结果准确,接种方法可靠。同时还表明了黄瓜种质资源中蕴藏着对改良枯萎病抗性有利用价值的基因资源,其中欧洲黄瓜抗源较丰富,华北和日本类型的黄瓜枯萎病抗源相对匮乏。     

玉米种质资源抗腐霉茎腐病鉴定

腐霉茎腐病(Pythium stalk rot)是玉米生产上的重要病害。2013—2016年, 对1213份玉米种质资源进行了抗肿囊腐霉(Pythium inflatum)茎腐病的鉴定与评价。在1213份玉米种质中, 鉴定出高抗肿囊腐霉茎腐病的材料207份, 占鉴定总数的17.1%, 主要来自中国的内蒙古、河北、山西及美国等地。抗性材料159份, 占鉴定材料数的13.1%, 主要由源自中国的内蒙古、云南、山西和美国等地的种质构成。由此可见, 玉米种质中存在较为丰富的抗腐霉茎腐病资源, 且抗性水平与地理来源有关。自交系和农家种中对肿囊腐霉茎腐病表现高抗的种质分别占鉴定种质总数的18.7%和10.6%, 表明自交系中高抗肿囊腐霉茎腐病资源较农家种更为丰富。     

杨梅属种质资源田间凋萎病发生及抗性研究

在田间自然感病条件下,对临海杨梅种质资源圃的112个杨梅种质资源凋萎病发生情况进行调查,并进行相关抗病性研究,以期为杨梅资源的合理利用和凋萎病的抗性育种提供参考。结果表明,112个杨梅种质资源对凋萎病均表现为不同程度的感病,其中29个杨梅种质表现高抗和抗病,占被调查种质的25.89%。杨梅属毛杨梅、蜡杨梅、矮杨梅和杨梅4个不同种间对凋萎病的抗性存在明显差异,其中,毛杨梅抗性较强,表现为高抗和抗病;杨梅种抗性次之,高抗、抗病占该种总数的25.23%;蜡杨梅耐病与中感各占50%;矮杨梅抗性最弱,表现高感。杨梅雌雄株对凋萎病的感病性也存在差异,雄株抗性表现整体优于雌株。     

番茄育种种质对南方根结线虫抗性评价及Mi-1基因检测

本研究以自育的26份番茄育种种质和抗南方根结线虫番茄品种‘仙客1号’及感南方根结线虫品种‘阿乃兹’为试验材料,采用病土盘栽自然发病鉴定、苗期二龄幼虫人工接种鉴定和PCR扩增及CAPS检测相结合的方法,研究供试材料对南方根结线虫的抗性水平及基因型。鉴定结果表明,供试的28份番茄材料中,高抗17份、抗病6份(包括抗病对照‘仙客1号’)、感病2份、高感3份(包括感病对照‘阿乃兹’),无免疫材料,且病土盘栽鉴定与苗期接种鉴定的结果一致。PCR扩增结果表明,27份番茄材料均能检测到一条750 bp的特异条带;TaqⅠ酶切结果显示,具有酶切位点的22份试材中有15份含纯合显性Mi-1/Mi-1基因、5份含杂合显性Mi-1/mi-1基因、2份含180 bp+250 bp+300 bp三条特异性片段,并且这22份试材对南方根结线虫表现高抗或抗,而其余5份不含显性Mi-1基因的试材则表现高感或感,证明Mi-1是具有抗南方根结线虫能力的基因,分子检测结果与病土盘栽鉴定和苗期接种鉴定的结果吻合率达92.6%;含有180 bp+250 bp+300 bp三条特异性片段的高抗材料可能含有其它抗根结线虫基因。分子检测与抗性鉴定相结合,能为创制抗南方根结线虫新种质提供一种更加省时、省力且经济有效的科学育种方法,可为番茄抗南方根结线虫育种提供理论依据和实践经验。     

小麦种质N9134抗白粉病基因的SSR标记和染色体初步定位

普通小麦种质N9134含有野生二粒小麦AS846的抗白粉病基因,该种质对陕西省关中地区白粉病流行小种关中四号表现高抗。用高感小麦白粉病的普通小麦品种陕160和陕优225与N9134杂交,F1代对白粉病表现高抗,F2代抗病和感病植株的比例符合3∶1, 表明N9134苗期白粉病抗性由1对完全显性基因控制,暂定名为PmAS846。采用66个小麦SSR     

黄瓜棒孢叶斑病种质筛选及抗性分布频率分析

为培育抗棒孢叶斑病的黄瓜种质,引进国内外黄瓜种质68份,通过成株期自然感染黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的方法,调查黄瓜种质的生长势、性型、叶色、瓜皮色及棒孢叶斑病病情指数,研究分析不同黄瓜种质对棒孢叶斑病的抗性及抗性分布频率。结果表明：68份黄瓜种质中,高抗种质10份,占14.71%;抗病种质占10.29%;中抗种质占11.76%;感病种质占29.41%;高感种质占33.82%。进一步分析黄瓜种质的抗性分布频率,欧洲温室型黄瓜较华南型和华北型黄瓜抗病,生长势越弱,越抗棒孢叶斑病,强雌黄瓜较雌雄同株黄瓜抗棒孢叶斑病,叶片深绿和绿的黄瓜较叶片黄绿的黄瓜抗棒孢叶斑病,瓜皮白绿的黄瓜较绿和浅绿的黄瓜更抗棒孢叶斑病。     

70份国外小麦品种(系)的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病鉴定

小麦叶锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害之一,培育持久抗病品种是最经济、有效和环保的方法。本研究用19个不同毒力的叶锈菌小种苗期接种70份国外引进小麦品种(系)及36个已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品种进行抗性鉴定,同时在2016—2017年度分别于河北保定和河南周口对70份国外引进品种进行田间抗叶锈性鉴定。为进一步检测材料中所携带的苗期和成株抗叶锈病基因,利用12个与已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行检测,综合基因推导、系谱分析和分子标记检测的结果,在33份材料中鉴定出15个抗叶锈病基因,包括Lr1、Lr2a、Lr26、Lr3ka、Lr11、Lr17、Lr30、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr2b、Lr13、Lr15、Lr21、Lr44和Lr45,田间鉴定筛选出39份品种表现慢锈性。苗期和田间表现表明,国外品种中含有丰富的对我国叶锈菌小种有效的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病基因,可作为小麦抗叶锈病抗源在抗病育种中加以利用。     

56个小麦品种（系）的苗期和成株抗叶锈鉴定

为了研究中国小麦品种中所携带的抗叶锈基因,对56个小麦品种（系）进行苗期接种推导其中所含有的抗叶锈基因,同时连续2年对供试材料进行田间成株抗叶锈鉴定。通过苗期基因推导结合分子标记辅助检测,结果表明,在36个小麦品种中共鉴定出Lr26、Lr34、Lr1、Lr2a、Lr11、Lr20、Lr30、Lr33和Lr44等9个抗叶锈基因,其中28个品种含有Lr26,Lr1和Lr20分别存在于6个品种中,4个品种含有Lr30,Lr11和Lr44各存在于2个品种中,Lr2a、Lr33和Lr34各自在1个品种中出现。经过2年的田间抗叶锈鉴定共筛选出46个慢锈品种。筛选到的这些苗期和成株抗病品种均可用于小麦持久抗叶锈品种的培育。     

安徽省水稻区试品种稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性分析

旨在明确2017-2020年安徽省参试水稻品种对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗性情况.用人工喷雾接种和自然诱发相结合的方法测得品种对稻瘟病的抗性,用剪叶接菌方法测得品种对白叶枯病的抗性.结果 表明:659个水稻品种中,48.10％表现为中感稻瘟病,其次为中抗、感、高感,表现为抗病的品种仅占1.06％,没有高抗品种.51.59％表...     

小麦抗麦红吸浆虫基因标记的开发与验证

麦红吸浆虫(SitodiplosismosellanaGéhin)严重影响小麦产量和品质,选育和使用抗虫品种是降低虫害损失最安全有效的途径,利用抗虫性连锁或功能标记对提高小麦抗虫分子育种效率具有重要意义。在前期从转录组数据中挖掘到抗虫性主效QTL (QSm.hbau-4A) 6个相关差异基因的基础上,依据这些基因序列中存在的InDel和SNP,分别开发了2个EST标记和6个KASP标记,并在抗虫性不同的一套重组近交系(RIL)和一套小麦品种中进行了标记的有效性验证。所开发的8个标记在抗、感虫小麦亲本间均表现出较好的多态性,在RIL株系中的检测有效率均达到90%左右;除E10-10外,这些标记在供试高抗(56.3%～86.7%)和高感(85.7%～100.0%)小麦品种中的检测有效率均较高,可用于小麦种质资源的抗虫性筛选。同时发现, 11个具备所有抗虫标记位点的抗虫小麦品种,多为审定时间较早或已停止使用的品种,这使得结合标记辅助选择等手段鉴定和创新小麦抗虫种质资源的工作日益紧迫。     

Resistance of barley genotypes to brown leaf spot

Resistance of 59 barley cultivars to three distinct isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana, causing brown leaf spot was tested on seedlings and adult plants in a screen house and in a growth room, by determination of disease incidence, disease severity, and rate of lesion expansion. The disease reaction and severity at the seedling stage differed among cultivars. The cultivars MNS Brite, NDB 112, Kindred, Parkland, and Oderbrucke were moderately resistant to brown leaf spot, but the resistance was partial to all three isolates. None genotype with complete resistance was found. The cultivars CI 9539, Svanhals, and Chevron, considered as sources of resistance, were classified as moderately susceptible, and susceptible, respectively. Disease severity, disease reaction, and incidence of B. sorokiniana in grains also differed among the cultivars at the adult plant stage. Nevertheless, none of the genotypes was resistant to B. sorokiniana. The rate of lesion expansion differed among cultivars BR 2, MN 698, Kitchin, Svanhals, and NDB 112, with NDB 112 having the slowest expansion rate (0.194–0.205 mm²/day).     

Selection of Head Blight Resistant Wheats Through Improved Seedling Resistance

In a four years' test (1982—1985) it was shown that there are highly significant differences in resistance to seab and seedling blight in wheat. Using a novel approach, that head blight resistance should be measured on stands free of leaf diseases and with a number of isolates with different pathogenicity in the inoculation tests, the rep-rod Liability of results increased significantly over the levels so far published. The genotype- by-year and the genotype-by-isolate interactions remained low. Beside differences in resistance deviations in tolerance were also detected. The best materials that were selected are near to the better spring wheat resistance sources. A tendency for correlation between seedling and head blight resistance was found and the most resistant genotypes in the seedling stage will, with high probability, yield head blight resistant material. It thus became possible to include seedling resistance into the breeding program for head blight resistance, Further evidence for there being an identical genetic basis for resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum is presented.     

Multi-environment evaluation of level and stability of FHB resistance among parental lines and selected offspring derived from several European winter wheat mapping populations

During 2 years and at five locations in Europe, 56 winter wheat genotypes were evaluated for resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). The genotypes were both parents and selected recombinants taken from the following populations previously tested for FHB resistance: 'Arina'/'Forno', 'Arina'/'Riband', 'Dream'/'Lynx', G16-92/'Hussar', 'Renan'/'Récital', SVP-72017 × 'Capo' and 'Capo'/'Sumai-3'. In addition, a few control lines were included. FHB resistance was evaluated in replicated experiments under artificial inoculation, disease severity was assessed by repeated visual scorings. The highest level of FHB resistance was found in lines selected from crosses of FHB-resistant winter wheat × 'Sumai-3'. The best lines selected from crosses of moderately resistant winter wheat with susceptible winter wheat were similar in their resistance response to the resistant parent. The level of FHB resistance was correlated with stability of resistance. Susceptible wheat lines tended to exhibit severe symptoms under high disease pressure. The symptoms on resistant lines remained comparatively low even under high disease pressure.     

Histological studies on the infection of triticale,wheat and rye byPuccinia recondita f.sp.tritici andP. recondita f.sp.recondita

Summary The reaction of eight triticales and of the respective wheat and rye parental lines to infection by the leaf rust fungi of wheat and rye were studied in the seedling stage. The histological observations indicated that wheat and triticale showed a typical nonhost reaction to the leaf rust of rye: sporelings of this fungus were arrested after the formation of primary infection hyphae and before the formation of extensively branched mycelium, mostly without necrosis of plant cells. The rye inbred lines were all susceptible to the rye leaf rust. The reaction of wheat and triticales to the wheat leaf rust was susceptible or resistant. The reaction of resistant lines could be early or late and complete or incomplete, but was associated with substantial necrosis of plant cells, and therefore entirely different from the nonhost reaction to rye leaf rust. In their reaction to wheat leaf rust the rye lines were similar to the resistant wheat and triticale lines. They did not show an important degree of nonhypersensitive early abortion as would be expected in a nonhost species. It appeared that genes for hypersensitive resistance in triticale may be contributed by either the wheat or the rye parental line.A screening of sixty wheat, rye and triticale lines confirmed the nonhost status of wheat and triticale to rye leaf rust and the hypersensitive or moderately susceptible reaction of rye to wheat leaf rust.     

小偃麦衍生品系的赤霉病抗性评价

由镰孢属(Fusarium)真菌侵染引起的赤霉病是严重威胁小麦生产的重要病害之一,但小麦育种中可直接利用的抗源非常有限。采用单花滴注法接种赤霉菌株F0609,对来源于中间偃麦草或长穗偃麦草的119份小偃麦衍生品系进行3年6个环境的抗病鉴定,发现平均病小穗率<10%的材料有13份,抗性评价为抗病(R);平均病小穗率介于10%~25%之间的材料有61份,抗性评价为中抗(MR);其余45份材料的平均病小穗率介于25%~50%或>50%,抗性评价为中感或高感(MS和S)。在13份高抗赤霉病材料中,CH16387的抗性显著优于苏麦3号和望水白,CH16371和CH16379的抗性显著优于望水白,其余10个品系与抗病对照苏麦3号和望水白的抗性水平相当。这13份材料分别来自小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二倍体TAI8045和小麦-长穗偃麦草部分双二倍体TAP8430与普通小麦的杂交组合,TAI8045抗性显著优于对照品种望水白, TAP8430与苏麦3号和望水白的抗性相当,而杂交组合中的小麦亲本对赤霉病表现感病,推测这些材料的抗性可能来自TAI8045和TAP8430。这些抗病材料为小麦抗赤霉病育种提供了新的种质资源。     

小麦新种质N95175抗白粉病基因的染色体定位

白粉病是影响小麦生产的病害之一。小麦种质N95175对小麦白粉病免疫,为了定位它所携带的抗白粉病基因的染色体位置,对其苗期白粉病抗性进行了遗传分析。4个感白粉病普通小麦品种与N95175杂交,F1对白粉病均表现高抗,F2抗感分离比例均符合期望比例3 1;21个感白粉病普通小麦缺(单)体系与N95175杂交,F1对白粉病均表现高抗,F2白粉病抗感比例除阿勃6AN×N95175组合偏离期望比例3 1外,其余组合均符合期望比例3 1。结果表明,N95175苗期白粉病抗性由位于小麦6A染色体上的1对完全显性基因控制。